Skip to main content

Foundations for Creativity in the Writing Process

Rhetorical Representations of Ill-Defined Problems

  • Chapter
Handbook of Creativity

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Individual Differences ((PIDF))

Abstract

A creative act is usually defined as one that has a valuable or interesting product and that is in some way original or surprising (Hayes, 1981). However, whether we characterize a particular act as “creative” clearly depends on the context or circumstances in which it takes place. For example, we evaluate the creativity of a child’s drawing using different criteria from those we would apply to a painting by Monet; a creative act may be enriching to one individual or it may have earth-shaking consequences. Although creativity in writing is popularly associated with literary genres, other genres, such as expository writing, also offer opportunities for creative products. For example, a research report, a proposal, or a magazine article could be judged creative if it presents information in a new and valuable way to meet the needs and constraints of its audience and purpose—that is, if the text presents an innovative solution to a significant rhetorical problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, J. (in press). Students’ self-analyses and judges’ perception: Where do they agree? In L. Flower (Ed.), Reading-to-write: Exploring a cognitive and social process New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, R., Eaton, S. (1984). Factors influencing self-assessing and revising by college freshmen. In R. Beach L. Bridwell (Eds.), New directions in composition research (pp. 149–170 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Britton, J., Burgess, T., Martin, N., McLeod, A., Rosen, H. (1975). The development of writing abilities (11–18). London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L. (1980). Metacognitive development and reading. In R. Spiro, B. Bruce, W. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension (pp. 453–481 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., Smiley, S. S. (1978). The development of strategies for studying texts. Child Development, 49, 1076 1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., Day, J. D., Jones, R. S. (1983). The development of plans for summarizing text. Child Development, 54, 968–979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, L. J., Flower, L., Hayes, J. R., Schriver, K., Haas, C. (1986). Differences in writers’ initial task representations (ONR Technical Report, No. 2 ). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie-Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faigley, L., Witte, S. (1981). Analyzing revision. College Composition and Communication, 32, 400–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L. (1979). Writer-based prose: A cognitive basis for problems in writing. College English, 41, 19–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L. (in press). Task representation. In L. Flower (Ed.), Reading-to-write: Exploring a cognitive and social process (Technical Report, Center for the Study of Writing at Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L., Hayes, J. R. (1980). The cognition of discovery: Defining a rhetorical problem. College Composition and Communication, 31, 21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L., Carey, L. J., Hayes, J. R. (1985). Diagnosis in revision: The expert’s option (Communications Design Center Technical Report, No. 27 ). Pittsburgh PA: Communications Design Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flower, L., Schriver, K., Carey, L. J., Haas, C., Hayes, J. R. (1987). Planning in writing: A theory of the cognitive process (ONR Technical Report, No. 1 ). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie-Mellon, University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getzels, J. W., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. R. (1981). The complete problem-solver. Philadelphia, PA: The Franklin Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. R., Flower, L., Schriver, K., Stratman, J., Carey, L. J. (1988). Cognitive processes in revision. In S. Rosenberg (Ed.), Advances in applied linguistics: Vol. 2. Reading, writing and language process (pp. 176–240 ). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, J. A. (1984). Where problems start: The effect of available information on responses to school writing tasks. In A. Applebee (Ed.), Contexts for learning to write (pp. 135–148 ). Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem-solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., Simon, H. A. (1962). The process of creative thinking. In H. E. Gruber, G. Terrell, M. Wertheimer (Eds.), in Contemporary approaches to creative thinking ( 3rd ed., pp. 63–119 ). New York: Atherton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D. N. (1981). The mind’s best work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, W. R. (1964). Heuristic decision procedures, open constraints, and the structure of ill-defined problems. In M. W. Shelley G. L. Bryan (Eds.), Human judgments and optimality (pp. 282–315 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, M. (1984). Writer’s block: The Cognitive dimension. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C. (1988). Knowledge-telling and knowledge transforming in written composition. In S. Rosenberg (Ed.), Advances in applied linguistics (Vol. 2., pp. 142175 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1973). The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 181–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A. (1986). Some computer models of human learning. In M. Shafto (Ed.), How we know. San Francisco, CA: Harper Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, N. I. (1980). Revision strategies of student and experienced writers. College Composition and Communication, 31, 378–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carey, L.J., Flower, L. (1989). Foundations for Creativity in the Writing Process. In: Glover, J.A., Ronning, R.R., Reynolds, C.R. (eds) Handbook of Creativity. Perspectives on Individual Differences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5356-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5356-1_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3212-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5356-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics