Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modeling Salt Marshes and Estuaries: Progress and Problems

  • Chapter
Book cover Estuarine and Wetland Processes

Part of the book series: Marine Science ((MR,volume 11))

Abstract

Explanatory models of salt marshes must be based on realistic interactions between structure (niches and flow pathways) and function (species and their ecological attributes). These interactions produce behavior (changes in rates and standing stocks of energy and nutrients). Such models may be used for (1) management, (2) prediction of perturbations or (3) development of testable hypotheses. Difficulties facing modelers involve (a) conserved flows, (b) trophic condensation, (c) time delays and (d) feedback controls. In addition hydrodynamic problems are important involving (e) sediment water exchanges, (f) matter/energy transport by tides, (g) catastrophic storms and tides and (h) spatial heterogeneity. Construction and use of a carbon flow model of a coastal Georgia salt marsh are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Caswell, H. 1976. The validation problem. In: Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology. Ed. B. C. Patten. Vol. 4. Adacemic Press, N. Y. 313–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, R. R. and R. L. Wetzel. 1978. Interaction between substrate, microbes and consumers of Spartina detritus in estuaries. Estuarine Interactions. Academic Press, N. Y. 93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, Paul K. 1971. Competition, Disturbance, and Community Organization: The Provision and Subsequent Utilization of Space in a Rocky Intertidal Community. Ecological Monographs 41: 351–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. and J. Day. 1977. Ecosystem Modeling in Theory and

    Google Scholar 

  • Practice: An Introduction with Case Histories. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. and S. Durham. 1978. Input, signals and control in Ecosystems. Proc. 1978 IEEE. Int. Conf. on acoustics, Speech and Scig. Processing Tulsa, Okla. p. 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, J. and R. G. Wiegert. 1980. Modeling microecosystems. In: Microcosms in Ecological Research, J. P. Giesey (Ed.), DOE Symp. Proc, Augusta, Ga. Nov. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imberger, J., et al. (in press) The influence of water motion on the spatial and temporal variability of chemical and biological substances in a salt marsh estuary. Limnol. and Oceanogr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P. and de la Cruz, A. A. 1967. Particulate organic detritus in a Georgia salt marsh-estuarine ecosystem. Estuaries (Ed. by G. H. Lauff), pp. 383–88. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine, Robert T. 1969. The Pisaster-Tegula Interaction: Prey patches, predator food preference, and intertidal community structure. Ecology 50:6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. E. 1972. Spatial heterogeneity, stability, and diversity in ecosystems. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci. 44:307–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R.G. 1974. A general mathematical representation of ecological flux processes: description and use in ecosystem models. Proc. Sixth SE Systems Symp. IEEE, Baton Rouge, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R.G. 1975a. Simulation modeling of the algal-fly components of a thermal ecosystem: effects of spatial heterogeneity, time delays and model condensation. In Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology 3 (ed. B.C. Patten) Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R.G. 1975b. Mathematical representation of ecological interactions. In Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction (ed. S.A. Levin) SIAM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. 1975c. Simulation models of ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. and Syst. 6: 311–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. (In press). Modeling coastal, estuarine and marsh ecosystems: state-of-the-art: In. Proc. of the Statistical Ecology Meeting, G. P. Patil (Ed.) Parma, Italy, Aug. 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. 1979. Population models: experimental tools for analysis of ecosystems, pp. 234–279. In D. Horn, G. Stairs and R. Mitchell (eds.) Analysis of Ecological Systems. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G., R. R. Christian, J. L. Gallagher, J. R. Hall, R. D. H. Jones, R. L. Wetzel. 1975. A preliminary ecosystem model of coastal Georgia Spartina Marsh. In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1 pp. 583–610. Academic Press, Inc. N. Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. and R. L. Wetzel, 1979. Simulation experiments with a 14-compartment model of a Spartina salt marsh. In R. Dame (ed.) Marsh Estuarine Systems Simulation. Univ. S. C. Press, Columbia, S. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapter 22

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, Neal E. 1973. Personal communication. Institute of Marine Sciences, Univ. Texas, Port Aransas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockson, R. W., G. E. Davis, and C. E. Warren. 1970. Analysis of Trophic Processes on the Basis of Density-dependent Functions. In Steele, J. H. (Ed) Marine Food Chains. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley: 468–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, Edward. 1961. A Trawl Study of an Estuarine Nursery Area in Galveston Bay, with Particular Reference to Penaeid Shrimp. Ph.D. Dissert., Univ. Wash., Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, B. J. 1966. Effects of Decreased River Flow on Estuarine Ecology. Journal Water Pollution Control Fed. 38:1831–1839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, B. J. and E. Gus Fruh. 1970. Ecological Studies of Galveston Bay, 1969. Final Report to Texas Water Quality Board (Galveston Bay Study Program) for Contract IAC (68–69) 408: 482 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, R. M. 1958. Food Habits of Fishes and Larger Invertebrates of Lake Pontchartrain, La. an Estuarine Community. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Texas 5: 353–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darnell, R. M. 1961. Trophic Spectrum of an Estuarine Community Based on Studies of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Ecology 42: 553–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, Jay W. 1961. Industrial Dynamics. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 464 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. W. 1975. A Simulation Model for Studying Effects of Pollution and Freshwater Inflow on Secondary Productivity in an Ecosystem. Ph.D. Dissertation, North Carolina State University. NASA TMX 72169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. W. 1978. Mapping of Chlorophyll a Distributions in Coastal Zones. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 44: 617–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. W. and R. C. Harriss, In Press. Applications of Remote Sensing of Water Quality and Biological Measurements in Coastal Waters. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiefer, D. A. and T. Enns. 1976. A Steady-State Model of Light-, Temperature-, and Carbon-Limited Growth of Phytoplankton. In Canale, R. P. (Ed). Modeling Biochemical Processes in Aquatic Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.: 319–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, J. N. and S. W. Nixon 1978. A Coastal Marine Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Odum, W. E. 1971. Pathways of Energy Flow in a South Florida Estuary. Sea Grant Tech. Bulletin No. 7. Univ. Miami, Fla.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palaheimo, J. E. and L. M. Dickie. 1965. Food and Growth of Fishes. I: A Growth Curve Derived from Experimental Data. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 22(2):521–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patten, B. C. 1971. Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology, Vol. I. Academic Press, NY, 607 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, G. H. and W. H. Espey. 1971. Case Studies. Galveston Bay. In Estuarine Modeling: An Assessment Project 16070DAV, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.: 399–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlschlag, D. E. 1972. Respiratory Metabolism of the Striped Mullet as an assay of low level stresses in Galveston Bay. Report on Contract IAC (72–73)-183 Texas Water Quality Board “Toxicity Studies on Galveston Bay Project”, C. H. Oppenheimer, P. I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapter 23

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, E. L., R. S. Wheeler, and K. N. Baxter. 1960. Observations on fishes and other biota of East Lagoon, Galveston Island. U. S. Fish and Wild. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep., Fisheries #344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, J. P. 1955. Physical and biological processes determining the distribution of Zooplankton in a tidal estuary. Biol. Bull. 109: 211–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, H. and S. M. Marshall. 1951. On the variability of replicate plankton samples and some applications of contagious series to the statistical distribution of catches over restricted periods. Bull. Bingham Mar. Biol. Assoc. 30: 233–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1963a. Distribution of Atlantic pelagic organisms in relation to surface water bodies. Roy. Soc. Canada Spec. Pubs. 5: 51–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1963b. Temperature, salinity, and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 20: 789–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1963c. Temperature, salinity, and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. II. The relationship between species and water bodies. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 20: 1031–1548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1963d. Temperature, salinity, and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. III. The distribution of Zooplankton in relation to water bodies. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 20: 1519–1538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1964. Temperature, salinity, and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. IV. Its role in distribution and in selecting and using indicator species. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 21: 183–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bary, B. M. 1967. Diel vertical migrations of underwater scattering, mostly in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Deep-Sea Res. 14: 35–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breder, C. M., Jr. 1954. Equations descriptive of fish schools and other animal aggregations. Ecology 35: 361–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassie, R. M. 1959a. An experimental study of factors inducing aggregation in marine plankton. N.Z.J. Sci. 2: 239–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassie, R. M. 1959b. Microdistribution of plankton. N.Z.J. Sci. 2: 398–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassie, R. M. 1960. Factors influencing the distribution pattern of plankton in the mixing zone between oceanic and harbour waters. N.Z.J. Sci. 3: 26–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassie, R. M. 1962. Frequency distribution models in the ecology of plankton and other organisms. J. Anim. Ecol. 7: 121–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fasham, J. J. R., M. V. Angel, and H. S. J. Roe. 1974. An investigation of the spatial pattern of Zooplankton using the Longhurst-Hardy plankton recorder. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16: 93–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. 1943. Relation between number of species and individuals in samples. J. Anim. Ecol. 12: 42–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleminger, A. 1959. East Lagoon Zooplankton. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Ser. Circ. 62: 114–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harder, W. 1968. Reactions of plankton organisms to water stratification. Limno. Oceanogr. 13: 156–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, A. C. and E. R. Gunther. 1935. The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters, 1926–27. Discovery Rep. 11: 1–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. E. 1953. The concept of pattern in ecology. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 105: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. 1968. Animal behavior and water movements as codeterminants of plankton distribution in a tidal system. Sarsia 34: 355–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketchum, B. H. 1954. Relation between circulation and planktonic populations in estuaries. Ecology 35: 191–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lance, J. 1962. Effects of water of reduced salinity on the vertical migration of Zooplankton. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 42: 131–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leendertse, J. J. and S-K Liu. 1975. A three dimensional model for estuaries and coastal seas. Vol. II, Aspects of Computation. R-1764-OWRT Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Ca.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, L. 1951. Effect of temperature inhomogeneities in the ocean on the propagation of sound. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 23: 563–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marvin, K. T., L. M. Lansford, and R. S. Wheeler. 1961. Effects of copper on the ecology of a lagoon. Fish. Full. 61: 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNaught, D. C. and A. D. Hasler. 1964. Rate of movement of populations of Daphnia in relation to changes in light intensity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 21: 291–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, E. C. 1969. An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology. Wiley-Interscience, N. Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, E. L. 1939. Sagitta as an indicator of water movements in the Irish Sea. Nature 144: 784–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, T. M., P. J. Richardson, T. M. Dillon, B. A. Agee, B. J. Dozier, D. A. Godden, and L. O. Myrup. 1975. Spatial scales of current speed and phytoplankton biomass fluctuations in Lake Tahoe. Science 189: 1088–1089.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ragotzkie, R. A. 1953. Correlation of currents with the distribution of adult Daphnia in Lake Mendota. J. Mar. Res. 12: 157–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, G. A. 1976. A model of plankton patchiness. Limno. Oceanogr. 21: 873–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, F. S. 1935. On the value of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the English Channel and North Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 20: 309–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, F. S. 1939. Hydrographical and biological conditions in the North Sea as indicated by plankton organisms. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 14: 171–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Show, I. T. 1977. A spatial modeling approach to pelagic ecosystems. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A & M University, College Station, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stavn, R. H. 1971. The horizontal-vertical distribution hypothesis: Langmuir circulation and Daphnia distributions. Limno. Oceanogr. 16: 453–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stickney, R. R. and S. C. Knowles. 1975. Summer Zooplankton distribution in a Georgia Estuary. Mar. Biol. 33: 147–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur, A. K. and A. Rescigno. 1978. On the stochastic theory of compartments. III. General, time-dependent reversible systems. Bull. Math. Biol. 40: 237–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinast, E. M. 1975. Tidal currents and Acartia distribution in Newport Bay, California. Estuarine and Coastal Mar. Sci. 3: 165–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe, P. H. 1970. Small-scale spatial distribution in oceanic Zooplankton. Limno. Oceanogr. 15: 265–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapter 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, J. L. and D. J. Reish. 1959. Ecology of amphipodapolychaeta of Newport Bay, California. Allan Hancock Foundation Occasional Paper No. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R. B. 1968. Environmental effects of overboard spoil disposal. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society Civil Engineers 94: 477–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. L. and R. Clark. 1968. Observations on dredging and dissolved oxygen in a tidal waterway. Water Resources Res. 4(6): 1381–1384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carriker, M. R. 1967. Ecology of estuarine benthic invertebrates: a perspective. pp. 442–487 In G. H. Lauff (ed.), Estuaries. American Association Advancement of Science Publication No. 83. Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesapeake Biological Laboratory. 1970. Gross physical and biological effects of overboard spoil disposal in upper Chesapeake Bay. NRI Special Report No. 3, University of Maryland, Solomons, Maryland. 66p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiba, K. and Y. Oshima. 1957. Effect of suspended particles on pumping and feeding of marine bivalves, especially the Japanese little neck clam (in Japanese, English summary). Bulletin Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries 23: 348–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. 1977. Coastal Ecosystem Management. J. Wiley & Sons, New York. 927 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. C. 1960. Effects of turbidity producing materials in sea water on eggs and larvae of the clam (Venus (Mercenaria) mercenaria). Biological Bulletin 118(1): 48–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. J. Wiley & Sons, New York. 257 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, G. E. 1974. Dredging in the Florida Keys, case history of a typical dredge-fill project in the northern Florida Keys — effects on water clarity, sedimentation rates, and biota. Publ. No. 33, Harbor Branch Foundation, Ft. Pierce, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. G. 1970. Analyses of dredged wastes, fly ash and waste chemicals — New York metropolitan region. State University of New York, Marine Science Research Center, Technical Report No. 7. 34 p. (Abstract only).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, C. A. S. and J. W. Day. 1977. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons. 684 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A. D. and T. D. W. Farina. 1965. A naturally turbid water with deleterious effects on the egg capsules of planorbid snails. Annals Tropical Medical Parasitology 59: 327–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, W., M. P. Lynch and A. G. Altschaeffl. 1964. Sediments of lower Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on mass properties. Journal Sedimentology and Petrology 34(4): 727–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, K. W., M. P. Sissenwine and S. B. Saila. 1975. Simulating the impact of the entrainment of winter flounder larvae. pp. 2–29 In S. B. Saila (ed.), Fisheries and Energy Production. D. C. Heath and Co., Lexington, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huet, M. 1965. Water quality criteria for fish life. pp. 160–167 In C. Tarzwell (ed.), Biological Problems in Water Pollution. U. S. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-WP-2S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingle, R. M. 1952. Studies on the effect of dredging operations upon fish and shellfish. Tech. Ser. No. 5, Florida State Board of Conservation, St. Petersburg, Florida. 26 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E. H., J. R. Welker and M. G. Kraus. 1974. Some effects of dredging on populations of macrobenthic organisms. U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin 72(2): 445–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E. H., R. R. Walker, M. G. Kraus and S. McCourt. 1975. Some factors affecting the colonization of a dredged channel. Marine Biology 32: 193–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W. C. and J. W. Tukey. 1956. Multivariate analysis of minerologic, lithologic, and chemical composition of rock bodies. Journal of Sedimentology and Petrology 26: 322–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leathern, W., P. Kinner, D. Mawer, R. Biggs and W. Treasure. 1973. Effect of spoil disposal on benthic invertebrates. Marine Pollution Bulletin 4(8): 122–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. A. (ed.) 1974. Ecosystem analysis and prediction. SIAMS-SIMS Conference Proceedings, Alta, Utah. 337 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loosanoff, V. L. and F. D. Tommers. 1948. Effect of suspended silt and other substances on rate of feeding of oysters. Science 197: 69–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunz, G. R. 1938. Oyster culture with references to dredging operations in South Carolina and the effects of flooding of the Santee River in April 1936 on oysters in the Cape Romain area of South Carolina (Part II). March, 1952. U. S. Army Engineering District, Charleston, C.E., Charleston, S.C. 135 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunz, G. R. 1942. Investigation of the effects of dredging on oyster leases in Duval County, Florida. In Handbook of Oyster Survey, Intracoastal Waterway Cumberland Sound to St. Johns River. Special Report U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackin, J. G. 1956. Studies on the effect of suspensions of mud in sea water on oysters. Report No. 19, Texas A & M Research Foundation Project 23, College Station, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackin, J. G. 1961. Canal dredging and silting in Louisianna bays. Publ. Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas 7: 262–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, E. G. 1973. Environmental effects of hydraulic dredging in estuaries. Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin No. 9: 1–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, J. L. 1966. Management of estuarine fisheries. In A Symposium on Estuaries. American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 3, pp. 133–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, J. L. 1976. Estuarine fisheries: are they doomed? In M. Wiley (ed.), Estuarine Processes, Vol. 2, pp. 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. P. II, V. J. Rasin and L. A. Noe. 1973. Effects of suspended sediments on the development of eggs and larvae of striped bass and white perch. Ref. No. 73–110. University of Maryland Natural Resources Institute, College Park, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAVOCEANO. 1973. Preliminary report — environmental investigation of a dredge spoil disposal site near New London, Connecticut. Naval Oceanography Division, Washington, D. C., NAVOCEANO Technical Note No. 7300–3–73. 87 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, W. J. and M. B. Schaefer. 1964. An investigation of the effects of discharged waste on kelp. Publication No. 26, Resources Agency of California, State Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, C.B. 1976. Physical oceanography of estuaries (and associated coastal waters). J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 465 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, H. T. and R. F. Wilson. 1962. Further studies on reaeration and metabolism of Texas bays, 1958–1960. Publ. Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas 8: 23–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neal, G. and J. Sceva. 1971. The effects of dredging on water quality in the Northwest. Environmental Protection Agency, Region X, Seattle, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peddicord, R. K., V. A. MacFarland, D. P. Belfiori and T. F. Byrd. 1975. Dredge disposal study, San Francisco Bay and estuary; Appendix G, Physical impact, effects of suspended solids on San Francisco Bay organisms. U. S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, C. E., San Francisco, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadakis, J. S. and S. B. Saila. 1976. Benthic colonization processes — a review and a proposed new model. pp. 377–382. In Middle Atlantic Continental Shelf and the New York Bight. ASLO Special Symposium, Vol. 2, M. Grant Gross (ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, D. W. 1952. The physical hydrography of estuaries and some applications to biological problems. Trans. 16th North Amer. Wildlife Conf.: 368–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, D. C., P. L. McCall, and J. Y. Yingst. 1978. Disturbance and production on the estuarine seafloor. American Scientist 66(5): 577–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, C. D. 1973. Mortality of market-sized oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the vicinity of a dredging operation. Chesapeake Science 14(2): 135–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. S. (ed.) 1975. Ecological modeling in a resource management framework. Resources for the Future, Inc. RPF Working Paper QE-1, 394 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhyther, J. H. 1969. The potential of the estuary for shellfish production. Proc. National Shellfisheries Assoc. 59: 18–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, E. J. 1974. The biology of estuaries and coastal waters. Academic Press, London, 678 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabba Rao, D. V. 1975. Effects of environmental perturbations on short-term phytoplankton production off Lawson’s Bay, a tropical coastal embayment. Hydrobiologia 43(1&2): 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saila, S. B. 1975. Some aspects of fish production and cropping in estuarine systems. pp. 473–493 In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, L. E. Cronin (ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Saila, S. B. 1976. Sedimentation and food resources: animal-sediment relationships. pp. 479–492 In Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management, D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift (eds.), John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saila, S. B., S. D. Pratt and T. T. Polgar. 1972. Dredge spoil disposal in Rhode Island Sound. Univ. Rhode Island, Marine Technical Report No. 2, 48 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saila, S. B., T. T. Polgar and B. A. Rogers. 1968. Results of studies related to dredged sediment dumping in Rhode Island Sound. Proc. Ann. Northeastern Reg. Antipollution Conf. 22–24 July 1968. pp. 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R. and J. C. S. Wang. 1973. The effects of suspended sediments on the hatching success of Perca flavescens (yellow perch), Morone americana (white perch), Morone saxatilis (striped bass), and Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) eggs. Special Report 30, Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherk, J. A., Jr. 1971. The effects of suspended and deposited sediments on estuarine organisms: literature summary and research needs. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, Contribution No. 443. 73 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherk, J. A., Jr., J. M. O’Conner and D. A. Neumann. 1972. Effects of suspended and deposited sediments on estuarine organisms, Phase II, Ref. No. 72–9E. Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherk, J. A., J. M. O’Conner, D. A. Neumann, R. D. Prince and K. V. Wood. 1974. Effects of suspended and deposited sediments on estuarine organisms. Phase II. Final Report No. 74–20, University of Maryland, Natural Resources Institute, Prince Frederick, Maryland. 259 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherk, J. A., Jr., J. M. O’Conner and D. A. Neumann. 1976. Effects of suspended solids on selected estuarine plankton. Miscellaneous Report No. 76–1, U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, C.E, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, S. F. 1969. Federal interest in estuarine zone builds. Environmental Science and Technology 3(2): 124–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sissenwine, M. P. and S. B. Saila. 1974. Rhode Island Sound dredge spoil disposal and trends in the floating trap fishery. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 103(3): 498–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slotta, L. S., D. R. Hancock, K. J. Williamson, and C. K. Sollitt. 1974. Effects of shoal removal by propellor wash, December 1973, Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 155 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slotta, L. S., C. K. Sollitt, D. A. Bella, D. R. Hancock, J. E. McCauley and R. Parr. 1973. Effects of hopper dredging and in channel spoiling in Coos Bay, Oregon. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 141 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. L. and C. H. Saloman. 1968. Some effects of hydraulic dredging and coastal development in Boca Ciago Bay, Florida. U. S. Fish Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin 67(2): 205–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. R., A. H. Swartz and W. H. Massmass. 1966. A symposium on estuarine fisheries. American Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 3: 154 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, C.E. 1973. Effects of dredged materials on dissolved oxygen in receiving water. Prepared on contract No. DACW07–73-C-0051, San Francisco, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970. Effects on fish resources of dredging and spoil disposal in San Francisco and San Pablo Bays, California. Unnumbered Special Report, Nov. 1970, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walne, P. R. 1972. The importance of estuaries to commercial fisheries. The Estuarine Environment, R. S. R. Barnes and J. Greed (eds.), Applied Science, London pp. 107–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, G. H., Jr. and W. H. Espey, Jr. (eds.). 1971. Estuarine modelling: an assessment. Water Pollution Control Research Series, Rept. No. 16070 DZY. Stock No. 5501–0129. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. 1950. The effects of sedimentation due to dredging operations on oysters in Copano Bay, Texas. Annual Report, Marine Laboratory, Texas Game, Fish, and Oyster Commission, 1948–1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windom, H. L. 1972. Environmental aspects of dredging in estuaries. Journal Waterways Harbor Coastal Engineering Division, American Society Civil Engineers 98: 475–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windom, H. L. 1973. Water quality aspects of dredging and dredge spoil disposal in estuarine environments. Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapter 25

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, D. E. 1969. Regulation of enzyme function. Amn. Rev. Microbiol., 23:47–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bend, J. R. and G. E. R. Hook. 1977. Hepatic and extrahepatic mixed-function oxidases. In: (S. R. Geiger, ed.,) Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 9: Reactions to Environmental Agents, Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore 21202. pp. 419–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese, A., R. S. Collier, and J. E. Miller. 1974. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. NOAA Tech. Rpt. NMFS SSRF-681, Seattle, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, J. E. and J. D. Yarbrough. 1976. Xenobiotic biotransformation systems in fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 55C. pp. 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers. 1977. Ecological evaluation of proposed discharge of dredged material into ocean waters. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, C.E, Vicksburg, Miss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lear, D. W. and G. G. Pasch. 1975. Effects of ocean disposed activities on mid-continental shelf environment of Delaware and Maryland. EPA 903/9–75–015. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III. 28 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclnnes, J. R., F. P. Thurberg, R. A. Greig, and E. Gould. 1977. Long-term cadmium stress in the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus. Fishery Bull., vol. 75:199–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pequegnat, W. E. 1978b. Combined field-laboratory approaches to detecting impacts of waste materials on aquatic organisms. Procs. 3rd Annual Conf. on Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Wastewaters and Residues. Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pequegnat, W. E., B. M. James, E. A. Kennedy, A. D. Fredericks, and R. R. Fay. 1978a. Development and application of a biotal ocean monitor system to studies of the impacts of ocean dumping. Tech. Rept. to Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. Contracts 68–01–2893 and 68–01–4797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pequegnat, W. E., B. M. James, E. A. Kennedy, A. D. Fredericks, R. R. Fay, and F. G. Hubbard. 1979. Application of the Biotal Ocean Monitor System to a preliminary study of the impacts of ocean dumping of dredged material in the New York Bight. Tech. Rept. to U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, Miss. Contract No. 68–01–4797.

    Google Scholar 

  • TerEco Corporation. 1974. A field monitoring study of the effects of organic chloride waste incineration on the marine environment in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Report on the first Research Burn to Shell Chemical Company, Houston, Texas. Contract No. 74–202–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • TerEco Corporation. 1975. Sea-level monitoring of the incineration of organic chloride waste by M/T VULCANUS in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Shell waste burn No. 2. Report to the Marine Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. Contract No. 68–01–2829.

    Google Scholar 

  • TerEco Corporation. 1977. A report on the Philadelphia dumpsite and Shell incineration monitorings. Report to the Marine Protection Branch, the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wastler, T. A., C. K. Offutt, C. K. Fitsimmons, and P. E. DesRosier. 1975. Disposal of organochlorine wastes at sea. EPA-43019–75–014, Division of Oil and Special Materials Control, Office of Water and Hazardous Materials, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. 1979. Population models: experimental tools for analysis of ecosystems, pp. 234–279. In D. Horn, G. Stairs and R. Mitchell (eds.) Analysis of Ecological Systems. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G., R. R. Christian, J. L. Gallagher, J. R. Hall, R. D. H. Jones, R. L. Wetzel. 1975. A preliminary ecosystem model of coastal Georgia Spartina Marsh. In Estuarine Research, Vol. 1 pp. 583–610. Academic Press, Inc. N. Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegert, R. G. and R. L. Wetzel, 1979. Simulation experiments with a 14-compartment model of a Spartina salt marsh. In R. Dame (ed.) Marsh Estuarine Systems Simulation. Univ. S. C. Press, Columbia, S. C.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA

    Richard G. Wiegert

Authors
  1. Richard G. Wiegert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Science Applications, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

    Peter Hamilton

  2. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Diego, California, USA

    Keith B. Macdonald

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wiegert, R.G. (1980). Modeling Salt Marshes and Estuaries: Progress and Problems. In: Hamilton, P., Macdonald, K.B. (eds) Estuarine and Wetland Processes. Marine Science, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5177-2_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5177-2_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5179-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5177-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation