Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Contemporary Endocrinology pp 173–231Cite as

The Adrenal Cortex

  • Chapter

Abstract

The function of the adrenal cortex is to produce the appropriate steroid hormones in normal amounts. Regulatory mechanisms both within the adrenal cell and within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis normally ensure that this function is properly performed. Production of an inappropriate kind or amount of steroid hormone results in disease. Thus, it is not surprising that diseases of the adrenal cortex are frequently the result of primary abnormalities of regulation rather than of structure. The enzymatic pathways responsible for converting substrate cholesterol into steroid hormones have been well delineated for many years.1 On the other hand, regulation of these pathways and details of their molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. It would seem that a more thorough and accurate understanding of these processes would lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of adrenal disorders. Thus, in the preparation of this review, the relationship of recently reported basic observations to current understanding of adrenal regulation has been emphasized. It is hoped that this approach will highlight the relevance of experimental observations to clinical questions. At the same time, the intent is to provide a sufficiently detailed review of basic observations to be of use to those with investigative interest in the adrenal cortex and the endocrine glands in general.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Temple, T.E., and Iiddle, G.W., 1970, Inhibitors of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 10: 199–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Schwyzer, R., 1977, ACTH: A short introductory review, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 3–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Yalow, R.S., and Berson, S.A., 1971, Size heterogeneity of immunoreactive human ACTH in plasma and in extracts of pituitary glands and ACTH-producing thymoma, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 44: 439–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Orth, D.N., and Nicholson, W.E., 1977, Different molecular forms of ACTH, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 27–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Orth, D.N., and Nicholson, W.W., 1977, High molecular weight forms of human ACTH are glycoproteins, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 214–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gewirtz, G., Schneider, B., Krieger, D.T., and Yalow, R.S., 1974, Big ACTH: Conversion to biologically active ACTH by trypsin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38: 227–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Eipper, B.A., and Mains, R.E., 1975, High molecular weight forms of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the mouse pituitary and in a mouse pituitary cell line, Biochemistry 14: 3836–3844.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mains, R.E., and Eipper, B.A., 1976, Biosynthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone in mouse pituitary tumor cells, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 4115–4120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Roberts, J.L., and Herbert, E., 1977, Characterization of a common precursor to corticotropin and β-lipoprotein: Cell free synthesis of the precursor and identification of corticotropin peptides in the molecule, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 4826–4830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nakanishi, S., Taii, S., Hirata, Y., Matsukura, S., Imura, H., and Numa, S., 1976, A large product of cell-free translation of messenger RNA coding for corticotropin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 4319–4323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee, T.H., and Lee, M.S., 1977, Purification and characterization of high molecular weight forms of adrenocorticotropic hormone of ovine pituitary glands, Biochemistry 16: 2824–2829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Eipper, B.A., Mains, R.E., and Guenzi, D., 1976, High molecular weight forms of adrenocorticotropin hormone are glycoproteins, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 4121–4126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lowry, P.J., Silman, R.E., and Hope, J., 1977, Structure and biosynthesis of peptides related to corticotropins and β-melanotropins, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 49–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Moriarity, G.C., 1973, Adenohypophysis: Ultrastructural chemistry: A review, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 21: 855–894.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pelletier, G., Leclerc, R., Labrie, F., Cote, J., Chretien, M., and Lis, M., 1977, Immunohistochemical localization of β-lipotropic hormone in the pituitary gland, Endocrinology 100: 770–776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Golstein, A., Cox, B.M., Gentleman, S., Lowney, L.I., and Cheung, A.L., 1977, Pituitary and brain opioid peptides (endorphins), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 108–114.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Guillemin, R., Ling, N., Lazarus, L., Burgus, R., Minick, S., Bloom, F., Nicoll, R., Siggins, G., and Segal, D., 1977, The endorphins, novel peptides of brain and hypophysial origin, with opiate-like activity: Biochemical and biologic studies, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 131–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rubinstein, M., Stein, S., Gerber, L., and Undenfriend, S., 1977, Isolation and characterization of the opioid peptides from rat pituitary β-lipotropin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 3052–3055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mains, R.E., Eipper, B.A., and Ling, N., 1977, Common precursor to corticotropins and endorphins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 3014–3018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones, R.E., Pulkrabek, P., and Grunberger, D., 1977, Mouse pituitary tumor mRNA directed cell-free synthesis of polypeptides that are cross reactive with adrenocorticotropic hormone antiserum, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74: 1490–1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Eipper, B.A., and Mains, R.E., 1977, Peptide analysis of a glycoprotein form of adrenocorticotropic hormone, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 8821–8832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Liddle, G.W., Island, D., and Meador, C.K., 1962, Normal and abnormal regulation of corticotropin secretion in man, Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 18: 125–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Krieger, D., Amorosa, L., and Linick, F., 1975, Cyproheptadine-induced remission of Cushing’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 893–896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Krieger, D.T., Liotta, A., Suda, T., Palkovits, M., and Brownstein, M.D., 1977, Presence of immunoassayable β-lipotropin in bovine brain and spinal cord: Lack of concordance with ACTH concentrations, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76(3): 930–936.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Krieger, D.T., Liotta, A., and Brownstein, M.J., 1977, Presence of corticotropin in brain of normal and hypophysectomized rats, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74(2): 648–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sayers, G., 1977, Nature of corticotropin releasing factor, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36: 2087.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Brodish, A., 1977, Tissue corticotropin releasing factor, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36: 2088–2093.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vale, W., and River, C., 1977, Substances modulating the secretion of ACTH by cultured anterior pituitary cells, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36: 2094–2099.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Seelig, S., and Sayers, G., 1977, Bovine hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor: Chemical and biological characteristics, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36: 2100–2103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jones, M.T., Gellham, B., and Hillhouse E.W., 1977, The nature of corticotropin releasing factor from rat hypothalamus in vitro, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36: 2104–2109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ganong, W.F., 1977, Neurotransmitters involved in ACTH secretion: Catecholamines, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 509–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jones, M.T., and Hillhouse, E.W., 1977, Neurotransmitter regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor in vitro, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 536–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vernikos-Danellis, J., Kellar, K.J., Kent, D., Gonzales, C., Berger, P.A., and Barchas, J.D., 1977, Serotonin involvement in pituitary-adrenal function, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 518–526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Krieger, D.T., 1977, Serotonin regulation of ACTH secretion, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 527–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fischer, J.L., and Moriarty, M., 1977, Control of bioactine corticotropin release from the neurointermediate lobe of the rat pituitary in vitro, Endocrinology 100: 1047–1054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Krieger, D.T., 1977, Regulation of circadian periodicity of plasma ACTH levels, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 561–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Seiden, G., and Brodish, A., 1972, Persistence of a diurnal rhythm in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the absence of hormone feedback, Endocrinology 90: 1401–1403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ixart, G., Szafarczyk, A., Belugou, J.L., and Assenmacher, I., 1977, Temporal relationships between the diurnal rhythm of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor, pituitary corticotrophin and plasma corticosterone in the rat, J. Endocrinol. 72: 113–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dallman, M.F., and Yates, F.E., 1969, Dynamic asymmetries in the corticosteroid feedback path and distribution-metabolism-binding elements of the adrenocortical system, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 156: 696–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jones, M.T., Tiptaft, E.M., Brush, F.R., Fergusson, D.A.N., and Neame, L.B., 1974, Evidence for dual corticosteroid-receptor mechanisms in the feedback control of adrenocorticotrophin secretion, J. Endocrinol. 60: 223–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kendall, J.W., Scott, A.K., Allen, C., and Greer, M.A., 1966, Evidence for ACTH secretion and ACTH suppressibility in hypophysectomized rats with multiple heterotopic pituitaries, Endocrinology 78: 533–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sayers, G., and Portanova, P., 1974, Secretion of ACTH by isolated anterior pituitary cells: Kinetics of simulation by corticotropin releasing factor and of inhibition by corticosterone, Endocrinology 94: 1723–1730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mims, R.B., 1973, Plasma ACTH in the adrenalectomized rat, Horm. Metab. Res. 5: 368–371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rees, L.H., Cook, D.M., Kendall, J.W., Allen, C.F., Kramer, R.M., Ratcliff, J.G., and Knight, R.A., 1971, A radioimmunoassay for rat plasma ACTH, Endocrinology 89: 254–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nakanishi, S., Kita, T., Taii, S., Imura, H., and Numa, S., 1977, Glucocorticoid effect on the level of corticotropin messenger RNA activity in rat pituitary, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 3283–3286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. O’Malley, B.W., and Buller, R.E., 1976, Current concepts in steroid hormone action, in: The Year in Endocrinology 1975–1976 (S.H. Ingbar, ed.), pp. 277–315, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Arimura, A., Bowers, C.Y., Schally, A.V., Saito, M., and Miller, M.C., III, 1969, Effect of corticotropin-releasing factor, dexamethasone and actinomycin D on the release of ACTH from rat pituitaries in vivo and in vitro, Endocrinology 85: 300–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Portanova, R., and Sayers, G., 1974, Corticosterone suppression of ACTH secretion: Actinomycin D sensitive and insensitive components of the response, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56: 928–933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Brattin, W.J., and Portanova, R., 1977, Corticosterone induction of pituitary hyperresponsiveness to CRF: Divergent effects of puromycin and cycloheximide, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 7: 221–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Mulder, G.H., and Smelik, P.G., 1977, A superfusion system technique for the study of the sites of action of glucocorticoids in the rat hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in vitro. I. Pituitary cell superfusion, Endocrinology 100: 1143–1152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Vermes, I., Mulder, G.H., and Smelik, P.G., 1977, A superfusion system technique for the study of the sites of action of glucocorticoids in the rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system in vitro. II. Hypothalamus-pituitary cell-adrenal cell superfusion, Endocrinology 100: 1153–1159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Abe, K., and Critchlow, V., 1977, Effects of corticosterone, dexamethasone and surgical isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus on rapid feedback control of stress-induced corticotrophin secretion in female rats, Endocrinology 101: 498–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jones, M.T., and Tiptaft, E.M., 1977, Structure-activity relationship of various corticosteroids on the feedback control of corticotrophin secretion, Br. J. Pharmacol. 59: 35–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Herbert, E., Allen, R.G., and Paquette, T.L., 1978, Reversal of dexamethasone inhibition of adrenocorticotropin release in a mouse pituitary tumor cell line either by growing cells in the absence of dexamethasone or by addition of hypothalamic extract, Endocrinology 102: 218–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Watanabe, H., Nicholson, W., and Orth, D., 1973, Inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone production by glucocorticoids in mouse pituitary tumor cells, Endocrinology 93: 411–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Richardson, U.I., 1978, Self-regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion by mouse pituitary tumor cells in cudture, Endocrinology 102: 910–917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kan, K.W., Baird, A., Seidah, N.G., Lis, M., Chretien, M., Ling, N., Guillemin, R., and Solomon, S., 1977, Effects of peptides of pituitary origin on the formation of C21 steroid by fetal calf adrenal cells in culture, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79: 553–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Holaday, J.W., Law, P.Y., Tseng, L.F., Loh, H.H., and Li, C.H., 1977, β-Endorphin: Pituitary and adrenal glands modulate its action, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 4628–4632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Guillemin, R., Vargo, T., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C., Vale, W., and Bloom, F., 1977, β-Endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitandy by the pituitary gland, Science 197: 1367–1369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tanaka, K., Nicholson, W.E., and Orth, D.N., 1978, Diurnal rhythm and disappearance half-time of endogeneous plasma immunoreactive β-MSH (LPH) and ACTH in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 883–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Abe, K., Nicholson, W.E., Iiddle, G.W., Island, D.D., and Orth, D.N., 1967, Radioimmunoassay of β-MSH in human plasma and tissues, J. Clin. Invest 46: 1609–1616.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Abe, K., Nicholson, W.E., Iiddle, G.W., Orth, D.N., and Island, D.P., 1969, Normal and abnormal regulation of β-MSH in man, J. Clin. Invest. 48: 1580–1585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sabol, S.L., 1978, Regulation of endorphin production by glucocorticoids in cultured pituitary tumor cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 82: 560–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Besser, G.M., Orth, D.N., Nicholson, W.E., Byyny, R.L., Abe, K., and Woodham, J.P., 1971, Dissociation of the disappearance of bioactive and radioimmunoreactive ACTH from plasma in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 32: 595–603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Meakin, J.W., Tingey, W.H., Jr., and Nelson, D.H., 1960, The catabolism of adrenocorticotropic hormone: The stability of adrenocorticotropic hormone in blood, plasma, serum and saline, Endocrinology 66: 59–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. McMartin, C., and Peters, J., 1975, Levels of corticotrophin analogues in the blood after infusion into rats, J. Endocrinol. 67: 41–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Baker, J.R.J., Bennett, H.P.J., Hudson, A.M., McMartin, C., and Purdon, G.E., 1976, On the metabolism of two adrenocorticotrophin analogues, Clin. Endocrinol. 5 (Suppl.), pp. 61s–72s.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Keenan, J., Thompson, J.B., Chamberlain, M.A., and Besser, G.M., 1971, Prolonged corticotrophic action of a synthetic substituted 1–18ACTH, Br. Med. J. 3: 742–743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Baker, J.R.J., Bennett, H.P.J., Christian, R.A., and McMartin, C., 1977, Renal uptake and metabolism of adrenocorticotropin analogues in the rat: An autoradiographic study, J. Endocrinol. 74: 23–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Varandani, P.T., and Shroyer, L.A., 1977, A rat kidney neutral peptidase that degrades B chain of insulin, glucagon, and ACTH: Purification by affinity chromatography and some properties, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 181: 82–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Jeffcoate, W.J., Phenekos, C., Ratcliffe, J.G., Williams, S., Rees, L., and Besser, G.M., 1977, Comparison of the pharmacokinetics in man of two synthetic ACTH analogues: α1–24 and substituted α1–18 ACTH, Clin. Endocrinol. 7: 1–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. McMartin, C., Purdon, G.E.E., Schenkel, L., Desaulles, P., Maier, R., Brugger, M., Rittel, W., and Sieber, P., 1977, Differences between in-vitro and in-vivo potencies of corticotrophins: An interpretation in terms of metabolic stability, J. Endocrinol. 73: 79–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Van Nispen, J.W., Tesser, G.I., Barthe, P.L., Maier, R., and Schenkel-Hulliger, L., 1977, Biological activities of ACTH analogues varied in the active site, Acta Endocrinol. 84: 470–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Finn, F., Johns, P., Nishi, N., and Hofman, K., 1976, Differential response to adrenocorticotropin hormone analogs of bovine adrenal plasma membrane and cells, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3576–3585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hofman, K., Andreatta, R., Bohn, K., and Morodor, L., 1970, Studies on polypeptides. XLV. Structure function studies in the β-corticotropin series, J. Med. Chem. 13: 339–345.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Garren, L.D., Ney, R.L., and Davis, W.W., 1965, Studies on the role of protein synthesis in the regulation of corticosterone production by adrenocorticotropic hormone in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53: 1443–1450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Beall, R.J., and Sayers, G., 1972, Isolated adrenal cells: Steroidogenesis and cyclic AMP accumulation in response to ACTH, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 148: 70–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Moyle, W.R., Kong, Y.C., and Ramachandran, J., 1973, Steroidogenesis and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate accumulation in rat adrenal cell, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2409–2417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schimmer, B.P., Tsao, J., and Knapp, M., 1977, Isolation of mutant adrenocortical tumor cells resistant to cyclic nucleotides, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 8: 135–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Riou, J.P., Evain, D., Perrin, F., and Saez, J.M., 1977, Adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate dependent protein kinase in human adrenocortical tumors, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 413–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hornsby, P.J., and Gill, G.N., 1977, Hormonal control of adrenocortical cell proliferation: Desensitization to ACTH and interaction between ACTH and fibroblast growth factor in bovine adrenocortical cell cultures, J. Clin. Invest. 60: 342–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hornsby, P.J., and Gill, G.N., 1978, Characterization of adult bovine adrenocortical cells throughout their life span in tissue culture, Endocrinology 102: 926–936.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rubin, R.P., Laychock, S.G., and End, D.W., 1977, On the role of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in steroid production by bovine cortical cells, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 496: 329–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Perchellet, J.P., Shanker, G., and Sharma, R.K., 1978, Regulatory role of guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in adrenocorticotropin hormone-induced steroidogenesis, Science 199: 311–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Honn, K.V., and Chavin, W., 1977, In vitro temporal cAMP and cortisol responses to ACTH by the normal human adrenal gland, Acta Endocrinol. 85: 823–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schlegel, W., and Schwyzer, R., 1977, Purification of bovine adrenal-cortex plasma-membrane vesicles containing a highly corticotropin-sensitive adenylate-cyclase system and angiotensin-II-binding sites, Eur. J. Biochem. 72: 415–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rodbell, M., Birnbaumer, L., Pohl, S.L., and Krans, M.J., 1971, The glucagon-sensitive adenyl cyclase system in plasma membranes of rat liver. V. An obligatory role of guanyl nucleotides in glucagon action, J. Biol. Chem. 246: 1877–1882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Glynn, P., Cooper, D.M.F., and Schulster, D., 1977, Control of bovine adrenocortical adenylate cyclase activity by guanine nucleotides, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 5: 973–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rodbell, M., Lin, M.C., Salomon, Y., Londos, C., Harwood, J.P., Martin, B.R., Rendell, M., and Berman, M., 1975, Role of adenine and guanine nucleotides in the activity and response of adenylate cyclase systems to hormones: Evidence for multisite transition states, Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 5: 3–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bonnafous, J.C., Fauchere, J.L., Schlegel, W., and Schwyzer, R., 1977, Hormone-receptor interactions: Stimulation and inhibition of bovine adrenal cortex cell membrane adenylate cyclase by synthetic corticotropin fragments and the effect of 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate, FEBS Lett. 78: 247–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Glossman, H., and Struck, C.J., 1977, Adrenal cortex adenylate cyclase: In vitro modification of the enzyme by cholera toxin, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 299: 175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Mahaffee, D., Reitz, R.C., and Ney, R.I., 1974, The mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone: The role of mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation in the regulation of steroidogenesis, J. Biol. Chem. 249: 227–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Paul, D.P., Gallant, S., Orime-Johnson, J.R., and Brownie, A.C., 1976, Temperature dependence of cholesterol binding to cytochrome P-450SCC of the rat adrenal: Effect of corticotropic hormone and cycloheximide, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 7120–7126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tilley, B.E., Watanuki, M., and Hall, P.F., 1977, Preparation and properties of side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenal cortex by affinity chromatography with pregnenolone as ligand, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 493: 260–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Watanuki, M., Tilley, B.E., and Hall, P.F., 1977, Purification and properties of cytochrome P-450 (11β-and 18-hydroxylase) from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 483: 236–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wang, H.P., and Kimura, T., 1976, Purification and characterization of adrenal cortex mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 specific for cholesterol side chain cleavage activity, J. Bid. Chem. 251: 6068–6074.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Shikita, M., and Hall, P.F., 1973, Cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria: An enzyme for the side chain cleavage of cholesterol. I. Purification and properties, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 5598–5604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tilley, B.E., Watanuki, M., and Hall, P.F., 1977, Side-chain cleavage P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria: Reconstitution of enzyme activity, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 488: 330–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Watanuki, M., Granger, G.A., and Hall, P.F., 1978, Cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Immunochemical properties and purity, J. Biol. Chem. 253: 2927–2931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jefcoate, C.R., 1977, Cytochrome P-450 of adrenal mitochondria: Steroid binding sites on two distinguishable forms of rat adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450SCC, J. Biol Chem. 252: 8788–8796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Björkhem, I., and Karlmar, K.E., 1977, Common characteristics of the cytochrome P-450 system involved in 18-and 11β-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone in rat adrenals, J. Lipid Res. 18: 592–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Moustafa, A.M., and Koritz, S.B., 1977, Studies on the stimulation by Ca2+ and the inhibition by ADP of steroid 11β-hydroxylation in adrenal mitochondria, Eur. J. Biochem. 78: 231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Simpson, E.R., McCarthy, J.L., and Peterson, J.A., 1978, Evidence that the cydoheximide sensitive site of adrenocorticotropic hormone action is in the mitochondrion, J. Biol. Chem. 253: 3135–3139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Farese, R.V., and Prudente, W.J., 1977, On the requirement for protein synthesis during corticotropin-induced stimulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage in rat adrenal mitochondrial and solubilized desmolase preparations, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 496: 567–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Koritz, S.B., and Kumar, A.M., 1970, On the mechanism of action of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The stimulation of the activity of enzymes involved in pregnenolone synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 245: 152–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Andersen, J.M., and Dietschy, J.M., 1976, Regulation of sterol synthesis in adrenal gland of the rat by both high and low density human plasma lipoproteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72: 880–885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Andersen, J.M., and Dietschy, J.M., 1977, Regulation of sterol synthesis in 16 tissues of rat. I. Effect of diurnal light cycling, fasting, stress, manipulation of enterohapatic circulation and administration of chylomicrons and triton, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 3646–3651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Andersen, J.M., and Dietschy, J.M., 1977, Regulation of sterol synthesis in 15 tissues of rat. II. Role of rat and human high and low density plasma lipoproteine and of rat chylomicrons remnants, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 3652–3659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Balasubramaniam, S., Goldstein, J.L., Faust, J.R., Brunschede, G.Y., and Brown, M.S., 1977, Lipoprotein-mediated regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesteryl ester metabolism in the adrenal gland of the rat, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 1771–1779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Balasubramanian, S., Goldstein, J.L., and Brown, M.S., 1977, Regulation of cholesterol synthesis in rat adrenal gland through coordinate control of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase and reductase activities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 1421–1425.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Brecher, P.I., and Hyun, Y., 1978, Effect of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine and aminoglutethimide on cholesterol metabolism and steroidogenesis in the rat adrenal, Endocrinology 102: 1404–1413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Gwynne, J.T., and Hess, B., 1979, Role of high density lipoproteins in rat adrenal steroidogenesis and cholesterol metabolism (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Gwynne, J.T., and Hess, B., 1978, Binding and degradation of human 12I-HDL by rat adrenocortical cells, Metabolism 27: 1593–1600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gwynne, J.T., Hughes, T., Roundtree, R., and Hess, B., 1979, Properties and ACTH regulation of the HDL receptors of the rat adrenal cortex (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  115. Faust, J.R., Goldstein, J.L., and Brown, M.S., 1977, Receptor-mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein and utilization of its cholesterol for steroid synthesis in cultured mouse adrenal cells, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 4861–4871.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Brown, M.S., and Goldstein, J.L., 1976, Receptor mediated control of cholesterol metabolism, Science 191: 150–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Naghshineh, S., Treadwell, C.R., Gallo, L., and Vahouny, G.V., 1974, Activation of adrenal steroid ester-hydroylase by dibutyryl cAMP and protein kinase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61: 1076–1082.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Trzeciak, W.H., and Boyd, G.S., 1974, Activation of cholesteryl esterase in bovine adrenal cortex, Eur. J. Biochem. 46: 201–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Beckett, G.J., and Boyd, G.S., 1977, Purification and control of bovine adrenal cortical cholesterol ester hydrolase and evidence for the activation of the enzyme by a phosphorylation, Eur. J. Biochem. 72: 223–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Cortese, F., and Wolff, J., 1978, Cytochalasin-stimulated steroidogenesis from high density lipoproteins, J. Cell. Biol. 77: 507–516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mrotek, J.J., and Hall, P.F., 1975, The influence of cytochalasin B on the response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH and cyclic AMP, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64: 891–896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mrotek, J.J., and Hall, P.F., 1977, Response of adrenal tumor cells to adrenocorticotropin: Site of inhibition by cytochalasin B, Biochemistry 16: 3177–3181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hadjian, A.J., Guidicelli, C., and Chambaz, E.M., 1977, Characterization of tubulin in the bovine adrenal cortex cytosol, FEBS Lett. 77: 233–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Strott, C.A., and Ray, P., 1977, Studies of a colchicine-binding protein (tubulin) in the adrenal cortex and brain, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 495: 119–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Temple, R., and Wolff, J., 1973, Stimulation of steroid secretion by antimicrotubular agents, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2691–2698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. O’Hare, M.J., 1976, Monolayer cultures of normal adult rat adrenocortical cells: Steroidogenic responses to nucleotides, bacterial toxins and antimicrotubular agents, Experientia 32: 251–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Liddle, G.W., 1960, Tests of pituitary adrenal suppressibility in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 20: 1539–1560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Liddle, G.W., Estep, H.L., Kendall, J.W., Williams, W.C., Jr., and Townes A.W., 1959, Clinical application of a new test of pituitary reserve, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 19: 875–894.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Besser, G.M., 1973, ACTH and MSH assays and their clinical application, Clin. Endocrinol. 2: 175–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Similä, S., Kauppila, A., Ylikorkala, O., Koivisto, M., Mäkelä, P., and Haapalahti, J., 1977, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone during the first day of life, Eur. J. Pediatr. 124: 173–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Winters, A.J., Oliver, C., Colston, C., MacDonald, P.C., and Porter, J.C., 1974, Plasma ACTH levels in the human fetus and neonate as related to age and parturition, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 269–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Berson, S.A., and Yalow, R.S., 1968, Radioimmunoassay of ACTH in plasma, J. Clin. Invest. 47: 2725–2751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Miyakawa, I., Ikeda, I., and Maeyama, M., 1974, Transport of ACTH across human placenta, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 440–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Allen, J.P., Cook, D.M., Kendall, J.W., and McGilvra, R., 1973, Maternal-fetal ACTH relationship in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 37: 230–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Liotta, A., Osathanondh, R., Ryan, K.J., and Krieger, D.T., 1977, Presence of corticotropin in human placenta: Demonstration of in vivo synthesis, Endocrinology 101: 1552–1558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kauppila, A., Similä, S., Ylikorkala, O., Koivisto, M., Mäkelä, P., and Haapalahti, J., 1976, ACTH levels in maternal, fetal and neonatal plasma, after short term prenatal dexamethasone therapy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 84: 124–128.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Schmidt, I.G., and Hoffman, R.G., 1954, Effects of ACTH on pregnant monkeys and their offspring, Anat. Rec. 118: 351–352.

    Google Scholar 

  138. West, C.D., and Dolman, L.I., 1977, Plasma ACTH radioimmunoassay in the diagnosis of pituitary-adrenal dysfunction, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 297: 205–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Jubiz, W., Meikle, A.W., West, C.D., and Tyler, F.H., 1970, Single-dose metyrapone test, Arch. Intern. Med. 125: 472–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Schoneshofer, M., L’age, M., and Oelkers, N., 1977, Short time kinetics of deoxycorticosterone, deoxycortisol, corticosterone and cortisol during single dose metyrapone test, Acta Endocrinol. 85: 109–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Nishida, S., Matsumura, S., Horino, M., Oyama, H., and Tenku, A., 1977, The variations of plasma corticosterone/cortisol ratios following ACTH stimulation or dexamethasone administration in normal men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 585–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kolanowski, J., Esselinckx, W., Nagant, C., and Crabbe, J., 1977, Adrenocortical response upon repeated stimulation with corticotrophin in patients lacking endogenous corticotrophin secretion, Acta Endocrinol. 85: 595–607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Besser, G., and Landon, J., 1968, Plasma levels of immunoreactive corticotrophin in patients with Cushing’s syndrome, Br. Med. J. 4: 552–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gilkes, J.J.H., Rees, L.H., and Besser, G.M., 1977, Plasma immunoreactive corticotrophin and lipotrophin in Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease, Br. Med. J. 1: 996–998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hankin, M.E., Theile, H.M., and Steinbeck, A.W., 1977, An evaluation of laboratory tests for the detection and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome, Clin. Endocrinol. 6: 185–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Perlstein, R., Kopp, L., and Tucci, J.R., 1977, The effect of pituitary adrenal manipulations upon urinary cyclic AMP excretion in man, Acta Endocrinol. 84: 343–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Cushing, H., 1932, The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism), Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 50: 137–195.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Plotz, C.M., Knowlton, A.I., and Ragan, C., 1952, The natural history of Cushing’s syndrome, Am. J. Med. 13: 597–614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Tyrrell, J.B., Brooks, R.M., Fitzgerald, P.A., Cofoid, P.B., Forsham, P.H., and Wilson, C.B., 1978, Cushing’s disease: Selective trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary microadenomas, N. Engl. J. Med. 298: 753–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Salassa, R.M., Laws, E.R., Carpenter, P.C., and Northcutt, R.C., 1978, Transphenoidal removal of pituitary microadenoma in Cushing’s disease, Mayo Clin. Proc. 53: 24–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Krieger, D.T., Amorosa, L., and Iinick, F., 1975, Cyproheptadine-induced remission of Cushing’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 293: 893–896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Krieger, D.T., and Condon, E.M., 1978, Cyproheptadine treatment of Nelson’s syndrome: Restoration of plasma ACTH circadian periodicity and reversal of response to TRF, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 349–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Krieger, D.T., and Luria, M., 1977, Plasma ACTH and cortisol responses to TRF, vasopressin, or hypoglycemia in Cushing’s disease and Nelson’s syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 361–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Krieger, D., and Glick, S.M., 1972, Growth hormone and cortisol responsiveness in Cushing’s syndrome, Am. J. Med. 52: 25–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. James, V.H.T., Landon, J., Wynn, V., and Greenwood, F.C., 1968, A fundamental defect of adrenocortical control in Cushing’s disease, J. Endocrinol. 40: 15–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Tyrrell, J.B., Wiener-Kronish, J., Lorenzi, M., Brooks, R.M., and Forsham, P.H., 1977, Cushing’s disease: Growth hormone response to hypoglycemia after correction of hypercortisolism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 44: 218–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Demura, R., Demura, H., Nunokawa, T., Baba, H., and Miura, K., 1972, Responses of plasma ACTH, GH, LH, and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids to various stimuli in patients with Cushing’s syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34: 852–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Lamberts, S.W.J., Timmermans, H.A.T., de Jong, F.H., and Birkenhager, J.C., 1977, The role of dopaminergic depletion in the pathogenesis of Cushing’s disease and the possible consequences for medical therapy, Clin. Endocrinol. 7: 185–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Wilber, J.F., and Utiger, R.D., 1969, The effect of glucocorticoids on thyrotropin secretion, J. Clin. Invest. 48: 2096–2103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Smals, A.G.H., Kloppenborg, P.W.C., and Benraad, T.J., 1977, Plasma testosterone profiles in Cushing’s disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 240–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Luton, J.P., Thieblot, P., Valcke, J.C., Mahoudeau, J.A., and Bricare, H., 1977, Reversible gonadotropin deficiency in male Cushing’s disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 488–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Boccuzzi, G., Angeli, A., Bisbocci, D., Fonzo, D., Gaidano, G.P., and Ceresa, F., 1975, Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) on the release of gonadotropins in Cushing’s disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40: 892–895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Orth, D.N., and Liddle, G.W., 1971, Results of treatment in 108 patients with Cushing’s syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 243–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Moore, T.J., Dluhy, R.G., Williams, G.H., and Cain, J.P., 1976, Nelson’s syndrome: Frequency, prognosis, and effect of prior pituitary irradiation, Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 731–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Jennings, A.S., Liddle, G.W., and Orth, D.N., 1977, Results of treating childhood Cushing’s disease with pituitary irradiation, N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 957–962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Scott, H.W., Liddle, G.W., Mulherin, J.L., McKenna, T.J., Stroup, S.L., and Rhamy, R.K., 1977, Surgical experience with Cushing’s disease, Ann. Surg. 185: 524–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Krieger, D.T., and Luria, M., 1976, Effectiveness of cyproheptadine in decreasing plasma ACTH concentration in Nelson’s syndrome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43: 1179–1181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Hardy, J., 1975, Trans-sphenoidal microsurgical removal of pituitary micro-adenoma, Prog. Neurol. Surg. 6: 200–216.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Carmalt, M.H.B., Dalton, G.A., Fletcher, R.F., and Smith, W.T., 1977, The treatment of Cushing’s disease by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy, Q.J. Med. 46: 119–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Daughaday, W.H., 1978, Cushing’s disease and basophilic microadenomas (editorial), N. Engl. J. Med. 298: 793–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Jeffcoate, W.J., Rees, L.H., Tomlin, S., Jones, A.E., Edwards, C.R.W., and Besser, G.M., 1977, Metyrapone in long-term management of Cushing’s disease, fir. Med. J. 2: 215–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Orth, D.N., 1978, Metyrapone is useful only as adjunctive therapy in Cushing’s disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 89: 128–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Zachmann, M., Gitzelmann, R.P., Zagalak, M., and Prader, A., 1977, Effects of aminoglutethimide on urinary cortisol and cortisol metabolites in adolescents with Cushing’s syndrome, Clin. Endocrinol. 7: 63–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Bartter, F.C., 1977, Adrenogenital syndromes: From physiology to chemistry (1950–1975), in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 9–18, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Bongiovanni, A.M., and Eberlain, W.R., 1958, Defective steroidal biogenesis in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Pediatrics 21: 661–672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Kowarski, A., Finkelstein, J.W., Spaulding, J.S., Holman, G.H., and Migeon, C., 1965, Aldosterone secretion rate in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A discussion of the theories on the pathogenesis of the salt-losing form of the syndrome, J. Clin. Invest. 44: 1505–1513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. New, M.I., Miller, B., and Peterson, R.E., 1966, Aldosterone excretion in normal children and in children with adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Invest. 45: 412–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Kowarski, A.A., 1977, Mechanism of salt losses in congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 113–124, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Bartter, F.C., Henkin, R.I., and Bryan, G.T., 1968, Aldosterone hypersecretion in “non-salt losing” congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Invest. 47: 1742–1752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Godard, C., Riondel, A., Veyrat, R., Megevand, A., and Muller, A.F., 1968, Plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Pediatrics 41: 883–896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Strickland, A.L., and Kotchen, T.A., 1972, A study of the renin-aldosterone system in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Pediatr. 81: 962–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Hughes, I.A., and Winter, J.S.D., 1977, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone and plasma renin activity in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 141–156, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Strott, C.A., Yoshimi, T., and Lipsett, M.B., 1969, Plasma progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in normal men and children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Invest. 48: 930–939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Hughes, I.A., and Winter, J.S.D., 1976, The application of a serum 17OH-progesterone radioimmunoassay to the diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Pediatr. 88: 766–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. McKenna, T.J., Jennings, A.S., Liddle, G.W., and Burr, I.M., 1976, Pregnenolone, 17-OH-pregnenolone, and testosterone in plasma of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42: 918–925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Janoski, A., 1977, Naturally occurring adrenal steroids with salt-losing properties, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.) pp. 99–112, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Pham-Huu-Trung, M.T., Raux, M.C., Gourmelen, M., Baron, M., and Girard, F., 1976, Plasma aldosterone concentrations related to 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Acta. Endocrinol. 82: 572–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Parth, K., Zimprich, H., Swoboda, W., Brunei, R., and Bohrn, E., 1978, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Simultaneous determinations of plasma aldosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, Acta Endocrinol. 87: 148–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Limai, J.M., Rappaport, R., and Bayard, F., 1977, Plasma aldosterone, renin activity and 17 α-hydroxyprogesterone in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. I. Response to ACTH in hydrocortisone treated patients and effects of 9α-fluorocortisol, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 551–559.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Rosier, A., Levine, L.S., Schneider, B., Novogroder, M., and New, M.I., 1977, The interrelationship of sodium balance, plasma renin activity and ACTH on congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 500–512.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Rayyis, S.S., and Horton, R., 1971, Effect of angiotensin II on adrenal and pituitary function in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 32: 539–546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Hepp, R., Grillet, C., Peytremann, A., and Vallotton, M.B., 1977, Stimulation of corticosteroid biosynthesis by angiotensin I, [Des-Asp1]angiotensin I, angiotensin II and [Des-Asp1]angiotensin II in bovine adrenal fasciulata cells, Endocrinology 101: 717–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Gill, A., Ill, C.R., and Simonian, M.H., 1977, Angiotensin stimulation of bovine adrenocortical cell growth, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74: 5569–5573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Beitins, I.Z., Bayard, F., Kowarski, A., and Migeon, C.J., 1972, The effect of ACTH administration on aldosterone production in non-salt losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35: 595–603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Douglas, J., Aguilera, G., Kondo, T., and Catt, K., 1978, Angiotensin II receptors and aldosterone production in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells, Endocrinology 102: 685–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Klingensmith, G.J., Garcia, S.C., Jones, H.W., Migeon, C.J., and Blizzard, R.M., 1977, Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Effects on height, sexual maturation, and fertility. J. Pediatr. 90: 996–1004.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Pang, S., Kenny, F.M., Foley, T.P., and Drash, A.L., 1977, Growth and sexual maturation in treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 233–246, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Ghali, I., David, M., and David, L., 1977, Linear growth and pubertal development in treated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, Clin. Endocrinol. 6: 425–436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Styne, D.M., Richards, G.E., Bell, J.J., Conte, F.A., Morishema, A., Kaplan, S.L., and Grumback, M.M., 1977, Growth patterns in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Correlation of glucocortiod therapy with stature, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 247–261, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Huseman, C.A., Varma, M.M., Blizzard, R.M., and Johanson, A., 1977, Treatment of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia patient with single and multiple daily doses of prednisone, J. Pediatr. 90: 538–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Bacon, G.E., Spencer, M.L., and Kelch, R.P., 1977, Effect of cortisol treatment on hormonal relationships in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Clin. Endocrinol. 6: 113–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Korth-Schutz, S., Virdis, R., Saenger, P., Chow, D.M., Levine, L.S., and New, M.I., 1978, Serum androgens as a continuing index of adequacy of treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 46: 452–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Roux, H., Loras, B., and Forest, M.G., 1977, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Plasma I7α-hydroxyprogesterone in patients’ relatives, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 487–494, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Knorr, D., Bidlingmaier, F., Butenandt, O., von Schnakenburg, K., and Wagner, W., 1977, Tests for heterozygosity of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 495–500, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Gutai, J.P., Kowarski, A.A., and Migeon, C.J., 1977, The detection of the heterozygous carrier for congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, J. Pediatr. 90: 924–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Gutai, J.P., Kowarski, A.A., and Migeon, C.J., 1977, Detection of heterozygote carrier for congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 501–508, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Krensky, A.M., Bongiovanni, A.M., Marino, J., Parks, J., and Tenore, A., 1977, Identification of heterozygote carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia by radioimmunoassay of serum 17-OH progesterone, J. Pediatr. 90: 930–933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Homoki, J., Fazekas, A.T.A., and Tiller, W.M., 1977, Urinary excretion of pregnanetriolone in parents of children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency before and after stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone, in: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (P.A. Lee, L.P. Plotnick, A.A. Kowarski, and C.J. Migeon, eds.), pp. 479–486, University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Koizumi, S., Kyoya, S., Miyawaki, T., Kidani, H., Funabashi, T., Nakashima, H., Nakanuma, Y., Otha, G., Itagaki, E., and Katagiri, M., 1977, Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cytochrome P-450 content in adrenal mitochondria of a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, Clin. Chim. Acta 77: 301–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA

    John T. Gwynne & Robert L. Ney

Authors
  1. John T. Gwynne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert L. Ney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Thorndike Laboratory of Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Sidney H. Ingbar M.D. (William B. Cartle Professor of Medicine, Director) (William B. Cartle Professor of Medicine, Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gwynne, J.T., Ney, R.L. (1979). The Adrenal Cortex. In: Ingbar, S.H. (eds) Contemporary Endocrinology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4857-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4857-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4859-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4857-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation