Physical Abuse of Children

  • Raymond H. StarrJr.
Chapter

Abstract

Cruelty toward and maltreatment of children has become a topic of much social concern during the past 20 years. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the roots of this concern, analyze the magnitude of the problem, review current knowledge and, lastly, provide a framework for considering treatment, prediction, and prevention. Only physical abuse will be discussed; other forms of maltreatment such as sexual abuse, neglect, and institutional abuse are beyond the scope of this review. The terms abuse and maltreatment will be used synonymously and refer to inflicted trauma or injury by parents or other caregivers.

Keywords

Child Welfare Physical Abuse Corporal Punishment Child Psychiatry Child Protection 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aber, J. L., and Cicchetti, D. (1982). The socio-emotional development of maltreated children: An empirical and theoretical analysis. In H. Fitzgerald, B. Lester, and M. Yogman, (Eds.), Theory and research in behavioral pediatrics (Vol. 2, pp. 118–187 ). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  2. Albee, G. W. (1980). Primary prevention and social problems. In G. Gerbner, C. J. Ross, and E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 106–117 ). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  3. Adams, W., Barone, N., and Tooman, P. (1982). The dilemma of anonymous reporting in child protective services. Child Welfare, 61, 3–14.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Altemeier, W. A., III, Vietze, P. M., Sherrod, K. B., Sandler, H. M., Falsey, S., and O’Connor, S. (1979). Prediction of child maltreatment during pregnancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 205–218.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. American Humane Association. (1985). Highlights of official child neglect and abuse reporting 1983. Denver CO: Author.Google Scholar
  6. Anderson, S. C., and Lauderdale, M. L. (1982). Characteristics of abusive parents: A look at self-esteem. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 285–293.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bakan, D. (1971). Slaughter of the innocents: A study of the battered child phenomenon. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  8. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
  9. Barahal, R. M., Waterman, J., and Martin, H. P. (1981). The social-cognitive development of abused children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 508–516.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression: New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  11. Bell, R. Q., and Harper, L. V. (1977). Child effects on parents. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
  12. Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35, 320–335.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Benedict, M. I., White, R. B., and Comely, D. A. (1985). Maternal perinatal risk factors and child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 217–224.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Berkowitz, L. (1974). Some determinants of impulsive aggression: Role of mediated associations with reinforcement for aggression. Psychological Review, 81, 165–176.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Besharov, D. (1978). The abused and neglected child: Multidisciplinary court practice. Philadelphia, PA: Practicing Law Institute.Google Scholar
  16. Bousha, D. M., and Twentyman, C. T. (1984). Mother-child interactional style in abuse, neglect, and control groups: Naturalistic observations in the home. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 106–114.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Brody, H., and Gaiss, B. (1976, March). Ethical issues in screening for unusual childrearing practices. Pediatric Google Scholar
  18. Annals,pp. 106–112.Google Scholar
  19. Brownell, A., and Shumaker, S. A. (1984). Social support: An introduction to a complex phenomenon. Journal of Social Issues, 40 (4), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Brunnquell, D., Crichton, L., and Egeland, B. (1981). Maternal personality and attitude in disturbances of child-rearing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 680–691.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Burgess, R. L., and Conger, R. D. (1977). Family interaction patterns related to child abuse and neglect: Some preliminary findings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1, 269–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Burgess, R. L., and Conger, R. D. (1978). Family interactions in abusive, neglectful, and normal families. Child Development, 49, 1163–1173.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Burgess, R. L., and Garbarino, J. (1983). Doing what comes naturally? An evolutionary perspective on child abuse. In D. Finkelhor, R. J. Gelles, G. T. Hotaling, and M. A. Straus (Eds.), The dark side of families: Current family violence research (pp. 88–101 ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  24. Caffey, J. (1946). Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma. American Journal of Roentgenology, 56, 163–173.Google Scholar
  25. Caffey, J., and Silverman, W. A. (1945). Infantile cortical hyperostoses: Preliminary report on a new syndrome. American Journal of Roentgenology, 54, 1–16.Google Scholar
  26. Carlsson, B. (1980). Violent childhood and the neglect of children’s rights. In The ombudsman and child maltreatment (pp. 13–25 ). Stockholm, Sweden: Radda Barnen.Google Scholar
  27. Carr, A. (1978). Reported child maltreatment in Florida: The operation of public child protective service systems (Report submitted to National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, grant #90-C425). Unpublished manuscript, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.Google Scholar
  28. Cohen, S., Gray, E., and Wald, M. (1984). Preventing a child maltreatment: A review of what we know. Prevention focus (Working paper No. 024 ). Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  29. Cohler, B. J., Weiss, J. L., and Grunebaum, H. U. (1970). Child care attitudes and emotional disturbance among mothers of young children. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 82, 3–47.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Cohn, A. H. (1979a). Essential components of successful child abuse and neglect treatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 491–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Cohn, A. H. (1979b). An evaluation of three demonstration child abuse and neglect treatment programs. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 283–291.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Cohn, A. H. (1983). An approach to preventing child abuse. Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  33. Conger, R. D., Burgess, R., and Barrett, C. (1979). Child abuse related to life change and perceptions of illness: Some preliminary findings. Family Coordinator, 28, 73–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Corey, E. J. B., Miller, C. L., and Widlak, F. W. (1975). Factors contributing to child abuse. Nursing Research, 24, 293–295.Google Scholar
  35. DeFrancis, V. (1973). Protecting the abused child. In Child Abuse Prevention Act, 1973, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Children and Youth of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate on S. 1191 (pp. 323–333 ). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  36. deMause, L. (1974). The evolution of childhood. In L. deMause (Ed.), The history of childhood (pp. 1–74 ). New York: Psychohistory Press.Google Scholar
  37. deMause, L. (1980). Our forbears made childhood a nightmare. In G. J. Williams and J. Money (Eds.), Traumatic abuse and neglect of children at home (pp. 14–20 ). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
  38. Department of Health and Human Services. (1981). Study findings: National study of the incidence and severity of child abuse and neglect (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 81–30325 ). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  39. Dietrich, K. N., Starr, R. H., Jr., and Weisfeld, G. E. (1983). Infant maltreatment: Caretaker-infant interaction and developmental consequences at different levels of parenting failure. Pediatrics, 72, 532–540.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Disbrow, M. A., Doerr, H., and Caulfield, C. (1977). Measuring the components of parents’ potential for child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1, 279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: “The issue attention cycle.” Public Interest, 32, (Summer), 38–50.Google Scholar
  42. Duquette, D. N. (1982). Protecting individual liberties in the context of screening for child abuse. In R. H. Stan, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 191–204 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  43. Ebeling, N. B., and Hill, D. A. (Eds.). (1983). Child abuse and neglect: A guide with case studies for treating the child and family. Boston, MA: John Wright.Google Scholar
  44. Egeland, B. and Brunnquell, D. (1979). An at-risk approach to the study of child abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 219–235.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Egeland, B., and Sroufe, A. (1981a). Developmental sequelae of maltreatment in infancy. New Directions for Child Development, 11, 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Egeland, B., and Sroufe, L. A. (1981b). Attachment and early maltreatment. Child development, 52, 44–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Egeland, B., and Vaughn, B. (1981). failure of “bond formation” as a cause of abuse, neglect, and maltreatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 78–84.Google Scholar
  48. Egeland, B., Deinard, A., Brunnquell, D., Phipps-Yonas, S., and Crichton, L. (1979). A prospective study of the antecedents of child abuse (Final report, Grant No. 90-C-424, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
  49. Egeland, B., Breitenbucher, M., and Rosenberg, D. (1980). Prospective study of the significance of life stress in the etiology of child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 194–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Ekdahl, B. (1980). The Swedish law on physical punishment. In The ombudsman and child maltreatment (pp. 6–11 ). Stockholm, Sweden: Radda Barren.Google Scholar
  51. Elmer, E. (1977). Fragile families, troubled children: The aftermath of infant trauma. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
  52. Evans, A. L. (1980). Personality characteristics and disciplinary attitudes of child-abusing mothers. Child Abuse and Neglect, 4, 179–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Faller, K. C. (Ed.). (1981). Social work with abused and neglected children: A manual of interdisciplinary practice. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
  54. Feshbach, N. (1980). Corporal punishment in the schools: Some paradoxes, some facts, some possible directions. In G. Gerbner, C. J. Ross, and E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 204–221 ). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  55. Feshbach, S. (1980). Child abuse and the dynamics of human aggression and violence. In G. Gerbner, C. J. Ross, and E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 48–60 ). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  56. Friedman, S., and Morse, C. (1974). Child abuse: A five-year follow up of case finding in the emergency department. Pediatrics, 54, 404–410.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Friedrich, W. N., and Boriskin, J. A. (1976). The role of the child in abuse: A review of the literature. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 580–590.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Friedrich, W. N., and Einbender, A. J. (1983). The abused child: A psychological review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 244–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Frodi, A. M. (1981). Contribution of infant characteristics to child abuse. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 341–349.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Frodi, A. M., and Lamb, M. E. (1980). Child abusers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Child Development, 51, 238–241.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Gabinet, L. (1983). Child abuse treatment failures reveal need for redefinition of problem. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7, 395–402.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Gaensbauer, T. J., and Sands, S. K. (1979). Distorted affective communications in abused/neglected infants and their potential impact on caretakers. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 236–250.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Gaines, R., Sandgrund, A., Green, A. H., and Power, E. (1978). Etiological factors in child maltreatment: A multivariate study of abusing, neglecting, and normal mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 53 1540.Google Scholar
  64. Garbarino, J. (1977a). The human ecology of child maltreatment: A conceptual model for research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39, 721–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Garbarino, J. (1977b). The price of privacy: An analysis of the social dynamics of child abuse. Child Welfare, 56, 565–575.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Garbarino, J., and Crouter, A. (1978). A note on the problem of construct validity in assessing the usefulness of child maltreatment report data. American Journal of Public Health, 68,598–600.Google Scholar
  67. Garbarino, J., and Gilliam, G. (1980). Understanding abusive families. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
  68. Garbarino, J., and Sherman, D. (1980). High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51, 188–198.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Gelles, R. J. (1973). Child abuse as psychopathology: A sociological critique and reformulation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43, 611–621.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Gelles, R. J. (1978). Violence toward children in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 580–592.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Gelles, R. J. (1982). Problems in defining and labeling child abuse. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 1–30 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  72. George, C., and Main, M. (1979). Social interactions of young abused children: Approach, avoidance, and aggression. Child Development, 50, 306–318.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. George, C., and Main, M. (1980). Abused children: Their rejection of peers and caregivers. In T. M. Field, S. Goldberg, D. Stem, and A. M. Sostek (Eds.), High-risk infants and children: Adult and peer interactions (pp. 293–312 ). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  74. Gil, D. G. (1970). Violence against children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  75. Giovannoni, J. M. (1982). Prevention of child abuse and neglect: Research and policy issues. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 18, 23–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Giovannoni, J. M., and Becerra, R. M. (1979). Defining child abuse. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
  77. Gray, E. B. (1983a). Final report: Collaborative research of community and minority group action to prevent child abuse and neglect: Vol. I. Perinatal interventions. Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  78. Gray, E. B. (1983b). Final report: Collaborative research of community and minority group action to prevent child abuse and neglect: Vol. II. Culture-based parent education programs. Chicago, IL: National Cornmittee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  79. Gray, E. B. (1983c). Final report: Collaborative research of community and minority group action to prevent child abuse and neglect: Vol. III. Public awareness and education using the creative arts. Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  80. Gray, E. B. (1983d). Final report: Collaborative research of community and minority group action to prevent child abuse and neglect: Vol. IV. Community-wide education, information and referral programs. Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  81. Gray, E., and DiLeonardi, J. (1982). Evaluating child abuse prevention programs. Chicago, IL: National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse.Google Scholar
  82. Gray, J. D., Cutler, C. A., Dean, J., and Kempe, C. H. (1977). Prediction and prevention of child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1, 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Gray, J., Cutler, C., Dean, J. and Kempe, C. H. (1979). Prediction and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Social Issues, 35, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Green, A. H. (1978a). Child abuse. In B. B. Wolman, J. Egan, and A. O. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 430–455 ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
  85. Green, A. H. (1978b). Psychopathology of abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 92–103.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. Green, A. H. (1978c). Self-destructive behavior in battered children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 579–583.Google Scholar
  87. Green, A. H. (1978d). Psychiatric treatment of abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 356–371.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Green, A. H., Sandgrund, A., Gaines, R., and Haberfeld, H. ( 1974, May). Psychological sequelae of child abuse and neglect. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Detroit, MI.Google Scholar
  89. Hampton, R. L., and Newberger, E. H. (1985). Child abuse incidence and reporting by hospitals: Significance of severity, class, and race. American Journal of Public Health, 75, 56–60.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. Helfer, R. E. (1980). Developmental deficits which limit interpersonal skills. In C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child ( 3rd ed., pp. 36–48 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  91. Helfer, R. E. (1982). A review of the literature on the prevention of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 251–261.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Helfer, R. E., and Kempe, C. H. (Eds.). (1976). Child abuse and neglect: The family and the community. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing.Google Scholar
  93. Herrenkohl, E. C., and Herrenkohl, R. C. (1979). A comparison of abused children and their nonabused siblings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 260–269.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrenkohl, R. C., and Toedter, L. J. (1983). Perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of abuse. In D. Finkelhor, R. J. Gelles, G. T. Hotaling, and M. A. Straus (Eds.), The dark side of families: Current family violence research (pp. 305–316 ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  95. Herrenkohl, E. C., Herrenkohl, R. C., Toedter, L., and Yanushefski, A. M. (1984). Parent-child interactions in abusive and nonabusive families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 641–648.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Herrenkohl, R. C., and Herrenkohl, E. C. (1981). Some antecedents and developmental consequences of child maltreatment. New Directions for Child Development, 11, 57–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Herrenkohl, R. C., Herrenkohl, E. C., Egolf, B., and Seech, M. (1979). The repetition of child abuse: How frequently does it occur? Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Herrenkohl, R. C., Herrenkohl, E. C., and Egolf, B. P. (1983). Circumstances surrounding the occurrence of child maltreatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 424–431.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Hobbs, N. (1975). The futures of children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  100. Hoffman-Plotkin, D., and Twentyman, C. T. (1984). A multimodal assessment of behavioral and cognitive deficits in abused and neglected preschoolers. Child Development, 55, 794–802.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Holman, R. R., and Kanwar, S. (1975). Early life of the “battered child.” Archives of Diseases of Children, 50, 78–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Holmes, T. H., and Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Hunter, R. S., and Kilstrom, N. (1979) Breaking the cycle in abusive families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1320–1322.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  104. Hunter, R. S., Kilstrom, N., and Kraybill, E. N. (1978). Antecedents of child abuse and neglect among premature infants: A prospective study in a newborn intensive care unit. Pediatrics, 61, 629–635.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Hyman, I. A., and Wise, J. H. (Eds.). (1979). Corporal punishment in American education. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
  106. Isaacs, C. D. (1982). Treatment of child abuse: A review of the behavioral interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 273–294.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. Jayaratne, S. (1977, January). Child abusers as parents and children: A review. Social Work, pp. 5–9.Google Scholar
  108. Johnson, B., and Morse, H. (1968). The battered child: A study of children with inflicted injuries. Denver, CO: Department of Welfare.Google Scholar
  109. Kadushin, A., and Martin, J. (1981). Child abuse: An interactional event. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
  110. Kahn, A. J., and Kamerman, S. B. (1980). Child abuse: A comparative perspective. In G. Gerbner, C. J. Ross, and E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 118–134 ). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  111. Kempe, C. H. (1978). Child abuse: The pediatrician’s role in child advocacy and preventive pediatrics. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 132, 255–260.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Kempe, C. H., and Helfer, R. E. (Eds.). (1972). Helping the battered child and his family. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.Google Scholar
  113. Kempe, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., and Silver, H. K. (1962). The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181, 17–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  114. Kent, J. T. (1976). A follow-up study of abused children. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  115. Kessen, W. (1965). The child. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
  116. Kinard, E. M. (1980). Emotional development in physically abused children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 50, 686–696.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Kinard, E. M. (1982a). Child abuse and depression: Cause or consequence? Child Welfare, 61, 403–413.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Kinard, E. M. (1982b). Experiencing child abuse: Effects on emotional adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 82–91.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Korbin, J. E. (1980a). The cross-cultural context of child abuse and neglect. In C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child (3rd. ed., pp. 21–35 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
  120. Korbin, J. E. (1980b). The cultural context of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 4, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  121. Korbin, J. E. (1981). Conclusions. In J. E. Korbin (Ed.), Child abuse and neglect: Cross cultural perspectives (pp. 205–210 ). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
  122. Kotelchuk, M. (1982). Child abuse and neglect: Prediction and misclassification. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 67–104 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  123. Kravitz, R. A., and Driscoll, J. M. (1983). Expectations for childhood development among child-abusing and nonabusing parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 336–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  124. Lahey, B. B., Conger, R. D., Atkeson, B. M., and Treiber, F. A. (1984). Parenting behavior and emotional status of physically abusive mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1062–1071.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. Lamphear, V. S. (1985). The impact of maltreatment on children’s psychosocial adjustment: A review of the research. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 251–263.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  126. Lanyon, R. L. (1970). Development and validation of a psychological screening inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35, 1–24.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  127. Larrance, D. T., and Twentyman, C. T. (1983). Maternal attributions and child abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 449–457.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Leventhal, J. M. (1981). Risk factors for child abuse: Methodologic standards in case-control studies. Pediatrics, 68, 684–690.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. Leventhal, J. M. (1982). Research strategies and methodologic standards in studies of risk factors for child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 113–123.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Light, R. J. (1973). Abused and neglected children in America: A study of alternative policies. Harvard Educational Review, 43, 556–598.Google Scholar
  131. Lightcap, J. L., Kurland, J. A., and Burgess, R. L. (1982). Child abuse: A test of some predictions from evolutionary theory. Ethology and Sociobiology, 3, 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  132. Lutzker, J. R. (1980). Deviant family systems. In B. Lahey and A. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 3 ). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  133. Lutzker, J. R. (1984). Project 12-Ways: Treating child abuse and neglect from an ecobehavioral perspective. In R. F. Dangel and R. A. Polster (Eds.), Parent training: Foundations of research and practice (pp. 260297 ). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
  134. Lutzker, J. R., and Rice, J. M. (1984). Project 12-Ways: Measuring outcome of a large in-home service for treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 519–524.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  135. Lutzker, J. R., Frame, R. E., and Rice, J. M. (1982). Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Education and Treatment of Children, 5, 141–155.Google Scholar
  136. Lutzker, J. R., Wesch, D., and Rice, J. M. (1984). A review of Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. Lynch, M. A. (1975). Ill-health and child abuse. Lancet, 2, 317–319.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Lynch, M. A., and Roberts, J. (1977). Predicting child abuse: Signs of bonding failure in the maternity hispital. British Medical Journal, 1, 624–626.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  139. Lynch, M. A., and Roberts, J. (1982). Consequences of child abuse. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  140. Main, M., and George, C. (1985). Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates: A study in the day care setting. Developmental Psychology, 21, 407–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  141. Martin, H. P. (Ed.). (1976). The abused child: A multidisciplinary approach to developmental issues and treatment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  142. Martin, H. P. (1982). The clinical relevance of prediction and prevention. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 175–190 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  143. Martin, H. P., and Beezley, P. (1974). Prevention and the consequences of child abuse. Journal of Operational Psychology, 6, 68–77.Google Scholar
  144. Martin, H. P., and Beezley, P. (1976). Personality of abused children. In H. P. Martin (Ed.), The abused child: A multidisciplinary approach to developmental issues and treatment (pp. 105–111 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  145. Martin, H. P., Beezley, P., Conway, E. F., and Kempe, C. H. (1974). The development of abused children. Advances in Pediatrics, 21, 25–73.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. Mash, E. J., Johnston, C., and Kovitz, K. (1983). A comparison of the mother-child interactions of physically abused and non-abused children during play and task situations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 337–346.Google Scholar
  147. McGuire, R. (1983, March 28). Victim’s vision. US, pp. 68–69.Google Scholar
  148. Miller, D., and Challas, G. ( 1981, July). Abused children as adult parents: A twenty-five year longitudinal study. Paper presented at the National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, Durham, NH.Google Scholar
  149. Milner, J. S., and Wimberley, R. C. (1979). An inventory for the identification of child abusers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 95–100.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  150. Milner, J. S., and Wimberly, R. C. (1980). Prediction and explanation of child abuse. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 875–884.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  151. Mitchell, R. E., Billings, A. G., and Moos, R. H. (1982). Social support and well-being: Implications for prevention programs. Journal of Primary Prevention, 3(2), 77–98.Google Scholar
  152. Morgan, S. R. (1979). Psychoeducational profile of emotionally disturbed abused children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 3–6.Google Scholar
  153. Morris, J. L., Johnson, C. F., and Clasen, M. (1985). To report or not report: Physicians’ attitudes toward discipline and child abuse. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 139, 194–197.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  154. Morris, M. G., and Gould, R. W. (1963). Role reversal: A concept in dealing with the “battered child syndrome.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33, 298–299.Google Scholar
  155. Morse, C. W., Sahler, O., and Friedman, S. (1970). A three-year follow-up study of abused and neglected children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 120, 439–446.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. Murphy, M. A. (1982). The family with a handicapped child: A review of the literature. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. Murphy, S., and Orkow, B. (1985). Prenatal prediction of child abuse and neglect: A prospective study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 225–235.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Nagi, S. Z. (1977). Child maltreatment in the United States: A challenge to social institutions. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
  159. Nakou, S., Adam, H., Stathacopoulou, M. A., and Agathonos, H. (1982). Health status of abused and neglected children and their siblings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 279–284.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1975). Child abuse and neglect: The problem and its management (Vols. 1–3) (DHEW Publication No. (OHD) 75–30073, 75–30074, 75–30075 ). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  161. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1979). Child abuse and developmental disabilities: Essays (DHEW Publication No. OHDS 79–30226 ). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
  162. Nelson, B. J. (1984). Making an issue of child abuse: Political agenda setting for social problems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  163. Nesbit, W. C., and Karagianis, L. D. (1982). Child abuse: Exceptionality as a risk factor. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 28, 69–76.Google Scholar
  164. Newberger, E. H. (1984). The helping hand strikes again: Unintended consequences of child abuse reporting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 307–311.Google Scholar
  165. Newberger, E. H., and Boume, R. (1978). The medicalization and legalization of child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 593–607.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. Oates, M. R. (1979). A classification of child abuse and its relation to treatment and prognosis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 907–915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. Oates, R. K., Davis, A. A., Ryan, M. G., and Stewart, L. F. (1979). Risk factors associated with child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 3, 547–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. O’Connor, S., Vietze, P. M., Sherrod, K. B., Sandler, H. M., and Altemeier, W. A., III. (1980). Reduced incidence of parenting inadequacy following rooming-in. Pediatrics, 66, 176–182.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  169. O’Toole, R., Turbett, P., and Nalepka, C. (1983). Theories, professional knowledge, and diagnosis of child abuse. In D. Finkelhor, R. J. Gelles, G. T. Hotaling, and M. A. Straus (Eds.), The dark side of families: Current family violence research (pp. 349–362). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
  170. Pagelow, M. D. (1984). Family violence. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
  171. Pallone, S. R., and Malkemes, L. C. (1984). Helping parents who abuse their children: A comprehensive approach to intervention. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
  172. Parke, R. D. (1982). Theoretical models of child abuse: Their implications for prediction, prevention, and modification. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 31–66 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  173. Parke, R. D., and Collmer, C. W. (1975). Child abuse: An interdisciplinary analysis. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Review of child development research (Vol. 5, pp. 509–590 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  174. Passman, R. H., and Mulhern, R. K. (1977). Maternal punitiveness as affected by situational stress: An experimental analogue of child abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 565–569.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. Pelton, L. H. (1977). Child abuse and neglect and protective intervention in Mercer County, New Jersey: A parent interview and case record study. Unpublished manuscript, Bureau of Research, New Jersey Division of Youth and Family Services, Trenton, NJ.Google Scholar
  176. Pelton, L. H. (1978). Child abuse and neglect: The myth of classlessness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48, 608–617.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. Perry, M. A., Doran, L. D., and Wells, E. A. (1983). Developmental and behavioral characteristics of the physically abused child. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 320–324.Google Scholar
  178. Perry, M. A., Wells, E. A., and Doran, L. D. (1983). Parent characteristics in abusing and non-abusing families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 329–336.Google Scholar
  179. Pfohl, S. (1977). The discovery of child abuse. Social Problems, 24, 310–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  180. Plotkin, R. C., Azar, S., Twentyman, C. T., and Perri, M. G. (1981). A critical evaluation of the research methodology employed in the investigation of causative factors of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 5, 449–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  181. Radbill, S. X. (1980). Children in a world of violence: A history of child abuse. In C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child ( 3rd ed., pp. 3–20 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  182. Reid, J. B., Taplin, P. S., and Lorber, R. (1981). A social interactional approach to the treatment of abusive families. In R. B. Stuart (Ed.), Violent behavior: Social learning approaches to prediction, management, and treatment (pp. 83–101 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
  183. Reidy, T. J. (1977). The aggressive characteristics of abused and neglected children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 1140–1145.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  184. Rosenberg, M. S., and Reppucci, N. D. (1983). Abusive mothers: Perception of their own and their children’s behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 674–682.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  185. Rosenberg, M. S., and Reppucci, N. D. (1985). Primary prevention of child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 576–585.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. Rosenblatt, G. C. (1980). Parental expectations and attitudes about childrearing in high risk vs. low risk child abusing families. Saratoga, CA: Century Twenty One.Google Scholar
  187. Russell, A. B., and Trainor, C. M. (1984). Trends in child abuse and neglect: A national perspective. Denver, CO: American Humane Association.Google Scholar
  188. Sack, W. H., Mason, R., and Higgins, J. E. (1985). The single-parent family and abusive child punishment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 252–259.Google Scholar
  189. Schilling, R. F., Schinke, S. P., Blythe, B. J., and Barth, R. P. (1982). Child maltreatment and mentally retarded parents: Is there a relationship? Mental Retardation, 20, 201–209.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  190. Schlossman, S. L. (1977). Love and the American delinquent: The theory and practice of “progressive” juvenile justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  191. Schmitt, B. D. (Ed.). (1978). The child protection team handbook: A multidisciplinary approach to managing child abuse and neglect. New York: Garland STPM Press.Google Scholar
  192. Schneider, C. J. (1982). The Michigan Screening Profile of Parenting. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 157–174 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  193. Shapiro, D. (1977). Identification of factors associated with the discontinuation of parental abuse and neglect. Unpublished manuscript, Child Welfare League of America, New York.Google Scholar
  194. Sherrod, K. B., O’Connor, S., Vietze, P., and Altemeier, W. (1984). Child health and maltreatment. Child Development, 55, 1174–1183.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  195. Shorkey, C. T., and Armendariz, J. (1985). Personal worth, self-esteem, anomia, hostility and irrational thinking of abusing mothers: A multivariate approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 414–421.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  196. Shumaker, S. A., and Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40 (4), 11–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  197. Shyne, A. W., and Schroeder, A. G. (1978). National study of social services to children and their families: Overview. Unpublished manuscript, Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD.Google Scholar
  198. Skinner, A. E., and Castle, R. L. (1969). 78 battered children: A retrospective study. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.Google Scholar
  199. Smith, S. M., and Hanson, R. (1975). Interpersonal relationships and child-rearing practices in 214 parents of battered children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 513–525.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  200. Solheim, J. S. (1982). A cross-cultural examination of use of corporal punishment on children: A focus on Sweden and the United States. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 147–154.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  201. Solnit, A. J. Too much reporting, too little service: Roots and prevention of child abuse. In G. Gerbner, C. J. Ross, and E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action (pp. 135–146). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  202. Spinetta, J. J. (1978). Parental personality factors in child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1409–1414.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  203. Spinetta, J., and Rigler, D. (1972). The child abusing parent: A psychological review. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 296–304.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  204. Starr, R. H., Jr. (1974). Child abuse: A controlled study of social, familial, individual, and interactional factors (Grant no. 90-C-426). Washington, DC: National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect, DHHS.Google Scholar
  205. Starr, R. H., Jr. (1978). The controlled study of the ecology of child abuse and drug abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 2, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  206. Starr, R. H., Jr. (1982). A research-based approach to the prediction of child abuse. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 105–134 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  207. Starr, R. H., Jr., Ceresnie, S. J., Dietrich, K. N., Fischhoff, J., Schumann, B., and Demorest, M. ( 1982, August). Child abuse: A case-sibling assessment of child factors. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
  208. Starr, R. H., Jr., Dietrich, K. N., Fischhoff, J., Ceresnie, S., and Zweier, D. (1984). The contribution of handicapping conditions to child abuse. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 4, 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  209. Stein, T. J. (1984). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. Social Services Review, 58, 302–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  210. Steinberg, L. B., Catalano, R., and Dooley, D. (1981). Economic antecedents of child abuse and neglect. Child Development, 52, 975–985.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  211. Straus, M. A. (1980). Stress and child abuse. In C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child ( 3rd ed., pp. 86–103 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  212. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., and Steinmetz, S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
  213. Sudia, C. E. (1981). What services do abusive and neglecting families need? In L. H. Pelton (Ed.), The social context of child abuse and neglect (pp. 268–290 ). New York: Human Sciences Press.Google Scholar
  214. Susman, E. J., Trickett, P. K., Iannotti, R. J., Hollenbeck, B. E., and Zahn-Waxier, C. (1985). Child-rearing patterns in depressed, abusive, and normal mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 237–251.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  215. Swedish Information Service. (undated). The “anti-spanking” law: Text of the law and background. New York: Swedish Consulate General.Google Scholar
  216. Toro, P. A. (1982). Developmental effects of child abuse: A review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 423–431.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  217. Valentine, D. P., Acuff, D. S., Freeman, M. L., and Andreas, T. (1984). Defining child maltreatment: A multidisciplinary overview. Child Welfare, 63, 497–509.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  218. Vaughn, B., Taraldson, B., Crichton, L., and Egeland, B. (1981). The assessment of infant temperament: A critique of the Carey Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 4, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  219. Vietze, P., Falsey, S., Sandler, H., O’Connor, S., and Altemeier, W. A. (1980). Transactional approach to prediction of child maltreatment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 1, 248–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  220. Vietze, P., O’Connor, S., and Altemeier, W. ( 1983, April). Continuity in mother-infant interaction in families with maltreated infants. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit, MI.Google Scholar
  221. Vietze, P. M., O’Connor, S., Hopkins, J. B., Sandler, H. M., and Altemeier, W. A. (1982). Prospective study of child maltreatment from a transactional perspective. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction: Policy implications (pp. 135–156 ). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
  222. Wald, M. S. (1976). State intervention on behalf of “neglected” children: Standards for removal of children from their homes, monitoring the status of children in foster care, and termination of parental rights. Stanford Law Review, 28, 623–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  223. Webster-Stratton, C. (1985). Comparison of abusive and nonabusive families with conduct-disordered children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 59–69.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  224. Weston, J. T. (1980). The pathology of child abuse and neglect. In C. H. Kempe and R. E. Helfer (Eds.), The battered child ( 3rd ed., pp. 241–271 ). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
  225. Williams, G. R. (1983). Child protection: A journey into history. Journal of Child Clinical Psychology, 12, 236–243.Google Scholar
  226. Wolfe, D. A. (1985). Child-abusive parents: An empirical review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 462–482.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  227. Wolfe, D. A., and Mosk, M. D. (1983). Behavioral comparisons of children from abused and distressed families, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 702–708.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  228. Wolfe, D. A., Kaufman, K., Aragona, J., and Sandler, J. (1981). The child management program for abusive parents: Procedures for developing a child abuse intervention program. Winter Park, FL: Anna Publishing.Google Scholar
  229. Wolfe, D. A., Sandler, J., and Kaufman, K. (1981). A competency-based parent training program for child abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 633–640.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  230. Wolfe, D. A., Fairbank, J., Kelly, J. A., and Bradlyn, A. S. (1983). Child abusive parents’ physiological responses to stressful and non-stressful behavior in children. Behavioral assessment, 5, 363–371.Google Scholar
  231. Woolley, P. V., and Evans, W. A. (1955). Significance of skeletal lesions in infants resembling those of traumatic origin. Journal of the American Medical Association, 158, 539–543.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  232. Wright, L. (1976). The “Sick but Slick” syndrome as a personality component of parents of battered children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 41–45.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1988

Authors and Affiliations

  • Raymond H. StarrJr.
    • 1
  1. 1.Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyCatonsvilleUSA

Personalised recommendations