Skip to main content

Cross-Cultural Differences in Intelligence and Personality

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Individual Differences ((PIDF))

Abstract

Cross-cultural studies of intelligence and personality are concerned first with the measurement of the differences between peoples, and second with the explanation of the causes of these differences. The measurement largely takes the form of administering tests to representative samples of the populations in different societies and comparing the scores. Theoretical explanations look first for correlates of these differences and then postulate causes. For example, if it were found that national anxiety levels were strongly related to poverty it might be reasonable to propose that poverty is an important cause of differences in anxiety levels between nations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, P., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1984). The assessment of personality factors across 25 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 615–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beals, K. L., Smith, C. L., and Dodd, S. M. (1984). Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines. CurrentAnthropology, 25, 307–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (1974). The coming of post-industrial society. London: Heineman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1966). Temne and Eskimo perceptual skills. International Journal of Psychology. 1, 207–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., and Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, N. (1992). Intelligence. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B., and Scheier, I. H. (1961). Measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York: Ronald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man in relation to sex. London: Murray.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dumaret, H. (1988). IQ, scholastic achievement and behavior of siblings raised in contrasting environments. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 553–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ember, C. R. (1981). A cross-cultural perspective on sex differences. In R. H. Monroe, R. L. Monroe, and B. B. Whiting (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural human development. New York: Garland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyferth, K. (1961). Leistungen verschiedener gruppen von besatzungskindern im Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest fur kinder. Archiv fur die gesamte Psychologie. 113, 222–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Race, intelligence and education. London: Temple Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finison, L. J. (1986). The application of McClelland’s national development model to recent data. Journal of Social Psychology, 98, 55–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, R. J. (1980). Race, IQ and Jensen. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J. R. (1991). Asian Americans: Achievement beyond IQ. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, J. R. (1992). Cultural distance and the limitations of IQ. In J. Lynch, C. Modgil, and S. Modgil, (eds.), Cultural diversity and the schools. London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galton. F. (1869). Hereditary genius. London; Macmillan. Garth, T. R. (1931). Race psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16, 17–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. D. (1975). Innate social aptitudes of man: Anapproach from evolutionary genetics. In R. Fox (Ed.), Biosocial anthropology. London: Malaby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1976). Nationality and organisational stress. Brussels: European Institute for Research in Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, L. G., Fleishman, A. I., and Lin, P. C. (1977). Causes of racial and socio-economic differences in cognitive tests. Journal of Research in Personality. II. 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 39, 1–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1973). Education and group differences. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1980). Bias in mental tests. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1985). The nature of the black-white difference on

    Google Scholar 

  • various psychometric tests: Spearman’s hypothesis. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 8, 193–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. (1992). The importance of intraindividual variation in reaction time. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 869–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R., and Reynolds, C. F. (1982). Race, social class and ability patterns on the WISC-R. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 423–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loehlin, J. F., Lindzey, G., and Spuhler, J. N. (1975). Race differences in intelligence. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, R. (1981). Cross-cultural differences in neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism. In R. Lynn (Ed.), Dimensions of personality. Oxford, England: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R. (1987). The intelligence of the Mongoloids: A psychometric, evolutionary and neurological theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 813–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R. (1991a). Race differences in intelligence: A global perspective. Mankind Quarterly, 31, 255–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R. (1991b). The evolution of racial differences in intelligence. Mankind Quarterly, 32, 99–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R. (1991c). The Secret of the Miracle Economy. London: Social Affairs Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R., and Hattori, K. (1990). The heritability of intelligence in Japan. Behavior Genetics, 20, 545–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn R., and Hampson, S. L. (1977). Fluctuations in national levels of neuroticism and extraversion. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 16, 131–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur, A. (1985). A biosocial model of status in face to face primate groups. Social Forces, 64, 377–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, M. (1935). Sex and temperament in three primitive societies. New York: Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monroe, R. H. (1991). Culture permeates all. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 1040–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, S. G. (1849). Observations on the size of the brain in various races and families of man. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 4, 221–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, K. (1992). The suitability of Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices for various groups in South Africa. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinter, R. (1931). Intelligence testing. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R. (1986). Development, genetics, and psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., and Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotypeenvironment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 309–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porteus, S. D. (1965), Porteus maze test. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific. Reed, T. E. (1969). Caucasian genes in American negroes. Science, 165, 762–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinisch, J. M., Ziemba-Xavis, M., and Sanders, S. A. (1991). Hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 213–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1985a). Differential theory: The sociobiology of individual and group differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 441–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1985b). Differential theory and race differences. Personalty and Individual Differences, 6, 769–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1988a). Race differences in behavior: A review and evolutionary analysis. Personalty and Individual Differences, 9, 1009–1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1988b). The reality of racial differences: A rejoinder with new evidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 1035–1040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1989). Genetic similarity, human altruism and group selection. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 503–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P. (1992). Cranial capacity related to sex, rank and race in a stratified random sample of 6,325 U.S. military personnel. Intelligence, 16, 401–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rushton, J. P., Russell, R. J. H., and Wells, P. A. (1984). Genetic similarity theory: Beyond kin selection. Behavior Genetics, 14, 179–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S. (1981). Race, social class and individual differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., and McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects. Child Development, 54, 414–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W., and Poortinga, Y. H. (1990). Human Behavior in Global Perspective. Oxford, England: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuey, A. M. (1966). The testing of Negro intelligence. New York: Social Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, H. (1882). Principles of ethics. London: Williams and Norgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways. Boston: Ginn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Synderman, M., and Rothman, S. (1988). The IQ controversy: The media and the public. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, H. (1882). The principles of ethics. London: Williams and Norgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1988). A triarchic view of intelligence in cross-cultural perspective. In S. H. Irvine and J. W. Berry (Eds.), Human abilities in cultural context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, B. J. (1992). Prediction of achievement by Asian-American and white children. Journal of School Psychology, 30, 91–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways. Boston: Glinn.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1951). Statement on the nature of race and race differences. Paris: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Dennen, J. M. G. (1987). Ethnocentrism and in-group/ out-group differentiation: A review and interpretation of the literature. In V. Reynolds, V. Falgar, and I. Vine (Eds.), The sociobiology of ethnocentrism. London: Croom Helm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, P. E. (1979). Intelligence: Heredity and environment. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernon, P. E. (1982) The abilities and achievements of Orientals in North America, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waller, J. H. (1971). Achievement and social mobility: Relationships among IQ score, education and occupation in two generations. Social Biology, 18, 252–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. A., Scarr, S., and Waldman, I. D. (1992). The Minnesota transracial adoption study: A follow-up of IQ test performance at adolescence. Intelligence, 16, 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, M., and Brody, N. (1988). Oysters, rabbits and people: A critique of race differences in behavior by J. P. Rushton. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 1025–1033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lynn, R. (1995). Cross-Cultural Differences in Intelligence and Personality. In: Saklofske, D.H., Zeidner, M. (eds) International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3239-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5571-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics