Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review evolving evidence for the possibility of environmental mediators of relationships between serotonin and violence in human children and adolescents. This chapter does not ask whether there are environmental mediators of violence - a variety of evidence suggests that environmental mediation of violence occurs (Tolan & Guerra 1994) and that interactions between biology and environmental events increase the risk of crime (Raine et al., 1994, 1996). Rather this paper focuses upon the possibility of environmental mediators of the relationship between serotonin and violence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aman, M.G., Kern, R.A., McGee, D. E., & Arnold, L.E. (1993). Fenfluramine and methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD: Clinical and side effects. Journal of American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(4), 851–S59.
Anderson, C. A. (1987). Temperature and aggression: effects on quarterly, yearly, and city rates of violent and nonviolent crime. Journal of Pers Sociology and Psychology, 52, 1161–73.
Arendt, J., Wirz-Justice, A., & Bradtke, J, (1977). Annual rhythm of serum melatonin in man. Neuroscience Letters, 7: 327–330.
Arora, R.C., Kregel, L., & Meltzer, H. (1984). Transsynaptic control of gene expression. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16: 17–29.
Asberg, M., Traskman, L., & Thoren, P. (1976). 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor? Archives of General Psychiatry, 33:1193–7.
Asberg, M., Thoren, L., & Traskman, P. (1976a). Serotonin depression: a biochemical subgroup within affective disorders. Science, 191:478–80
Asberg, M., Schalling, D., Traskman-Bendz, L., & Wagner., A. (1987). Psychobiology of suicide, impulsivity and related phenomena. In Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. H.Y. Meltzer (Ed.). Raven Press, New York.
Bernstein, I., Williams, L., & Ramsay, M. (1983). The expression of aggression in old world monkeys. International Journal of Primatology, 4: 113–124.
Blennow, K., Wallin, A., Gottfries, C.G., Karlsson, I., Mansson, J.E., Skoog, I., Wikkelson, C., & Svennerholm, L. (1993) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in 114 healthy individuals 18–88 years of age. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 3(1):55–61.
Brewerton, T.D., Berrettini, W.H., Nurnberger, J.I., & Linnoila, M. (1988). Analysis of seasonal fluctuations of CSF monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in normal controls: Findings with 5-HIAA and HVA. Psychiatry Research, 23:257–265.
Brewerton, T.D., Flament, M.F., Rapoport, J.L., & Murphy, D.L. (1993). Seasonal effects on platelet 5-HT content in patients with OCD and controls. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(5):409.
Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F.K., Ballenger, J.C., Goyer, P.F., & Major, L.F. (1979). Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Research, 1:131–139.
Brown, G.L., Ebert, M.H., Goyer, P.F., Jimerson, D.C., Klein, W.J., Bunney, W.E., & Goodwin, F.K. (1982). Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: Relationships to CSF amine metabolites. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139:741–746.
Brown, G.L., Kline, W., Goyer, P., Minichello, M., Kruesi, M., & Goodwin, F.K. (1986). Relationship of childhood characteristics to cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in aggressive adults. In C Shagass, RC Josiassen, WH Bridger, KJ Weiss, D Stoff, GM Simpson (Eds.) Biological Psychiatry. (chap 7. pp.l77–179). New York: Elsevier Science Publishing.
Brown, G.L., & Linnoila, M.I. (1990). CSF serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) studies in depression, impulsivity, and violence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51:31–41.
Castellanos, F.X., Elia, J., Kruesi, M.J., Gulotta, C.S., Mefford, I.N., Potter, W.Z., Ritchie, G. F., & Rapoport, J.L. (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 52(3):305–316.
Chamberlain, B., Ervin, F.R., Pihl, R.O., & Young, S.N. (1987). The effect of raising or lowering tryptophan levels aggression in vervet monkeys. Pharmacology Biochemical Behavior, 28:503–510.
Clarke, A.S., Kammerer, C.M., George, K.P., Kupfer, D.J., McKinney, W.T., Spence, M.A., & Kraemer, G.W. (1995) Evidence for heritability of biogenic amine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 38 (9):572–577.
Cleare, A.J., & Bond, A.J. (1994, December). Effects of alterations in plasma tryptophan levels on aggressive feelings [Letter to the editor]. Archives of General Psychiatry. 51:1004–1005.
Coccaro, E. F., Siever, L.J., Klar, H.M., Maurer, G., Cochrane, K., Cooper, T.B., Mohs, R.C., & Davis, K.L. (1989). Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personalty disorders: Correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Archives General Psychiatry, 46(7):587–99.
Coccaro, E.F., Kavoussi, R.J., & Lesser, J.C. (1992). Self-and other-directed human aggression: The role of the central serotonergic system. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 6, Suppl. (6) 70–83.
Coccaro, E.F., Kavoussi, R.J., Sheline, Y.I., Lish, J.D., & Czemasky, J.G. (1996). Impulsive aggression in personality disorder correlates with tritiated paroxetine binding in the platelet. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53:531–536.
Cohen, D.J., Caparulo, B.K., Shaywitz, B.A., & Bower, M.B.J. (1977). Dopamine and serotonin metabolism in neuropsychiatrically disturbed children: CSF homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34:545–550.
Cook, E.H., Anderson, G.M., Heninger, G.R., Fletcher, K.E., et al. (1992). Tryptophan loading in hyperserotonemic and normoserotonemic adults. Biological Psychiatry, 31:525–8.
Cook, E., & Kruesi, M.J.P. (in press). Neurochemical measures. In D. Shaffer, J. Richters (Eds.) Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology. Second Edition.
Czernansky, J.G., Faull, K.F., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1988). Seasonal changes in CSF monoamine metabolites in psychiatric patients: What is the source? Psychiatry Research, 25:361–363.
Donnelly, M., Rapoport, J.L., Potter, W.Z., Oliver, J., Keysor, C.S., & Murphy, D.L. (1989). Fentluramine and dextroamphetamine treatment of childhood hyperactivity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46:205–212.
Durkheim, E. (1952). Suicide: A study in sociology (J.A. Spaulding & C. Simpson. Trans.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Original work published in 1897)
Egrise, D., Rubenstein, M., Schoutens, A., Cantraine, F., & Mendelewicz, J. (1986). Seasonal variation of platelet serotonin uptake and 3H-imipramine binding in normal and depressed subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 21:283–293.
Eison, A.S., Yocca, F. D., & Gianutsos, G. (1988). Noradrenergic denervation alters serotonin2-mediates behavior but not serotonin2 receptor number in rats: modulatory role of beta adrenergic receptors. Journal of Pharmacologic Experimental Therapy, 246:571–577.
Engleberg, H. (1992). Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Lancet, 339:727–729.
Faustman, W.O., Ringo, D.L., & Faull, K.F. (1993). An association between low level of 5-HIAA and HVA in cerebrospinal fluid and early mortality in a diagnostically mixed psychiatric sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163:519–21.
Fernstrom, J.D., & Wurtman, R.J. (1972). Brain serotonin content: Physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science, 178:414–416.
Garelis, E., Young, S.N., Lal, S., Sourkes, T.L. (1974). Monoamine metabolites in lumbar CSF: The question of their origin in relation to clinical studies. Brain Research, 79: 1–8.
Ghaziuddin, N., & Alessi, N. (1992). An open clinical trial of trazodone in aggressive children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2 291–298.
Gedye, A. (1991). Buspirone alone or with serotonergic diet reduced aggression in a developmentally disabled adult. Biological Psychiatry, 30:88–91.
Golden, R.N., Gilmore, J.H., Corrigan, M.H., Ekstrom, R.D., Knight, B.T., & Garbutt, J.C. (1991). Serotonin, suicide and aggression: clinical studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, supp1:61–69.
Greendyke, R.M., & Kanter, D. (1986). Therapeutic effects of pindolol on behavioral disease: A double blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47(8): 423–426.
Greendyke, R.M., Kanter, D.R., Schuster, D. B., Verstraete, S., & Wooton, J.A. (1986). Propranolol treatments of assaultive patients with organic brain disease. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(5):290–294.
Halperin, J.M., Vanshdeep, S., Siever, L.J., Schwartz, S.T., Matier, K., Wornell, G., & Newcorn, J.H. (1994). Serotonergic function in aggressive and nonaggressive boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:243–248.
Heninger, G.R., Delgado, P.L., Charney, D.S., Price, L.H., & Aghajanian, G.K. (1992). Tryptophan deficient diet and amino acid drink deplete plasma tryptophan and induce a relapse of depression in susceptible patients. Joumal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 5:347–8
Higley, J.D., Mehlman, P.T., Taub, D.M., Higley, S.B., Suomi, S.J., Vickers, J.H., & Linnoila, M. (1992): Cerebrospinal tluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:436–441.
Higley, J.D., Suomi, S.J., & Linnoila M (1992a): A longitudinal assessment of CSF monoamine metabolite and plasma cortisol concentrations in young rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 32: 127–145.
Higley, J.D., Mehlman, P.T., Higley, S.B., Fernald, B., Vickers, J., Lindell, S.G., Taub, D.M., Suomi, S.J., & Linnoila, M. (1996). Excessive mortality in young free-ranging male nonhuman primates with low cerebrospinal tluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53:537–543.
Huesmann, L.R., Eron, L.D., Lefkowitz, M.M., & Walder, L.O. (1984). Stability of aggression overtime and generations. Developmental Psychology, 20: 1120–1134.
Jacobsen, T., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30(1): 112–14.
Jacobsen, T., Hofmann, V. (in press). Children’s attachment representations: Longitudinal relations to school behavior and academic competency in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology.
Kaplan, J.R., Manuck, S.B., Shively, C. (1991). The effects of fat and cholesterol on social behavior in monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53:634–642.
Kaplan, J.R., Shively, C.A., Fontenot, M.B., Morgan, T.M., Howell, S.M., Manuck, S.B., Muldoon, M.F., & Mann, J.J. (1994). Demonstration of an association among dietary cholesterol, central serotonergic activity, and social behavior in monkeys. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56(6):479–84.
Koponen, H.J., Lepola, U., Leinonen, E. (1994). A long-term follow-up study of cerebrospinal tluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in delirium. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 244 (3): 131–134.
Kraemer, G.W., & Clarke, A.S. (in press). Social attachment, brain function and aggression. Annals of New York Academy of Science.
Kruesi, M.J.P., Linnoila, M., Rapoport, J.L., Brown, G.C., & Petersen, R. (1985). Carbohydrate craving, conduct disorder and low CSF 5-HIAA. Psychiatry Research, 16:83–86.
Kruesi, M.J.P., Swedo, S.E., Hamburger, S.D., Potter, W.Z., & Rapoport, J.L. (1988). Concentration gradient of CSF monoamine metabolites in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 24:507–514.
Kruesi, M.J.P. (1989). Cruelty to animals and CSF 5-HIAA. Psychiatry Research, 28, 115–116.
Kruesi, M.J.P., Rapoport, J.L., Hamburger, S., Hibbs, E., Potter, W.Z., Lenane, M., & Brown, G.L. (1990). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47,419–426.
Kruesi, M.J.P., Hibbs, E. D., Zahn, T.P., Keysor, C.S., Hamburger, S.D., Bartko,.J., & Rapoport, J.L. (1992). A 2-year prospective follow-up study of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Prediction by cerebrospinal tluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and autonomic measures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 429–435.
Kruesi, M.J.P., & Lelio, D.F. (1996). Disorders of conduct and behavior. In J. Weiner (Ed.). Diagnosis and Psychopharmacology of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders (pp. 401–447) Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kuperman, S., & Stewart, M.A. (1987). Use of propranolol to decrease aggressive outbursts in younger patients. Psychosomatics, 28(6), 315–319.
Langlais, P.J., Walsh, F. X., Bird, E.D. & Levy, H.L. (1985). Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter metabolites in neurologically normal infants and children. Pediatrics, 75:580–86.
Lester, D. (1995). The concentration of neurotransmitter metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicidal individuals; a meta-analysis. Pharmacopsychiatry, 28(2):45–50.
Linkowski, P., Martin, F., & De Maertelaer, V. (1992). Effect of some climatic factors on violent and non-violent suicides in Belgium. Journal of Effective Disorders, 25(3); 161–6
Linnoila, M., Virkkunen, M., Scheinin, M., Nuutila, A., Rimon, R., & Goodwin, F.K. (1983). Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from non impulsive violent behavior. Life Sciences, 33:2609–2614.
Linnoila, V.M., & Virkkunen, M. (1992). Aggression, suicidality, and serotonin. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53 (Suppl.), 36–51.
Lucas, A., Morley, R., Cole, T.J., Lister, G., & Leeson-Payne, C. (1992). Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet, 339;261–4.
Lucas, A. Morley, R., Cole, T.J., & Gore, S.M. (1994). A randomised multicentre study of human milk versus formula and later development in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 70, 141–6.
Maes, M., Scharpe, S., Verkerk, R., D’Hondt, P., Peeters, D., Cosyns, P., Thompson, P., De Meyer, F., Wauters, A., & Neels, H. (1995). Seasonal Variation in Plasma L-Tryptophan Availability in Healthy Volunteers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52:937–946.
Mann, J., McBride, P., Anderson, G., & Mieczkowski, T. (1992). Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed inpatients; Correlations with acute and life-time psychopathology. Biological Psychiatry, 32,243–257.
Mann, J.J., McBride, P.A., Brown, R.P., Linnoila, M., Leon, A.C., DeMeo, M., Mieczkowski, T., Myers, J.E., & Stanley, M. (1992a). Relationship between central and peripheral serotonin indexes in depressed and suicidal psychiatric inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(6):442–6
Markowitz, P. (1992). Effect of fluoxetine on self-injurious behavior in the developmentally disabled; A preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12(1), 27–31.
Matthews-Ferrari, K., & Karroum, N. (1992). Metoprolol for aggression. In; Letters to the editor. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 994.
Mefford, I.N., Ward, M.M., Miles, L., Taylor, B., Chesney, M.A., Keegan, D.L., & Barchas, J.D. (1981). Determination of plasma catecholamines and free 3,4-dihidroxyphenolacetic acid in continuously collected human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Life Science, 28, 477–483.
Mehlman, P.T., Higley, J.D., Faucher, I., Lilly, A.A., Taub, D.M., Vickers, J., Suomi, SJ., Linnoila, M. (1994). Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151; 1485–91.
Mehlman, P.T., Higley J.D., Faucher, I., Lilly, A.A., Taub, D.M., Vickers, J., Suomi, S.J., Linnoila, M. (1995). Correlation of CSF 5-HlAA concentration with sociality and the timing of emigration in free-ranging primates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152;901–13.
Michael, R.P., & Zumpe, D. (1983). Annual rhythms in human violence and sexual aggression in the United States and the role of temperature. Social Biology, 30(3):263–78.
Michael, R.P., & Zumpe, D. (1983a). Sexual violence in the United States and the role of season. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140;883–6.
Michael, R.P., & Zumpe, D. (1986). An annual rhythm in the battering of women. American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (5);631–40.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5; 135–151.
Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Fawcett, P., Brammer, G.L., Raleigh, M., Yuwiler, A., & Silva, P. (in press). Whole blood serotonin and family background relate to male violence. In A. Raine, D. F31Tington, P. Brennan. & S.A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence. New York: Plenum Publishing.
Moss, H.B., Yao, J.K., & Panzak, G.L. (1990). Serotonergic responsivity and behavioral dimensions in antisocial personality disorder with substance abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 28;325–338.
Muldoon, M.F., Manuck, S.B., Matthews, K.A. (1990). Lowering cholesterol concentrations and normality; A quantitative review of primary prevention trials. British Medical Journal, 301:309–314.
Neaton J.D., Blackburn, H., Jacobs, D., et al. (1992). Serum cholesterol level and mortality findings for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 152; 1490–1500.
Nordin, C., Swedin, A., Zachau, A. (1992). CSF 5-HIAA and Atmospheric Pressure. Biological Psychiatry, 31:644–645.
Nordstrom, P., Samuelsson, M., Asberg, M., Traskman-Bendz, L., Nordin, C., & Bertilsson, L. (1994). CSF 5-HIAA predicts suicide risk after attempted suicide. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 24(1); 1–9.
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: a review. Psychological Bulletin, 86;852–15.
O’Neill, M., Page, N., & Adkins, W.N. (1986). Tryptophan-trazodone treatment of aggressive behavior. Lancet, 19(11), 859–860.
Oxenstierna, G., Edman, G., Iselius, L., Oreland, L., Ross, S.B., & Sedvall, G. (1986). Concentrations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of twins and unrelated individuals: a genetic study. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 20: 19–29.
Pinner, E., & Rich, C. (1988). Effects of trazodone on aggressive behavior in seven patients with organic mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1295–1296.
Potter, W., & Manji, H. (1993). Are monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid worth measuring? Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 653–656.
Pranzatelli, M.R. (1994). Serotonin and human myoclonus. Archive of Neurology, 51:605–617.
Raine, A, Brennan, P., & Mednick, S.A. (1994). Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51:984–988.
Raine, A., Brennan, P, Mednick, B., & Mednick, S. (1996). High rates of violence, crime, academic problems, and behavioral problems in males with both early neuromotor deficits and unstable family environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53:544–549.
Raleigh, M.J., Brammer, G.L., & McGuire, M.T. (1983). Male dominance, serotonergic systems, and the behavioral and physiological effects of drugs in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in Ethopharmacology: Primate models of neuropsychiatric disorders. K. Miczek (Ed.). Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York.
Raleigh, M.F., McGuire, M.T., Brammer, G.L., & Yuwiler, A. (1984). Social and environmental influences on blood serotonin concentrations in monkeys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41:405–410.
Raleigh, M.J., Brammer, G.L., McGuire, M.T., & Yuwiler, A. (1985). Dominant social status facilitates the behavioral effects of serotonergic agonists. Brain Research, 348:274–83.
Raleigh, M.J., McGuire, M.T., Brammer, G.L., Pollack, D.B. & Yuwiler, A. (1991). Serotonergic mechanisms promote dominance acquisition in adult male vervet monkey. Brain Research, 559, 181–190.
Rao, U., Carson, G.A., Rappaport, M.D. (1991). Serum cholesterol and aggressive behavior in psychiatrically hospitalized children. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 83:77–78.
Ratey, J.J., Morill, R., & Oxenkrug, G. (1983). Use of propranolol for provoked and unprovoked episodes of rage. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(10), 1356–1357.
Ratey, J.J., Sovner, R., Mikkelson, E., & Chmielinski, H.E. (1989). Buspirone therapy for maladaptive behavior and anxiety in developmentally disabled persons. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 382–384.
Ratey, J.J., Sorgi, P., O’Driscoll, G.A., Sands, S., Daehler, M. L., Fletcher, J.R., Kadish, W., Spruiell, G., Polakoff, S., Lindem, K.J., Bemporad, J.R., Richardson, L., & Rosenfeld, B. (1992). Nadolol to treat aggression and psychiatric symptomatology in chronic psychiatric inpatients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(2), 41–46.
Realmuto, G.M., August, G.J., & Garfinkel, B.D. (1989). Clinical effect of buspirone in autistic children. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, 122–125.
Riddle, M.A., Anderson, G.M., Mcintosh, S., Harcherik, D.F., Shaywitz, B.A., & Cohen, D.J. (1986). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine precursor and metabolite levels in children treated for leukemia: age and sex effects and individual variability. Biological Psychiatry, 21:69–83.
Ringo, D.L., Lindley, S.E., Faull, K.F., & Faustman, W.O. (1994). Cholesterol and serotonin: seeking a possible link between blood cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA. Biological Psychiatry, 35:957–9.
Rosenberg, D.R., Johnson, K., & Sahl, R. (1992). Evolving mania in an adolescent treated with low-dose fluoxetine. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2, 299–306.
Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D. A., Wehr, T.A. (1983). In T.A. Wehr & F.K. Goodwin (Eds.), Circadian Rhythms and Affective Disorders (pp. 185–201). Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove, CA
Roy, A., DeJong, J., & Linnoila, M. (1989). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46:609–612.
Roy, A., Adinoff, B., DeJong, J., & Linnoila, M. (1991). Cerebrospinal fluid variables among alcoholics lack seasonal variation. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 84, 579–582.
Roy, A. (1993). Serotonin, suicide and schizophrenia (letter). Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38(5): 369.
Salomon, R.M., Mazure, C.M., Delgado, P.L., Mendia, P., Charney, D.S. (1994). Serotonin function in aggression: the effect of acute plasma tryptophan depletion in aggressive patients. Biological Psychiatry 35:570–2.
Seifert, W.E., Foxx, J.F., Butler, I.J. (1980). Age effect on dopamine and serotonin metabolite levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Annals of Neurology, 8:38–42.
Seilkowitz, M., Sunman, J., Pendergast, A., et at. (1990). Fenfluramine in prader-willi syndrome: A double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Archives of Disease of Childhood, 65, 112–114.
Shaywitz, B.A., Cohen, D.J., & Bowers, M.B., Jr. (1977). CSF monoamine metabolites in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Evidence for alteration of brain dopamine. A preliminary report. Journal of Pediatrics, 90,76–71.
Shetty, T., & Chase, T.N. (1976). Central monoamines and hyperkinase of childhood. Neurology, 26, 1000–1002.
Smith, S.E., Pihl, R.O., Young, S. W., & Ervin, F.R. (1985). Psychopharmacology, 87:173–177.
Stanley, M., Traskman-Bendz, L., & Dorovini-Zis, K. (1985). Correlations between aminergic metabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF and brain. Life Science, 37, 1279–1286.
Stein, D.J., Hollander, E., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1993). Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5:9–17.
Stewart, A.M., Stewart, S.G. (1981). Serum cholesterol in antisocial personality: failure to replicate earlier findings. Neuropsychobiology, 7:9–11.
Stoff, D.M., Pasatiempo, A.P., Yeung, J., Cooper, T.B., Bridger, W.H., & Rabinovich, H. (1992). Neuroendocrine responses to challenge with dl-fenfluramine and aggression in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 43(3), 263–276.
Swade, C., & Coppen, A. (1980). Seasonal variations in biochemical factors related to depressive illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 249–255.
Swedo, S.E., Kruesi, M.J.P., Leonard, H.L., Hamburger, S.D., Cheslow, D.L., Stipetic, M., & Potter, W.Z. (1989). Lack of seasonal variation in pediatric lumbar cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 80:644–649.
Tolan, P.H., & Guerra, N.G. (1994). What works in reducing adolescent violence: An empirical review of the field. Monograph prepared for the Center for the Study and Prevention of Youth Violence. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.
Traskman L., Asberg, M., Bertilsson, L., & Sjostrand, L. (1981). Monoamine metabolites and suicidal behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38: 631–636.
Virkkunen, M. (1979). Serum cholesterol in antisocial personality. Neuropsychobiology, 5:27–30.
Virkkunen, M. (1983). Serum cholesterol levels in homicidal offenders: Aloe cholesterol level is connected with a habitually violent tendency under the influence of alcohol. Neuropsychobiology, 10:65–69.
Virkkunen, M., & Penttinen, H. (1984). Serum cholesterol in aggressive conduct disorder: A preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry, 19:435–439.
Virkkunen, M., Eggert, M., Rawlings, R., & Linnoila, M. (1989). A prospective follow-up study of alcoholic violent offenders and fire setters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(6):523–529.
Virkkunen, M., Goldman, D., Nielsen, D.A., & Linnoila, M. (1995). Low brain serotonin turnover rate (low CSF 5-HIAA) and impulsive violence. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 20(4):271–5.
Virkkunen, M., Eggert, M., Rawlings, R., & Linnoila, M. (1996). A prospective follow-up study of alcoholic violent offenders and fire setters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53:523–529.
Volavka, J., Crowner, M., Brizer, D., Convit, A., et al. (1990). Tryptophan treatment of aggressive psychiatric inpatients. Biological Psychiatry, 28:728–32.
Wirz-Justice, A., Lichsteiner, M., & Feer, H. (1977). Diurnal and seasonal variations in human platelet serotonin in man. Journal of Neural Transmission, 41:7–15.
Yeh, S., Fricke, R.A., & Edwards, D.H. (1996). The effect of social experience on serotonergic modulation of the escape circuit of crayfish. Science, 271:366–69.
Yodyinyuad, U., DeLaRiva, D. H., Herbert, J., & Keverne, E.B. (1985). Relationship between dominance hierarchy, cerebrospinal fluid levels of amine transmitter metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid) and plasma cortisol in monkeys. Neuroscience, 16:851–8.
Young, S.N., Smith, S.E., Pihl, R., & Ervin, F.R. (1985). Tryptophan depletion causes a rapid lowering of mood in normal males. Psychopharmacology, 87:173–177.
Yudofsky, S., Williams, D., & Gorman, J. (1981). Propranolol in the treatment of rage and violent behavior in patients with chronic brain syndromes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138:218–220.
Zhang, B., & Harris-Warrick, R.M. (1994). Multiple receptors mediate the modulatory effects of serotonergic neurons in a small neural network. Journal Exp Biology, 190:55–77.
Zubieta, J., & Alessi, N. (1992). Acute and chronic administration of trazodone in the treatment of disruptive behavior disorders in children. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12:346–351.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kruesi, M.J.P., Jacobsen, T. (1997). Serotonin and Human Violence. In: Raine, A., Brennan, P.A., Farrington, D.P., Mednick, S.A. (eds) Biosocial Bases of Violence. Nato ASI Series, vol 292. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4648-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4648-8_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4650-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4648-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive