Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Common Integument (Skin)

  • Chapter
Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation

Abstract

From anatomical and physiological aspects, it is appropriate to consider the skin in a review of the pathophysiological consequences of exposure to RF/MW energy. Because the skin covers the entire body, it has the greatest potential for most immediate exposure; it also contains the nerve endings for thermal sensation of microwave energy and plays an important part in thermal regulation of animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Addington, C. H., C. Osborn, G. Swartz, F. P. Fischer, and Y. T. Sarkees (1959) Thermal effects of 200 megacycles (CW) irradiation as related to shape, location, and orientation in the field. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Ef f ects of Microwave Radiating Equipments, C. Süsskind (ed.). University of California, Berkeley, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, R. P., and W. B. Shelley (1959) The innervation of human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 32: 397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C. H., and R. J. Hall (1969) Cutaneous Sensitivity: A Review of Some Literature, Problems, and Approaches. Human Factors, Inc., Goleta, Calif., Technical Memorandum 21–69, AMCMS 5016.11. 84400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilisoly, F. N., H. Goodell, and H. G. Wolff (1954) Vasodilatation, lowered pain threshold and increased tissue vulnerability: Effects dependent upon peripheral nerve function. AMA Arch. Intern Med. 94: 759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, A., H. F. Cook, and T. J. Buchanan (1950) Effects of microwaves: A preliminary investigation. Br. J. Phys. Med. 13: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boysen, J. (1953) Hyperthermic and pathologic effects of electromagnetic radiation (350 mc). AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 7: 516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, T. H., and F. P. J. Diecke (1956) Properties of an infrared receptor. J. Physiol. (London) 134: 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. W., and D. Binda (1956) Individual difference in pain thresholds. Can. J. Psychol. 10: 69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, H. F. (1952a) The pain threshold for microwave and infrared radiation. J. Physiol. (London) 118: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, H. F. (1952b) A physical investigation of the heat production in human tissues when exposed to microwaves. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 3: 249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E., and Y. Zotterman (1952a) Mode of action of warm receptors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 26: 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E., and Y. Zotterman (1952b) The discharge of specific cold fibers at high temperatures (the paradoxical cold). Acta Physiol. Scand. 26: 358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eijkman, E., and A. J. H. Vendrick (1961) Dynamic behavior of the warmth sense organ. J. Exp. Psychol. 62: 403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle, J. P., J. F. Herrick, K. G. Wakim, J H Grindlay, and F. H. Krusen (1950) The effects of microwaves on bone and bone marrow, and on adjacent tissues. Arch. Phys. Med. 31: 453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Essman, L., and C. Wise (1950) Local effects of microwave radiation on tissues in the albino rat. Arch. Phys. Med. 31: 502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, E., and S. Solomon (1965) Physiological responses to heat and cold. In: Therapeutic Heat and Cold, 2nd edition, S. H. Licht (ed.). E. Licht, New Haven, Conn., p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilstrap, L. O., Jr., J. S. McNeil, L. P. Greenberg, and R. B. Spodak (1964) A Compilation of Biological Laws, Effects, and Phenomena with Associated Physical Analogs. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D. (1953) Thresholds of pain and reflex contraction as related to noxious stimulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 5: 725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D. (1965) Thermal radiation, pain, and injury. In: Therapeutic Heat and Cold, 2nd edition, S. H. Licht (ed.). E. Licht, New Haven, Conn., p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., and T. W. Oppel (1937) Studies in temperature sensation. III. The sensitivity of the body to heat and the spatial summation of the end organ responses. J. Clin. Invest. 16: 533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., and T. W. Oppel (1938) Studies in temperature sensation. IV. The stimulation of cold sensation by radiation. J. Clin. Invest. 17: 771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., and A. M. Stoll (1954) Measurement of the radiant heat load on man in summer and winter. J. Appl. Physiol. 7: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., H. Wolff, and H. Goodell (1947) Studies on pain: Discrimination of differences in intensity of a pain stimulus as a basis of a scale of pain intensity. J. Clin. Invest. 26: 1152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., H. Goodell, and H. G. Wolff (1951) Influence of skin temperature upon pain threshold as evoked by thermal radiation. Science 114: 149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., H. G. Wolff, and H. Goodell (1952) Pain Sensations and Reactions. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, E. (1968) Cutaneous receptor response to microwave irradiation. In: Thermal Problems in Aerospace Medicine, J. D. Hardy (ed.). NATO, Unwin, England, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, E., and J. D. Hardy (1960) Infrared and microwave effects on skin heating and temperature sensation. IRE 12th Annual Conference on Electrical Techniques in Medicine and Biology 7: 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendler, E., J. D. Hardy, and D. Murgatroyd (1963) Skin heating and temperature sensation produced by infrared and microwave irradiation. In: Temperature—Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, J. D. Hardy (ed.). Reinhold, New York, p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, F. C., Jr. (1947) Studies of thermal injury. V. The predictability and the significance of thermally-induced rate processes leading to irreversible epidermal injury. Arch. Pathol. 43: 489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriques, F. C., Jr., and A. R. Moritz (1947) Studies of thermal injury. I. The conduction of heat to and through skin and the temperatures attained therein. A theoretical and experimental investigation. Am. J. Pathol. 23: 531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. (1950) Temperaturempfindung und intracutane Warmbewegung. Pfluegers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere 252: 165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. (1963) Electrophysiology of thermosensitive nerve endings. In: Temperature—Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, J. D. Hardy (ed.). Reinhold, New York, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., and Y. Zotterman (1951) Quantitative Beziehungen zwischen der Entladung einzelner Kaltefasem und der Temperatur. Acta Physiol. Scand. 23: 291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howland, J. W., and S. Michaelson (1959) Studies on the biological effects of microwave irradiation of the dog and rabbit. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiating Equipments, C. Süsskind (ed.). University of California, Berkeley, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keplinger, M. L. (1958) Review of the work conducted at the University of Miami. In:

    Google Scholar 

  • Proceedings of the Second Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Energy,E. G. Pattishall and F. W. Banghart (eds.). University of Virginia, Charlottesville, p. 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, J. C. (1969) Effect of pulsed microwaves at X-band on skin metabolism. Non-loniz. Radiat. 1: 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, J. F., G. D. Brunner, and R. W. Stow (1958) Pain threshold measurements after therapeutic application of ultrasound, microwaves, and infrared. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 39: 560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lele, P. P., G. Weddell, and C. W. Williams (1954) The relationship between heat transfer, skin temperature, and cutaneous sensitivity. J. Physiol. (London) 126: 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin, M., and J. D. Hardy (1954) Measurement of some thermal properties of human tissues. Fed. Proc. 13: 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelson, S. M. (1972) Cutaneous perception of microwaves. J. Microwave Power 7:67. Michaelson, S. M., R. A. E. Thomson, and J. W. Howland (1961) Physiologic aspects of microwave irradiation of mammals. Am. J . Physiol. 201: 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelson, S. M., R. A. E. Thomson, and J. W. Howland (1967) Biologic Effects of Microwave Exposure. Tech. Rep. RADC-TR-67–461. Griffiss AFB, Rome Air Development Center, Rome, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montagna, W. (1956) The Structure and Function of Skin. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, A. R., and F. C. Henriques, Jr. (1947) Studies of thermal injury. II. Relative importance of time and surface temperature in causation of cutaneous burns. Am. J. Physiol. 23: 695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nieset, R. T., R. Baus, Jr., R. D. McAfee, J. T. Friedman, A. S. Hyde, and J. D. Fleming, Jr. (1958) Review of the work conducted at Tulane University. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Energy, E. G. Pattishall and F. W. Banghart (eds.). University of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. 202-214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppel, T. W., and J. D. Hardy (1937a) Studies in temperature sensation. I. A comparison of the sensation produced by infrared and visible radiation. J. Clin. Invest. 16: 517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oppel, T. W., and J. D. Hardy (1937b) Studies in temperature sensation. II. The temperature changes responsible for the stimulation of the heat end organs. J. Clin. Invest. 16: 525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osipov, Y. A., and T. V. Kalyada (1964) Temperature response of the skin during irradiation with microwaves of low intensity. JPRS 23287, p. 73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, P., and G. W. Casarett (1968) Skin and adnexa. In: Clinical Radiation Pathology, Vol. 1. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushmer, R. F., K. J. K. Buettner, J. M. Short, and G. F. Odland (1966) The skin. Science 1.54:343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwan, H. P., A. Anne, and L. Sher (1966) Heating of Living Tissue. Report NAEC-ACEL-534, U.S. Naval Air Engineering Center, Aerospace Crew Equipment Lab., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, D. C. (1955) Cutaneous sensation and the doctrine of specific energy. Brain 78: 584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slabospitskiy, A. A. (1965a) Morphological changes in the skin of white rats exposed to centimeter range radio waves. In: Problems of the Biophysics and Mode of Action of Radiation. Transi. JPRS 34963, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabospitskiy, A. A. (1965b) The mechanism of action of microwaves on the skin. Fiziol. Zh. SSR im. I.M. Sechenova 11: 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbach, F. (ed.) (1969) The Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (with Emphasis on the Skin). Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vendrick, A., and J. Vos (1958) Comparison of the stimulation of the thermal sense organ by microwave and infrared radiation. J. Appl. Physiol. 13: 435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, 1846, cited by Hendler, E. (1968) Cutaneous receptor response to microwave irradiation. In: Thermal Problems in Aerospace Medicine, J. D. Hardy (ed.). NATO, Unwin, England, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G. (1980) Studies related to the mechanism of common sensibility. In: Advances in Biology of Skin, Vol. 1, W. Montague (ed.). Pergamon Press, New York, p. 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G., W. Pallie, and E. Palmer (1954) The morphology of peripheral nerve terminations in the skin. J . Microsc. Sci. 95: 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M., and W. D. Ward (1952) Influence of skin temperature upon pain threshold as evoked by thermal radiation-a confirmation. Science 115: 499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, H. G., and J. D. Hardy (1947) On the nature of pain. Physiol. Rev. 27: 167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worden, R. E., J. F. Herrick, K. G. Wakim, and F. H. Krusen (1948) The heating effects of microwaves with and without ischemia. Arch. Phys. Med. 29: 751.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA

    Sol M. Michaelson

  2. University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    James C. Lin

Authors
  1. Sol M. Michaelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James C. Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Michaelson, S.M., Lin, J.C. (1987). The Common Integument (Skin). In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3202-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4614-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation