Abstract
The concept of authenticity of a particular food or beverage can usually be defined as conformity to a standard. This standard may arise from tradition, laws, reference compounds, industrial purchase specifications or other forms of written or non-written rules and/or traditions defining what a product is supposed to be in terms of origin, raw materials used, manufacturing process, aging, etc. A product is often non-authentic because inferior ingredients are used to cut production costs and increase profits.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ayräpää, T. (1967) Formation of higher alcohols from 14C-labelled valine and leucine. J. Inst. Brew. 73, 17–33.
Bayanove, C. and Cordonnier, R. (1970) Recherches sur l’arôme du muscat. Profils aromatiques de cépages muscat et non muscat. Importance du linalol chez les muscats. Ann. Tech. Agric, 19, 95–105.
Bertrand, A. (1993) Recueil des méthodes d’analyse des boissons spiritueuses, des alcools, de la fraction aromatique des boissons. Publication de l’Université de Bordeaux II.
Braitberg, J.M. (1993) Le scandale du vin frelaté. Editions du Rocher.
Brause, A.R. (1986) Nachweis von Apfel und Orangensaft Verfalschung mit Hilfe einer chemischen Matrix Test Methode. Flüssiges Obst, 53, 15.
Bricout, J. (1973) Control of authenticity of fruit juices by isotopic analysis. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 56, 739.
Bricout, J. and Fontes, J.C. (1974) Distinction analytique entre sucre de canne et sucre de betterave. Ann. Fais. Exp. Chim., 716, 211–215.
Calull, M., Marce, R.M., Guash, J. and Borrull, F. (1990) Determination of free amino acid content of varietal red wines from the Taragona region. A study of the varietal influence. Acta Alimentaria, 19, 47–53.
Cantagrel, R. (1986) Application de l’analyse multidimensionnelle à la caractérisation des Cognacs par rapport aux autres eaux de vie du vin et alcools de vin. XIX Congress Int. Soc. Wine Winemakers (Santiago Chile).
Chen, E.C.H. (1978) The relative contribution of Ehrlich and biosynthetic pathways to the formation of fusel alcohols. ASBC J., 36, 39–43.
Datzberger, K., Steiner, I., Nashüttl, J. and Kroyer, G. (1991) Methods for fast analysis of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in red wine. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 193, 462–464.
Day, M.P., Zhang, B.L. and Martin, G.J. (1994). The use of trace element data to complement stable isotope methods in the characterization of grape musts. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 45, 79–85.
Delteil, D. and Jarry, J.M. (1991) Effets caractéristiques de deux souches de levures oenologiques sur la composition en éléments volatils de vins de Chardonnay. Rev. Fr. Oenol., 132, 41–46.
Dunbar, J. (1982) A study of the factors affecting the 18O/16O ratio of the water of wine. Z. Lebensm. Unters Forsch., 2174, 355–359.
Edwards, M.A. and Amerine, M.A. (1977) Lead content of wines determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using flameless atomization. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 28, 239–240.
Estep, M.F. and Hoering, T.C. (1980) Biogeochemistry of the stable hydrogen isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1197–1206.
Etievant, P., Schlich, P., Bouvier, J.C., Symonds, P. and Bertrand, A. (1988a) Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of elements, amino acids and aromatic alcohols. J. Sci. Food Agric, 45, 25–41.
Etievant P., Schlich, P. Bertrand, A., Symonds, P. and Bouvier, J.C. (1988b) Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds. J. Sci. Food Agric, 45, 39–54.
Farquhar, G.D., O’Leary, M.H. and Berry, J.A. (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Aust. J. Plant. Physiol., 9, 121–137.
Ferhi, A. and Letolle, R. (1977) Transpiration and evaporation as the principal factors in oxygen isotope variations of organic matter in land plants. Physiol. Veg., 15, 363–370.
Forstel, H. (1978) The enrichment of 18O in leaf water under natural conditions. Radiat Environ. Biophys., 15, 323–344.
Garson, M.J. and Staunton, J. (1979) Some new NMR methods for tracing the fate of hydrogen in biosynthesis Chem. Soc. Rev., 8, 539–560.
Goiffon, J.P., Brun, M. and Bourrier, M.J. (1992) High performance liquid chromatography of red fruit anthocyanins. J. Chromatogr., 537, 101–121.
Gonfiantini, (1978) Standards for stable isotope measurements in natural compounds. Nature, 271, 534–536.
Hebrero, E., Garcia-Rodriguez, C, Santos-Buelga, C. and Rivas-Gonzalo, J.C. (1989) Analysis of anthocyanins by high performance liquid chromatography. Diode array spectroscopy in a hybrid grape variety (Vitis vinifera × Vitis berlandieri 41 B). Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 40, 283–291.
Hong, V. and Wrolstad, R.E. (1990) Characterization of anthocyanins containing colorants and fruit juices by HPLC/photodiode array detection. J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 698–708.
Hutchinson, C.R. (1982) The use of isotopic hydrogen and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques for the analysis of biosynthetic pathways. J. Nat Prod., 45, 27–37.
Krueger, H.W. and Reesman, R.H (1982). Carbon isotope analyses in food technology. Mass Spectrom. Rev., 1, 205–236.
Kwan, W.O. and Kowalski, B.R. (1980) Pattern recognition analysis of gas Chromatographic data. Geographic classification of wines of Vitis Vinifera cv. Pinot noir from France and the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 356–359.
Kwan, W.O., Kowalski, R. and Skogerboe, R.K. (1979) Pattern recognition analysis of elemental data. Wines of Vitis Vinifera cv Pinot noir from France and the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem., 11, 1321–1326.
Larice, J.L., Archier, P., Rocheville-Divorne, C, Cohen, S. and Roggero, J.P. (1989) Composition anthocyanique des cépages. Essai de classification sur trois ans par analyse en composantes principales et étude des variations annuelles de cépages de même provenance. Rev. Fr. Oenol., 121, 7–12.
Lea, A.G.H. (1978) The analysis of cider phenolics. Ann. Nutr. Alim., 32, 1051–1061.
Lee, H.S. and Hong, V. (1992) Chromatographic analysis of anthocyanins. J. Chromatog., 624, 221–234.
Maarse, H., Slump, P., Tas, A.C. and Schaefer, J. (1987) Classification of wines according to type and region based on their composition. Z. Lebensm. Unters Forsch., 184, 198–203.
MacDonald, J. (1981) The lead contamination problem with emphasis on the lead content of wine, Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 32, 219–222.
Martin, G.J. (1990) The chemistry of chaptalization. Endeavour, 14, 137–143.
Martin, G.J. (1991) La contribution de la résonance magnétique nucléaire et de l’analyse isotopique à l’authentification des alcools et eaux de vie. Bull. CIDEAO, 11, 65–71.
Martin, G.J. and Martin, M.L. (1981) Deuterium labelling at the natural abundance level as studied by high field quantitative 2H-NMR. Tetrahedron Lett., 22, 3525–3528.
Martin, G.J. and Martin, M.L. (1983) Determination par résonance magnétique nucléaire du deutérium du fractionnement isotopique spécifique naturel. Application à la détection de la chaptalisation des vins. J. Chim. Phys., 80, 293–297.
Martin, G.J., Martin, M.L., Mabon, F. and Michon, M.J. (1982a) Natural selective 2H labelling applied to the study of chemical mechanisms; labelling without enrichment. J, Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 616-617.
Martin, G.J., Martin, M.L., Mabon, F., Michon, M.J. (1982b) Identification of the origin of natural alcohols by natural abundance hydrogen-2 nuclear magnetic resonance. Analytical. Chemistry, 54, 2380–2382.
Martin, G.J., Martin, M.L., Mabon, F. and Bricout, J. (1982c) A new method for the identification of the origin of natural products. Quantitative 2H NMR at the natural abundance level applied to the characterization of anetholes. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 104, 2658.
Martin, G.J., Martin, M.L., Mabon, F. and Michon, M.J. (1983) A new method for the identification of the origin of ethanols in grain and fruit spirits: high field quantitative deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance at the natural abundance level. J. Agric. Food Chem., 31, 311–315.
Martin, G.J., Guillou, C., Martin, M.L., Cabanis, M.T., Tep, Y. and Aerny, J. (1988) Natural factors of isotope fractionation and the characterization of wines. J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 316–322.
Martin, G.J., Danho, D. and Vallet, C. (1991) Natural isotope fractionation in the discrimination of sugar origins. J. Sci. Food Agric, 56, 419–434.
Martin, G.J., Martin, M.L. and Zhang, B.L. (1992). Site specific natural isotope fractionation of hydrogen in plant products studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. Plant Cell Environ., 15, 1037–1050.
Martin, G.G., Remaud, G. and Martin, G.J. (1993) Isotopic methods for control of natural flavours authenticity. Flavour Fragrance J., 8, 97–107.
Martin-Alvarez, P. J. and Herranz, A. (1991) Application of multivariate statistical geographic methods to the differentiation of gin brands. J. Sci. Food Agric., 57, 263–272.
Medina, B. and Sudraud, P. (1980) Teneurs des vins en chrome et en nickel. Causes d’enrichissement. Conn. Vigne Vin, 14, 79–96.
Medina, B. and Van Zeller, A.L. (1984) Differenciation des vins de trois régions de France. Conn. Vigne Vin, 18, 225–235.
Miyashita, Y., Ishikawa, M. and Sasaki, S. (1989) Classification of brandies by pattern recognition of chemical data. J. Sci. Food Agric., 49, 325–333.
Monson, K.D. and Hayes, J.M. (1980) Biosynthetic control of the natural abundance of carbon-13 at specific positions within fatty acids in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem., 225, 11435–11441.
Moret, I., Di Leo F., Giromini, V. and Scarponi, G. (1984) Multiple, discriminant analysis in the analytical differentiation of Venetian white wines. Application to several vintages years and comparison with the k nearest-neighbor classification. J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, 329–333.
Mosandl, A., Hener. U., Hagenauer-Hener, U. and Kustermann, A. (1989) Direct enantiomer separation of chiral γ-lactones from food and beverages by multidimensional gas chromatography, J. High. Resolution Chromatog., 12, 532–536.
Noakes, J. and Culp, R.A. (1990) Identification of isotopically manipulated cinnamic aldehyde and benzaldehyde, J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, 1249–1255.
Noble, A.C., Flath, R.A. and Forrey, R.R. (1980) Wine headspace analysis. Reproducibility and application to varietal classification. J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 346–353.
O’Leary, M.H. (1988) Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis Bioscience, 38, 327–336.
Park, R. and Epstein, S. (1960) Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 21, 110–126.
Rapp, A. and Makowetz, A. (1989) Anwendung der NMR-spektroskopie in der Weinanalytik Lebensmittelchem. Gerichtl. Chem., 43, 73–75.
Raven, J.A. (1992) Present and potential uses of the natural abundance of stable isotopes in plant science, with illustrations from the marine environment. Plant Cell Environ., 15, 1083–1091.
Reazin, G., Scales, H. and Andreasen, A. (1973) Production of higher alcohols from threonine and isoleucine in alcoholic fermentations of different types of grain mash. J. Agric. Food Chem., 21, 50–54.
Riberéau-Gayon, P. (1978) Plant Phenolics. Dunod, Paris.
Roggero, J.P., Coen, S. and Archier, P. (1990) Wine phenolics, optimization of HPLC analysis. J. Liquid Chromatogr., 13, 2593–2603.
Rommel, A., Heatherbell, D.A. and Wrolstad, R.E. (1990) Red raspberry juice and wine: effect of processing and storage on anthocyanin pigment composition, color and appearance. J. Food Sci., 55, 1011–1017.
Rossmann, A. and Schmidt, H.L. (1989) Nachweis der Herkunft von ethanol und der zuckerung von wein durch positionelle Wasserstoff-und kohlenstoff — isotopenverhältnismessung. Z Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 188, 434–438.
Santos, C., Munoz, S.S., Gutierrez, Y., Hebrero, E., Vicente, J.L., Galindo, P. and Rivas, J.C. (1991) Characterization of young red wines by application of HJ Biplot analysis of anthocyanin profiles J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1086–1090.
Scarponi, G., Moret, I., Capodaglio, G. and Cescon, P. (1982). Multiple discriminant analysis in the analytical differentiation of Venetian wines. A reelaboration with addition of data from samples of 1979 vintage Prosecco wine. J. Agric. Food Chem., 30, 1135-1140.
Schmidt, H.L., Winker, F.J., Latzko, E. and Wirth, E. (1978) 13C-kinetic isotope effects in photosynthetic carboxylation reactions and δ13C values of plant material Isr. J. Chem., 17, 223–224.
Schreier. P., Drawert, F. and Junker, A. (1976) Identification of volatile constituents from grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 24, 331.
Seeber, R., Sferlazzo, G., Leardi, R., Dalla Serra, A.D. and Versini, G. (1991) Multivariate data analysis in classification of musts and wines of the same variety according to vintage year. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 39, 1764–1769.
Simpson, T.J. (1975) Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance in biosynthetic studies. Chem. Soc. Rev., 497-522.
Smith, B.N. (1975) Carbon and hydrogen isotopes of sucroses from various sources. Naturwissenchaften, 62, 390.
Sternberg, L.O., de Niro M.J. and Keeley, J.E. (1984) Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of cellulose from submerged aquatic crassulacean acid metabolism and non-crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Plant Physiol., 76, 69–70.
Stothers, J.B. (1974) In Topics in carbon-13 NMR spectoscopy, Vol. 1, 13CNMR Studies of Reaction Mechanisms and Reactive Intermediates, (ed., Levy, G.C.) Wiley Inter-science, New York, pp. 229–2
Sudraud. P. and Koziet, J. (1978) Recherche de nouveaux critères analytiques de caractérisation des vins. Ann. Nutr. Alim., 32, 1063–1072.
Suomalainen, H. and Lehtonen, M. (1979) The production of aroma compounds by yeast. J. Inst. Brew., 85, 149–156.
Symonds, P. and Cantagrel, R. (1978) Analyse par HPLC des anthocyanes des moûts et des vins. Bulletin Liaison Groupe Polyphenols, 8, 379.
Symonds, P. and Cantagrel, R. (1982) Application de l’analyse discriminante à la différenciation des vins Ann. Fals. Exp. Chim., 75, 63–74.
Tapias, R.M., Larrechi, M.S., Guasch, J., Rubio, J. and Rius, F.X. (1986). Enological parameters and pattern recognition methods in the geographic dimerentiation of Spanish red wines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 37, 195–201.
Test Achats (1992) Magazine N° 349 Nov. pp. 44-48.
Vasconcelos, A.M.P. and Chaves das Neves, H.J. (1989) Characterization of elementary wines of Vitis vinifera varieties by pattern recognition of free amino acid profiles. J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 931–937.
van der Voet, H., Doornbos, D.A., Meems, M. and van de Haar, G. (1984) The use of pattern recognition techniques in chemical differentiation between Bordeaux and Bourgogne wines Anal. Chem. Acta, 159, 159–171.
Whiting, G. (1976) Organic acid metabolism of yeasts during fermentation of alcoholic beverages. A review. J. Inst. Brew., 82, 84–92.
Wilson, L.A., Ding, J.M. and Woods, A.E. (1991) Gas Chromatographic determination and pattern recognition analysis of methanol and fusel oil concentrations in whiskeys. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 74, 248–256.
Wulf, L. and Nagel, C.W. (1978) High pressure liquid chromatography separation of anthocyanins of Vitis vinifera. Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 29(1), 42–49.
Yakir, D. (1992) Variations in the natural abundance of oxygen 18 and deuterium in plants carbohydrates Plant Cell Environ., 15, 1005–1020.
Ziegler, H., Osmond, C.B., Stichler, W. and Trimborn, P. (1976) Hydrogen isotope discrimination in higher plants: correlations with photosynthetic pathway and environment. Planta, 128, 85–92.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martin, G.G., Symonds, P., Lees, M., Martin, M.L. (1995). Authenticity of fermented beverages. In: Lea, A.G.H., Piggott, J.R. (eds) Fermented Beverage Production. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5214-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5214-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5216-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5214-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive