Evolutionary Biology pp 1-25 | Cite as
Unifying Theory and Methodology in Biogeography
Abstract
Biogeography is a discipline with a long intellectual heritage (Brown and Lomolino, 1998; Browne, 1983; Mayr, 1982; Nelson, 1978) that considers where and why different types of organisms occur over the face of the globe. Almost since its inception, there has been a fundamental debate in the field about how to best explain biogeographic patterns. This debate has centered on two primary explanations. In the dispersalist or mobilist explanation, organisms were thought to have continually moved or dispersed between different regions such that similar types of organisms would be shared between regions due to episodes of dispersal. In the other, the vicariant or extensionist explanation, organisms start out with broad distributions. These distributions would then be subsequently fragmented by the emergence of geological or climatic barriers which concomitantly promote evolutionary divergence in the now isolated populations. In this explanation, it was held that similar types of organisms were shared between regions due to the fact that these regions had a common geological history.
Keywords
Range Expansion Geographic Barrier Biogeographic Pattern Historical Biogeography Ancestral AreaPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Allen, T. H. E, and Starr, T. B., 1982, Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Arnold, A. J., and Fristrup, K., 1982, The theory of evolution by natural selection: a hierarchical expansion. Paleobiology 8: 113–129.Google Scholar
- Avise, J. C., 1986, Mitochondria] DNA and the evolutionary genetics of higher animals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 312: 325–342.Google Scholar
- Avise, J. C., 1992, Molecular population structure and the biogeographic history of a regional fauna: a case history with lessons for conservation biologyq. Oikos 63: 62–76.Google Scholar
- Avise, J. C., Arnold, J., Ball, R. M., Bermingham, E., Lamb, T., Neigel, J. E., Reeb, C. A. and Saunders, N. C., 1987, Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA birdge between population genetics and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 489–522.Google Scholar
- Bennett, K. D., 1990, Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16: 11–21.Google Scholar
- Bennington, J. B., and Bambach, R. K., 1996, Statistical testing for paleocommunity recurrence: Are similar fossil assemblages ever the same? Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., and Palaeoec. 127: 107–134.Google Scholar
- Berger, A., 1980, The Milankovitch astronomical theory of paleoclimates: a modern review in: Vistas on Astronomy (A. Beer, K. Pounds, and P. Beer, eds.). pp. 103–122 Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar
- Bremer, K., 1992, Ancestral areas: a cladistic reinterpretation of the center of origin concept. Syst. Biol. 41: 436–445.Google Scholar
- Bremer, K., 1995, Ancestral areas: optimization and probability. Syst. Biol. 44: 255–259.Google Scholar
- Brett, C. E., and Baird, G. C., 1995, Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to Middle Devonian faunas in the Appalachian Basin in: New approaches to speciation in the fossil record (D. H. Erwin, and R. L. Anstey, eds.) pp. 285–315 Columbia University Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., 1981, Hennig’s parasitological method: a proposed solution. Syst. Zool. 30: 229–249.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., 1985, Historical ecology: a new approach to studying the evolution of ecological associations. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 72: 660–680.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., 1988, Scaling effects in historical biogeography: a new view of space, time, and form. Syst. Zool. 37: 237–244.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., 1990, Parsimony analysis in historical biogeography and coevolution: methodological and theoretical update. Syst. Zool. 39: 14–30.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., and McLennan, D. A., 1991, Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
- Brooks, D. R., and Wiley, E. 0., 1986, Evolution as Entropy. Toward a Unified Theory of Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Brown, J. H., and Lomolino, M. V., 1998, Biogeography, 2nd edition, Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. Brown, J. H., and Maurer, B. A., 1989, Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243: 1143–1150.Google Scholar
- Browne, J., 1983, The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
- Brundin, L. Z., 1988, Phylogenetic biogeography in: Analytical Biogeography (A. A. Myers, and P. S. Giller, eds.) pp. 343–369 Chapman and Hall, New York City.Google Scholar
- Burns, T. P., Patten, B. C., and Higashi, M., 1991, Hierarchical evolution in ecological networks:Google Scholar
- environs and selection in: Theoretical studies of ecosystems: the network perspective (M.Google Scholar
- Higashi, and T. P. Burns, eds.) pp. 211–239 Cambridge University Press, New York. Buss, L. W., 1987, The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
- Buzas, M. A., and Culver, S. J., 1994, Species pool and dynamics of marine paleocommunities.Google Scholar
- Science 264:1439–1441.Google Scholar
- Coope, G. R., 1979, Late Cenozoic Coleoptera: evolution, biogeography, and ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10: 247–267.Google Scholar
- Coope, G. R., 1990, The invasion of northern Europe during the Pleistocene by Mediterranean species of Coleoptera in: Biological Invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean basin (F. d. Castri, A. J. Hansen, and M. Debussche, eds.) pp. 203–215 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.Google Scholar
- Cracraft, J., 1982, Geographic differentiation, cladistics, and vicariance biogeography: reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution. Amer. Zool. 22: 411–424.Google Scholar
- Cracraft, J., 1988, Deep-history biogeography: retrieving the historical pattern of evolving continental biotas. Syst. Zool. 37: 221–236.Google Scholar
- Croizat, L., Nelson, G., and Rosen, D. E., 1974, Centers of origin and related concept. Syst. Zool. 23: 265–287.Google Scholar
- Dalziel, I. W. D., 1997, Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, and environmental speculations. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109: 16–42.Google Scholar
- Damuth, J., 1985, Selection among “species”: a formulation in terms of natural functional units. Evolution 39: 1132–1146.Google Scholar
- Davis, M. B., 1976, Pleistocene biogeography of temperate deciduous forests. Geosci. Man 13:13.Google Scholar
- Davis, M. B., 1986, Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium in: Commu-nity Ecology (J. Diamond, and T. Case, eds.) pp. 269–284 Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
- Dawkins, R., 1982, The Extended Phenotype. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA. Dobzhansky, T., 1937, Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, NewYork.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., 1982, Phenomenological levels and evolutionary rates. Syst. Zool. 31: 338347.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., 1985, Unfinished Synthesis. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., 1989, Macroevolutionary Dynamics. McGraw Hill, New York.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., 1995, Reinventing Darwin. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., and Cracraft, J.,1980, Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process: Method and Theory in Comparative Biology. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., and Ormiston, A. R., 1979, Biogeography of Silurian and Devonian trilobites of the Malvinokaffric Realm in: Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics, and the Changing Environment (J. Gray, and A. J. Boucto, eds.) pp. 147–167 Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.Google Scholar
- Eldredge, N., and Salthe, S. N., 1984, Hierarchy and evolution. Oxf. Suris Evol. Biol. 1: 184–208.Google Scholar
- Feynman, R., 1965, The Character of Physical Law. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- Fitch, W. M., 1971, Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Zool. 20: 406–416.Google Scholar
- Foster, D. R., Schoonmaker, P. K., and Pickett, S. T. A., 1990, Insights from paleoecology to community ecology. Tr. Ecol. Evol. 5: 119–122.Google Scholar
- Funk, V. A., and Brooks, D. R., 1990, Phylogenetic systematics as the basis of comparative biology. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 73: 1–45.Google Scholar
- Goodwin, B., 1994, How the Leopard Changed its Spots. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. Gould, S. J.,1980, Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology 6: 119–130.Google Scholar
- Gould, S. J., 1982, Darwinism and the expansion of evolutionary theory. Science 216: 380–387.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gould, S. J., 1990, Speciation and sorting as the source of evolutionary trends, or “things are seldom what they seem,” in: Evolutionary Trends (K. J. McNamara, ed.) pp. 3–27 Belhaven Press, London.Google Scholar
- Graham, R. W., 1986, Response of mammalian communities to environmental changes during the late Quaternary in: Community Ecology (J. Diamond, and T. J. Case, eds.) pp. 300–313 Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
- Graham, R. W., 1992, Late Pleistocene faunal changes as a guide to understanding effects of greenhous warming on the mammalian fauna of North America in: Global Warming and Biological Diversity (R. L. Peters, and T. E. Lovejoy, eds.) pp. 76–87 Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
- Graham, R. W., Lundelius, E. L., Jr., Graham, M. A., Schroeder, E. K., Toomey, R. S., III, Anderson, E., Barnosky, A. D., Burns, J. A., Churcher, C. S., Grayson, D. K., Guthrie, R. D., Harington, C. R., Jefferson, G. T., Martin, L. D., McDonald, H. G., Morlan, R. E., Semkin, H. A., Jr., Webb, S. D., Werdelin, L., and Wilson, M. C., 1996, Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science 272: 1601–1606.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hallam, A., 1967, The bearing of certain paleogeographic data on continental drift. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., and Palaeoec. 3: 201–224.Google Scholar
- Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1976, Variations in the Earth’s orbit:pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194: 1121–1132.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Holterhoff, P., 1996, Crinoid biofacies in Upper Carboniferous cyclothems, midcontinent North America: faunal tracking and the role of regional processes in biofacies recurrence. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclim., and Palaeoec. 127: 47–82.Google Scholar
- Hovenkamp, P, 1997, Vicariance events, not areas, should be used in biogeographical analysis. Cladistics 13: 67–79.Google Scholar
- Hull, D. L., 1988, Science as a Process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Hull, D. S., 1980, Individuality and selection. Ann. Rev. Eco!. Syst. 11. 311–332.Google Scholar
- Humphries, C. J., and Parenti, L., 1986, Cladistic biogeography. Oxf. Monog. Biogeog. 2: 1–98.Google Scholar
- Huntley, B., and Webb, T., III, 1989, Migration: species’ respnse to climatic variations caused by changes in the earth’s orbit. J. Biogeog. 16: 5–19.Google Scholar
- Imbrie, J., and Imbrie, J. Z., 1980, Modeling the climatic response to orbital variations. Science 207: 943–953.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jablonski, D., and Sepkoski, J. J., Jr., 1996, Paleobiology, community ecology, and scales of ecological pattern. Ecology 77: 1367–1378.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jackson, J. B. C., 1992, Pleistocene perspectives on coral reef community structure. Amer. Zool. 32: 719–730.Google Scholar
- Jackson, J. B. C., Budd, A. E, and Pandolfi, J. M., 1996, The shifting balance of natural communities? in: Evolutionary Paleobiology ( D. Jablonski, D. H. Erwin, and J. H. Lipps, eds.) pp. 203–220 University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
- Kluge, A. G., 1988, Parsimony in vicariance biogeography: a quantitative method and a Greater Antillean example. Syst. Zool. 37: 315–328.Google Scholar
- Kluge, A. G., 1997, Testability and the refutation and corroboration of cladistic hypotheses. Cladistics 13: 81–96.Google Scholar
- Kluge, A. G., 1998, Total evidence or taxonomic congruence: cladistics or consensus classification. Cladistics 14: 151–158.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., 1995, Phylogenetic trends and speciation: analyzing macroevolutionary proceses and levels of selection in: New Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record (D. H. Erwin, and R. L. Anstey, eds.) pp. 316–337 Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., 1997, Early Cambrian paleogeography and tectonic history: a biogeographic approach. Geology 25: 1039–1042.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., 2000, Paleobiogeography: Using Fossils to Study Global Change, Plate Tecontics, and Evolution. Kluwer Academic Press/Plenum Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., Allmon, W. D., and Eldredge, N., 1993, Levels of selection and macroevolutionary patterns in the turritellid gastropods. Paleobiology 19: 205–215.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., and Eldredge, N., 1996, Trilobite biogeography in the Middle Devonian: geological processes and analytical methods. Paleobiology 22: 66–79.Google Scholar
- Lieberman, B. S., and Vrba, E. S., 1995, Hierarchy theory, selection, and sorting: a phylogenetic perspective. BioScience 45: 394–399.Google Scholar
- MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. 0., 1967, The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Google Scholar
- Mayden, R. L., 1988, Vicariance biogeography, parsimony, and evolution in North American freshwater fishes. Syst. Zool. 37: 329–355.Google Scholar
- Mayr, E., 1942, Systematics and the Origin of Species. Dover Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
- Mayr, E., 1982, The Growth of Biological Thought. Harvard University Press, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
- MA. McGowan, J. A., Cayan, D. R., and Dorman, L. M., 1998, Climate-ocean variability and eco- system response in the northeast Pacific. Science 281: 210–217.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Morris, P. J., Ivany, L. C., Schopf, K. M., and Brett, C. E., 1995, The challenge of paleoecological stasis: reassessing sources of evolutionary stability. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 92: 11269–11273.Google Scholar
- Morrone, J. J., and Carpenter, J. M., 1994, In search of a method for cladistic biogeography: an empirical comparison of Component Analysis, Brooks Parsimony Analysis, and Three-Area statements. Cladistics 10: 99–153.Google Scholar
- Morrone, J. J., and Criscis, J. V., 1995, Historical Biogeography: introduction to methods. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26: 373–401.Google Scholar
- Nelson, G.,1978, From Candolle to Croizat: comments on the history of biogeography. J. Hist. Biol. 11: 269–305.Google Scholar
- Nelson, G., and Platnick, N. I., 1978, The perils of plesiomorphy: widespread taxa, dispersal and phenetic biogeography. Syst. Zool. 27: 474–477.Google Scholar
- Nelson, G., and Platnick, N. I., 1981, Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York City.Google Scholar
- Noonan, G. R., 1988, Biogeography of North American and Mexican insects, and a critique of vicariance biogeography. Syst. Zool. 37: 366–384.Google Scholar
- Pandolfi, J. M., 1996, Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: constancy during global change. Paleobiology 22: 152–176.Google Scholar
- Patzkowsky, M. E., and Holland, S. M., 1997, Patterns of turnover in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopods of the eastern United States: a test of coordinated stasis. Paleobiology 23: 420–443.Google Scholar
- Platnick, N. I., 1976, Concepts of dispersal in historical biogeography. Syst. Zool. 25: 294295.Google Scholar
- Platnick, N. I., and Nelson, G., 1978, A method of analysis for historical biogeography. Syst. Zool. 27: 1–16.Google Scholar
- Ricklefs, R. E., 1987, Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 253: 167–171.Google Scholar
- Ronquist, F.,1994, Ancestral areas and parsimony. Syst. Biol. 43: 267–274.Google Scholar
- Ronquist, F., 1997, Dispersal-vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Syst. Biol. 46: 195–203.Google Scholar
- Ronquist, F., 1998, Phylogenetic approaches in coevolution and biogeography. Zool. Scr. 26: 313–322.Google Scholar
- Rosen, B., 1991, Life Itself. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Rosen, D. E., 1978, Vicariant patterns and historical explanation in biogeography. Syst. Zool. 27: 159–188.Google Scholar
- Rosen, D. E., 1979, Fishes from the uplands and intermontane basins of Guatemala: revision-Google Scholar
- ary studies and comparative geography. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 162:269–375.Google Scholar
- Ross, H. H., 1972, The origin of species diversity in ecological communities. Taxon 21: 253–259.Google Scholar
- Ross, H. H., 1986, Resource partitioning in fish assemblages: a review of field studies. Copeia 86: 352–388.Google Scholar
- Salthe, S. N., 1985, Evolving Hierarchical Systems. Columbia University Press, New York. Smuts, J. C., 1925, Holism and Evolution. Viking Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Sober, E., 1984, The Nature of Selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- Stevens, G., 1992, Spilling over the competitive limits to species coexistence in: Systematics, Ecology, and the Biodiversity Crisis (N. Eldredge, ed.) pp. 40–58 Columbia University Press. New York.Google Scholar
- Streidter, G. E, and Northcutt, R. G., 1991, Biological hierarchies and the concept of homology. Brain Behay. Evol. 38: 177–189.Google Scholar
- Valentine, J. W., Foin, T. C., and Peart, D., 1978, A provincial model of Phanerozoic marine diversity. Paleobiology 4: 55–66.Google Scholar
- Valentine, J. W., and May, C. L., 1996, Hierarchies in biology and paleontology. Paleobiology 22: 23–33.Google Scholar
- Valentine, J. W., and Moores, E. M., 1972, Global tectonics and the fossil record. J. Geol. 80: 167–184.Google Scholar
- Van Soest, R. W. M., and Hajdu, E., 1997, Marine area relationships from twenty sponge phylo-genies. A comparison of methods and coding strategies. Cladistics 13: 1–20.Google Scholar
- Vermeij, G., 1978, Biogeography and Adaptation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Vrba, E. S., 1980, Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? S. Afr. J. Sci. 76: 61–84.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1983, Macroevolutionary trends: new perspectives on the roles of adaptation and incidental effect. Science 221: 387–389.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1985, Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. S. Afr. J. Sci. 81: 229–236.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1987, Ecology in relation to speciation rates: some case histories of Miocene-Recent mammal clades. Evol. Ecol. 1: 283–300.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1989, Levels of selection and sorting with special reference to the species level. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 6: 111–168.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1993, Turnover-pulses, the Red Queen, and related topics. Am. J. Sci. 293: 418–452.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., 1996, On the connection between paleoclimate and evolution in: Paleoclimate andEvolution with Emphasis on Human Origins (E. S. Vrba, G. H. Denton, T. C. Partridge,and L. H. Burckle, eds.) pp. 24–45 Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., and Eldredge, N., 1984, Individuals, hierarchies and processes: toward a more complete evolutionary theory. Paleobiology 10: 146–171.Google Scholar
- Vrba, E. S., and Gould, S. J., 1986, The hierarchical expansion of sorting and selection: sorting and selection cannot be equated. Paleobiology 12: 217–228.Google Scholar
- Westrop, S. R., 1996, Temporal persistence and stability of Cambrian biofacies: Sunwaptan (Upper Cambrian) trilobite faunas of North America. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat., and Palaeoec. 127: 33–46.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. 0., 1981, Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. Wiley, New York City.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. 0., 1986, Methods in vicariance biogeography in: Systematics and Evolution: a matter of diversity (P. Hovenkamp ed.) pp. 283–306 University of Utrecht Press, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. O., 1988a, Parsimony analysis and vicariance biogeography. Syst. Zool. 37: 271–290.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. O., 1988b, Vicariance biogeography. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 513–542.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. O., and Mayden, R. L., 1985, Species and speciation in phylogenetic systematics, withexamples from the North American fish fauna. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 72: 596–635.Google Scholar
- Wiley, E. O., Siegel-Causey, D., Brooks, D. R., and Funk, V. A., 1991, The Compleat Cladist. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
- Williams, G. C., 1992, Natural Selection. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Zink, R. M., 1991, The geography of mitochondrial DNA variation in two sympatric sparrows. Evolution 45: 329–339.Google Scholar