Abstract
The management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has improved dramatically in recent years, with significant reductions in mortality. However, the 1-month mortality rate following AMI remains 10–50%, with the majority of these deaths occurring in the first hours after onset of pain [1, 2]. Data from a German registry in the MONItor trends in CArdiovascular diseases (MONICA) project show that, of the patients with AMI who die, 28% die within 1 hour of symptom onset, 38% die within 4 hours, and 46% within the first 24 hours [3].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Rajakangas AM, Pajak A (1994) Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents. Circulation 90: 583–612
The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology (1996) Acute myocardial infarction: pre-hospital and in-hospital management. Eur Heart J 17: 43–63
Löwel H, Lewis M, Hörmann A (1991) Prognostic significance of the pre-hospital phase in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Augsburg Infarct Registry 1985–1988]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 116: 729–733
Newby LK, Rutsch WR, Califf RM, et al (1996) Time from symptom onset to treatment and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy. GUSTO-1 Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 27: 1646–1655
Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML (1996) Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 348: 771–775
Stern R, Arntz HR (1998) Pre-hospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Emerg Med 5: 471–479
Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, McDonald AC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ (2000) Mortality and pre-hospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis. JAMA 283: 2686–2692
National Heart Attack Alert Program Coordinating Committee, 60 Minutes to Treatment Working Group (1994) Emergency Department: rapid identification and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Ann Emerg Med 23: 311–329
Gibier WB, Armstrong PW, Ohman EM, et al (2002) Persistence of delays in presentation and treatment for patients with acute myocardial infarction: The GUSTO-I and GUSTO-III experience. Ann Emerg Med 39: 123–130
Wallentin L (2000) Reducing time to treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Emerg Med 7: 217–227
Cannon CP, Braunwald E (1994) GUSTO, TIMI and the case for early reperfusion. Acta Cardiol 49: 1–8
The European Myocardial Infarction Project Group (1993) Pre-hospital thrombolytic therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329: 383–389
Brouwer MA, Martin JS, Maynard C, et al (1996) Influence of early pre-hospital thrombolysis on mortality and event-free survival (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention [MITI] Randomized Trial). MITI Project Investigators. Am J Cardiol 78: 497–502
Rawles JM (1997) Quantification of the benefit of earlier thrombolytic therapy: five-year results of the Grampian Region Early Anistreplase Trial (GREAT). Am J Coll Cardiol 30: 1181–1186
Linderer T, Schröder R, Arntz R, et al (1993) Pre-hospital thrombolysis: beneficial effects of very early treatment on infarct size and left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 1304–1310
Morris F, Brady WJ (2002) ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Acute myocardial infarction - Part I. Br Med J 324: 831–834
Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al (2000) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary and recommendations. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). Circulation 102: 1193–1209
Kudenchuk PJ, Maynard C, Cobb LA, et al (1998) Utility of the pre-hospital electrocardiogram in diagnosing acute coronary syndromes: the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention ( MITI) Project. Am J Coll Cardiol 32: 17–27
Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L (1995) Early diagnosis and exclusion of acute myocardial infarction using biochemical monitoring. The BIOMACS Study Group. Biochemical Markers of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Coron Artery Dis 6: 321–328
De Winter RJ, Koster RW, Sturk A, Sanders GT (1995) Value of myoglobin, troponin T, and CK-MB mass in ruling out an acute myocardial infarction in the emergency room. Circulation 92: 3401–3407
Zimmerman J, Fromm R, Meyer D, et al (1999) Diagnostic marker cooperative study for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Circulation 99: 1671–1677
Jurlander B, Clemmensen P, Wagner GS, Grande P (2000) Very early diagnosis and risk stratification of patients admitted with suspected acute myocardial infarction by the combined evaluation of a single serum value of cardiac troponin-T, myoglobin, and creatine kinase MB (mass). Eur Heart J 21: 382–389
Newman J, Aulick N, Cheng T, et al (1999) Pre-hospital identification of acute coronary ischemia using a troponin T rapid assay. Prehosp Emerg Care 3: 97–101
De Vernejoul N, Lambert Y, Laperche T, Sauval P, Lapandry C (2001) Pre-hospital care of acute myocardial infarction in France: ESTIM, a regional register. Eur Heart J (suppl) 22: 25 (abst)
Lapandry C (2001) ESTIM Île-de-France. Résultats à un an. La Revue des SAMU XXII: 201–203
The GUSTO Angiographic Investigators (1993) The effects of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or both, on coronary artery patency, ventricular function and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 329: 1615–1622
Neuhaus KL, von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al (1992) Improved thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction with front-loaded administration of alteplase: results of the rt-PA-APSAC patency study ( TAPS ). J Am Coll Cardiol 19: 885–891
Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Diver DJ, et al (1994) Comparison of front-loaded recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, anistreplase and combination thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 4 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1602–1610
Bode C, Peter K. Nordt T, et al (1997) New developments in thrombolytic therapy. Fibrinolysis Proteolysis 11: 109–114
The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries (GUSTO III) Investigators (1997) A comparison of reteplase with alteplase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 337: 1118–1123
De Marco E, Rebuzzi AG, Quaranta G, et al (1998) Lack of procoagulant effect after TNKplasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 19: 5 (abst)
Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Gibson CM, et al (1997) TNK-tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10A dose-ranging trial. Circulation 95: 351–356
Cannon CP, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, et al (1998) TNK-tissue plasminogen activator corn-pared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI 10B trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 10B Investigators. Circulation 98: 2805–2814
Van de Werf F, Cannon CP, Luyten A, et al (1999) Safety assessment of single-bolus administration of TNK tissue-plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-1 trial. The ASSENT-1 Investigators. Am Heart J 137: 786–791
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Investigators (1999) Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-2 double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 354: 716–722
Van de Werf F, Barron HV, Armstrong PW, et al (2001) Assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic. Incidence and predictors of bleeding events after fibrinolytic therapy with fibrin-specific agents: a comparison of TNK-tPA and rt-PA. Eur Heart J 22: 2253–2261
Cannon CP (2000) Thrombolysis medication errors: benefits of bolus thrombolytic agents. Am J Cardiol 85: 17C - 22C
ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group (1988). Rando- mised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 2: 349–360
Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration (1994) Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 308: 81–106
Epelde F, Garca-Castrillo Riesgo L, Loma-Osorio A, Verdier J, Recuerda Martnez E (2000) [The use of acetylsalicyclic acid in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy cared for in Spanish emergency services (results of the EVICURE study). Med Clin (Barc) 115: 455–457
O’Shea EB (2001) A study of the use of aspirin by general practitioners in suspected myocardial infarction. Ir Med J 94: 48–50
Goldberg RJ, Steg PG, Sadiq I, et al (2002) Extent of, and factors associated with, delay to hospital presentation in patients with acute coronary disease (the GRACE registry). Am J Cardiol 89: 791–796
Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N, Roberts R, Chaitman BR, Ross AM (1990) A comparison between heparin and low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. Heparin-Aspirin Reperfusion Trial ( HART) Investigators. N Engl J Med 323: 1433–1437
Bleich SD, Nichols TC, Schumacher RR, Cooke DH, Tate DA, Teichman SL (1990) Effect of heparin on coronary arterial patency after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 66: 1412–1417
Ross AM, Molhoek P, Lundergan C, et al (2001) Randomized comparison of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, with unfractionated heparin adjunctive to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis and aspirin: second trial of Heparin and Aspirin Reperfusion Therapy ( HART II ). Circulation 104: 648–652
Turpie AGG, Antman EM (2001) Low-molecular-weight heparins in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Arch Intern Med 161: 1484–1490
Simoons M, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Alonso A, et al (2002) Improved reperfusion and clinical outcome with enoxaparin as an adjunct to streptokinase thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. The AMI-SK study. Eur Heart J 23: 1282–1291
Baird SH, Mc Bride SJ, Trouton TG, Wilson C (1998) Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin following thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 191A (abst)
Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al (1997) A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med 337: 447–452
Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al (1999) Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation 100: 1593–1601
Cohen M, Antman EM, Gurfinkel E, et al (2000) Impact of enoxaparin low molecular weight heparin in patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 86:553–556, A9
Goodman SG, Cohen M, Bigonzi F, et al (2000) Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE Study. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q Wave Coronary Events. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 693–698
The Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Agent-3 (ASSENT-3) investigators (2001) Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 358: 605–613
Montalescot G, Philippe F, Ankri A, et al (1998) Early increase of von Willebrand factor predicts adverse outcome in unstable coronary artery disease: beneficial effects of enoxaparin. French Investigators of the ESSENCE Trial. Circulation 98: 294–299
Montalescot G, Collet JP, Lison L, et al (2000) Effects of various anticoagulant treatments on von Willebrand factor release in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 110–114
Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al (2001) Abciximab before Direct Angioplasty and Stenting in Myocardial Infarction Regarding Acute and Long-Term Follow-up. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 344: 1895–1903
Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A, Steg G, Mc Fadden E (2002) Primary angioplasty versus pre-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet 360: 825–829
Every NR, Parsons LS, Hlatky M, Martin JS, Weaver WD (1996) A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 335: 1253–1260
Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lambrew CT, et al (2000) Relationship of symptom-onset-to-balloon time and door-to-balloon time with mortality in patients undergoing angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 283: 2941–2947
Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al (1999) Update: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary and Recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines ( Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction ). Circulation 100: 1016–1030
Juliard JM, Himbert D, Cristofini P, et al (1999) A matched comparison of the combination of pre-hospital thrombolysis and standby rescue angioplasty with primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 83: 305–310
Loubeyre C, Lefevre T, Louvard Y, et al (2001) Outcome after combined reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction, combining pre-hospital thrombolysis with immediate percutaneous coronary intervention and stent. Eur Heart J 22: 1128–1135
Ross AM, Coyne KS, Reiner JS, et al (1999) A randomized trial comparing primary angioplasty with a strategy of short-acting thrombolysis and immediate planned rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: The PACT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 1954–1962
Goldberg RJ, Samad NA, Yarzebski J, Gurwitz J, Bigelow C, Gore JM (1999) Temporal trends in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 340: 1162–118
Barbash IM, Behar S, Battler A, et al (2001) Management and outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in hospitals with and without on-site catheterisation facilities. Heart 86: 145–149
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, White HD, et al (2001) SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA 285: 190–192
Topoi EJ, The GUSTO V Investigators (2001) Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet 357: 1905–1914
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Goldstein, P. (2003). Pre-Hospital Reperfusion Strategies to Optimize Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction. In: Vincent, JL. (eds) Intensive Care Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0_39
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5548-0_39
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5550-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5548-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive