Abstract
There are three ways of cooling a gas: (1) by exploiting the latent heat of evaporation of another gas of lower boiling point; (2) by causing it to do external work; and (3) by making use of the negative Joule — Thomson effect, arising from repulsive intermolecular forces which result in the performance of what is called internal work on expansion.
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Croft, A.J. (1970). Liquefiers and Refrigerators. In: Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4893-2_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4893-2_3
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