Abstract
Estuaries usually are regions in which mixing of miscible fluids with differing densities is occurring; thus they are regions in which turbulent processes are of particular importance. Moreover, the nature of these turbulent processes, although highly variable, has a profound effect on the circulation. As a first approximation, theoreticians often write the diffusion of mass and momentum in terms of a tensor eddy coefficient having spatially varying components. In some cases this mathematical procedure closely approximates the physics of the problem whereas in others, it is reasonable neither from an oceanographic nor mathematical point of view. Without a physical understanding of the basic processes that ultimately result in mixing in systems of various types, it is impossible to judge the validity of such simplifications for specific embayments. Nevertheless, surprisingly little basic research has been done on the small scale processes that are responsible for turbulence production in such environments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Boeing Symposium on Turbulence, Seattle, Wa., 22–27 June, 1969. J. Fluid Mech., 41, 1970.
Bowden, K. F., Observations of turbulence in a tidal current, J. Fluid Mech. 17, 271–293, 1963.
Bowden, K. F., Mixing processes in estuaries, Estuarine Transport Processes, ed. B. Kjerfve, U. of S. Carolina Press, 11–36, 1977.
Bradshaw, P., AnIntroduction to Turbulence and its Measurement, Pergamon Press, 1972.
Bradshaw, P., Turbulence, Springer Verlag, 1976.
Brown, G. L. and A. Roshko, On density effects and large structure in turbulent mixing layers, J. Fluid Mech., 64, 775–816, 1974.
Chen, C. P. and R. F. Blackwelder, Large scale motion in a turbulent boundary layer: a study using temperature contamination, J. Fluid Mech., 78, 525–560, 1978.
Demotakis, P. E. and G. L. Brown, The mixing layer at high Reynolds number: large structure dynamics and entrainment, J. Fluid Mech., 78, 525–560, 1976.
Edgerton, H. E., Sonic detection of a fresh water-salt water interface, Science, 154, 1555, 1966.
Farmer, D. and J. D. Smith, Nonlinear internal waves in a fjord, Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, ed. J. C. J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanographic Series 23, 465–494, 1978.
Farmer, D., and J. D. Smith, Tidal interaction of stratified flow with a sill in Knight Inlet, Submitted to Deep-Sea Research.
Fukushima, H., M. Kashiwamura and I. Yakuwa, Studies on salt wedge by ultrasonic method, Proceedings of Tenth Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, 1435–1447, 1966.
Gardner, G. B. and J. D. Smith, Turbulent mixing in a salt wedge estuary, Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, ed. J. C. J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanography Series 23, 79–106, 1978.
Gibson, M. M. and B. E. Launder, On the calculation of horizontal non-equilibrium turbulent shear flow under gravitational influence, J. Heat Trans., 81, 980–993, 1976.
Gordon, C. M., Intermittent momentum transport in a geophysical boundary layer, Nature, 248, 392–394, 1974.
Gordon, C. M. and C. F. Dohne, Some observations of turbulent flow in a tidal estuary, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1971–1978, 1973.
Gordon, C. M. and J. Witting, Turbulent structure in a benthic boundary layer, Bottom Turbulence, ed. J. C. J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanography Series 19, 59–81, 1977.
Grant, W. D. and O. S. Madsen, Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1797–1808, 1979.
Grass, A. J., Structural features of turbulent flow smooth and rough boundaries, J. Fluid Mech., 50, 233–255, 1971.
Heathershaw, A. D., Bursting phenomena in the sea, Nature248, 394–395, 1974.
Hopfinger, E. J., Buoyancy effects on the large scale structure of free turbulent flows, Structure and Mechanism of Turbulence, ed. H. Fiedler, Springer Verlag, 65–85, 1978.
Kato, H. and O. M. Phillips, On the penetration of a turbulent layer into a stratified fluid, J. Fluid Mech. 37, 643–655, 1969.
Koop, C. G., Instability and turbulence in a stratified shear flow, Ph.D. Thesis, U. of Southern California, San Diego, 1976.
Koop, C. G. and F. K. Browand, Instability and turbulence in a stratified fluid with shear, J. Fluid Mech., 93, 135–159, 1979.
Launder, B. E., On the effects of a gravitational field on the turbulent transport of heat and momentum, J. Fluid Mech., 67, 569–588, 1975.
Launder, B. E., Heat and mass transport, Topics in Applied Physics, 12, ch. 6, Springer Verlag, 1976.
Liebovich, S., The structure of vortex breakdown, Ann. Review of Fluid Mech., 10, 221–246, 1978.
Liepmann, H., The use and fall of ideas in turbulence, American Scientist, 67, 221–228, 1979.
Lighthill, J. J., Turbulence, Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today, eds. D. M. McDowell and J. D. Jackson, Manchester University Press, 83–146, 1970.
Long, C. E. and J. D. Smith, A simple model of the time dependent, stably stratified planetary boundary layer, Pollutant Transport and Sediment Dispersal in the Washington-Oregon Coastal Zone, University of Washington Tech. Report, Ref: A 79–17, ch VI, 1979.
Long, R. R., Circulation and density distribution in a deep, strongly stratified, two-layer estuary, J. Fluid Mech., 71, 529–540, 1975a.
Long, R. R., the influence of shear on mixing across density interfaces, J. Fluid Mech., 70, 305–320, 1975b.
Long, R. R., some aspects of turbulence in geophysical systems, Adv. in App. Mech., 17, 2–90, 1977.
Lumley, J. L. and H. A. Panofsky, The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1964.
Maxworthy, T., and F. K. Browand, Experiments in rotating and stratified flows: oceanographic applications, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 7, 273–305, 1975.
McLean, S. R. and J. D. Smith, Turbulence measurements in the boundary layer over a sand wave field, J. Geophy. Res., in press, 1979.
McLean, S. R., Mechanics of the turbulent boundary layer over sand waves in the Columbia River, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, 1976.
Nikuradse, J., Laws of flow in rough pipes, N.A.C.A. Tech. Memo.1292, 62, p., 1933.
Oster, D., I. Wyganski, B. Dziumba, and H. Fiedler, On the effect of initial conditions on the two dimensional mixing layer, Structure and Mechanisms of Turbulence, ed. H. Fiedler, Springer Verlag, 48–64, 1978.
Partch, E. N. and J. D. Smith, Time dependent mixing in a salt wedge estuary, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6, 3–19, 1978.
Pearson, C. C. and D. F. Winter, Two layer analysis of steady circulation in stratified fjords, Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, ed. J. D. J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanography Series 23, 495–514, 1978.
Rattray, M. Jr., Some aspects of the dynamics of circulation in fjords, Estuaries, ed. G. H. Lauff AAAS Publ. No. 83–52–62, 1967.
Rattray, M. Jr., and E. Mitsuda, Theoretical analysis of conditions in a salt wedge, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 2, 375–394, 1974.
Rotta, J. C., statistische Theorie nichthomogener Turbulenz, Z. Phys., 129, 547–572, 1951.
Sabot, J., I. Saleh and G. Comte-Bellot, Effect of roughness on the intermittent maintenance of Reynolds shear stress in pipe flow, Phys. Fluids, 20, S150–S155, 1977.
Sherman, E. C., I. Imberger, and G. M. Corcos, Turbulence and mixing in stably stratified waters, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 10, 267–288, 1978.
Smith, J. D., Modeling of sediment transport on continental shelves, The Sea, 6, ed. E. D. Goldberg, John Wiley, New York, 1977.
Smith, J. D., Measurement of turbulence in ocean boundary layers, Proceedings of a. Working Conference on Current Measurement, eds. W. Woodward, C. N. K. Mooers, and K. Jensen, Tech. Report Del-SG-3–78m College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, 95–128, 1978.
Smith, J. D. and S. R. McLean, Spatially averaged flow over a wavy boundary, J. Geophy. Res., 82, 1735–1746, 1977a.
Smith, J. D. and S. R. McLean, Boundary layer adjustments to bottom topography and suspended sediment, Bottom Turbulence, ed. J. D. J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanography Series 19, 123–151, 1977b.
Tennekes, H., and J. L. Lumley, A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press, 1972.
Tochko, J. S., A study of the velocity structure in a marine boundary layer — instrumentation and observations, Ph.D. Thesis, WHOI/MIT, 1978.
Townsend, A. A., Measurements in the turbulent wake of a cylinder, Proceedings Royal Society London, Ser. A., 190, 551–561, 1948.
Townsend, A. A. Turbulent flow in a stably stratified atmosphere, J. Fluid Mech., 3, 361–372, 1957.
Turner, J. S., Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1973.
Willmarth, W. W., Structure of turbulence in boundary layers, Adv. inApplied Mech., 15, 159–254, 1975.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gardner, G.B., Nowell, A.R.M., Smith, J.D. (1980). Turbulent Processes in Estuaries. In: Hamilton, P., Macdonald, K.B. (eds) Estuarine and Wetland Processes. Marine Science, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5177-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5177-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5179-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5177-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive