Abstract
Cellular growth is the result of a very large number of chemical reactions that occur inside individual cells. These reactions include formation of Gibbs free energy, which is used to fuel all the other reactions, biosynthesis of building blocks from substrates, polymerization of the building blocks into macromolecules, and assembly of macromolecules into organdies. In order to ensure orderly and energy-efficient growth, most of these reactions have to be tightly coupled, and the flux through the various pathways inside the cell is therefore carefully controlled. This is illustrated by a few simple observations concerning the bacterium Escherichia colt [Ingraham et al. (1983)]; see Table 2.1.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ainsworth, G. C. and Sussman, A. S. (1965). The Fungi, Vol. I-III, Academic Press, New York. Atkinson, D. E. (1977). Cellular Energy Metabolism and Its Regulation, Academic Press, London.
Benthin, S. (1992). Growth and Product Formation of Lactococcus Cremoris, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
Benthin, S., Nielsen, J., and Villadsen, J. (1991). “Characterization and application of precise and robust flow-injection analysers for on-line measurements during fermentations,” Anal. Chim. Acta 247, 45 50.
Benthin, S., Schultze, U., Nielsen, J., and Villadsen, J. (1994). “Growth energetics of Lactococcus cremoris FDI during energy, carbon, and nitrogen limitation in steady state and transient cultures, Chem. Eng. Sci. 49, 589–609.
Cook, A. H. (1958). The Chemistry and Biology of Yeasts, Academic Press, New York.
Dekkers, J. G. J., de Kok, H. E., and Roels, J. A. (1981). “Energetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426: Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic glucose limitation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 13, 1023 1035.
Erickson, L. E., Minkevich, I. G., and Eroshin, V. K. (1978). “Application of mass and energy balance regularities in fermentation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 20, 1595–1621.
Goldberg, I. and Rokem, J. S. (1991). Biology of Methylotrophs, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. Guerts, Th. G. E., de Kok, H. E., and Roels, J. A. (1980). “A quantitative description of the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 342 on a mixed substrate of glucose and ethanol,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 22, 20–31.
Herbert, D. (1959). “Some principles of continuous cultures,” Tunewall, G. ed., Recent Prog. Microbiol. 7, 381–396.
Herbert, D. (1976). “Stoichiometric Aspects of Microbial Growth,” in Continuous Culture, A. R. C. Dean, D. C. Ellwood, C. G. T. Evans, and J. Melling, eds., Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, 1–30.
Ingraham, J. L., Maaloe, O., and Neidhardt, F. C. (1983). Growth of the Bacterial Cell, Sinnauer Associates Inc, Sunderland.
Katchalsky, A. and Curran, F. P. (1965). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics, Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA.
Luedeking, R. and Piret, E. L. (1959). “A kinetic study of the lactic acid fermentation. Batch process at controlled pH,” J. Biochem. Microbiol. Technol. Eng. 1, 393–412.
Meyenburg, K. von (1969). Katabolit-Repression und der Sprossungszyklus von Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ph.D. thesis, ETH, Zürich.
Mitchell, P. (1968). Chemiosmotic coupling and energy transduction, Clynn Research, Bodmin, Cornwall, UK.
Müller, R. H. and Babel, W. (1984). “Glucose as an auxiliary substrate,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20, 195–200.
Nielsen, J., Nikolajsen, K., and Villadsen, J. (1991a). “Structured modelling of a microbial system I.Theoretical study of the lactic acid fermentation, ”Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38 1–10.
Nielsen, J., Nikolajsen, K., and Villadsen, J. (1991b). “Structured modelling of a microbial system II. Experimental verification of a structured lactic acid fermentation model,” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38, 11–23.
Oura, E. (1983). “Biomass from carbohydrates,” in Biotechnology, H. Dellweg, ed., Vol. 3, 3–42.
Pirt, S. J. (1965). “The maintenance energy of bacteria in growing cultures,” Proc. Royal Soc. London Ser. B 163, 224–231.
Rods, J. A. (1983). Energetics and Kinetics in Biotechnology, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam. Rose, A. H. and Harrison, J. S. (1989). The Yeasts, Vol. I-IV, Academic Press, London.
Rottenberg, H. (1979). “Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of energy conversion in bioenergetics,” Biochem. Biophys. Acta 549, 225–253.
Senior, A. E. (1988). “ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation,” Physiol. Rev. 68, 177–231.
Sjöberg, A. and Hahn-Hägerdal, B. (1989). ß-glucose-l-phosphate, a possible mediator for polysaccharide formation in maltose-assimilating Lactococcus lattis, “ Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 1549–1554.
Stein, W. D. (1990). Channels, Carriers, and Pumps. An Introduction to Membrane Transport, Academic Press, San Diego.
Stouthamer, A. H. (1979). “The search for correlation between theoretical and experimental growth yields,” in Microbial Biochemistry, J. R. Quayle, ed., Vol. 21, 1–48.
Stryer, L. (1981). Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Fransisco.
Stucki, J. W. (1980). “The optimal efficiency and the economic degrees of coupling of oxidative phosphorylation,” Eur. J. Biochem. 109, 269–283.
Theobald, U., Mailinger, W., Reuss, M., and Rizzi, M. (1993). “In vivo analysis of glucose-induced fast changes in yeast adenine nucleotide pool applying a rapid sampling technique,” Anal. Biochem. 214 31–37.
Walter, A. and Gutknecht, J. (1986). “Permeability of small nonelectrolytes through lipid bilayer membranes,” J. Membrane Biol. 90, 207–217.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nielsen, J., Villadsen, J. (1994). Cellular Growth Reactions. In: Bioreaction Engineering Principles. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4645-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4645-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4647-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4645-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive