Skip to main content

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to describe and evaluate the conditioned suppression technique for the measurement of sensory thresholds in animals. Conditioned suppression was described by Estes and Skinner in 1941, but the technique was not used in animal psychophysics until recently. In a conditioned suppression experiment, a warning stimulus, which is terminated with a brief unavoidable electric shock, is superimposed on a baseline of ongoing lever pressing or key pecking independent of any responding by the animal. Conditioned suppression has, then, the advantages of aversive control while the ongoing behavior of the animal is being maintained on a positive reinforcement schedule.

Work described in this chapter was supported by the United States Air Force contract number F 29600-67-C-0012, project 6893, 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, and by the Atomic Energy Commission contracts At-(40-1)-2903 and AT-(40-1)-2690 with the Florida State University.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Audubon, J. J. 1826. Account of the habits of the turkey buzzard, Vultur aura, particularly with the view of exploding the opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary power of smelling. Edinburg New Philadelphia J., 2:172–184.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Azrin, N. H. 1959. A technique for delivering shock to pigeons. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 2:161–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bang, B. G., and S. Cobb. 1968. The size of the olfactory bulb in 108 species of birds. The Auk, 85:55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chaddock, T. E., D. L. Roll, B. Chaddock, and J. C. Smith. 1969. Immediate detection of brief X-ray exposure. Radiat. Res. Soc, 39:548.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper, G. P., and D. J. Kimeldorf.1964. Electroencephalographic desynchronization of irradiated rats with transected spinal cords. Science, 143:1040–1041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cooper, G. P., and D. J. Kimeldorf. 1965. Effects of brain lesions on electroencephalographic activation by 35 kVp and 100 kVp X-rays. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 9:101–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dalton, L. W. Jr. 1967. Conditioned suppression as a technique for determination of auditory sensitivity in pigeons. J. Aud. Res., 7:25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dalton, L. W. Jr.1968. Auditory sensitivity in the rhesus (Macaca mulatto) and the white throated capuchin (Cebus Capuchinus) monkey: a comparison of three techniques. 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, Technical Report Number ARL-TR-68–14.

    Google Scholar 

  9. DeValois, R. L.1965. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies of primate vision. In Neff, W. D., ed. Contributions to Sensory Physiology, New York, Academic Press, Inc., pp. 137–178.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dinc, H. I., and J. C. Smith. 1966. Role of the olfactory bulbs in the detection of ionizing radiation by the rat. Physiol. Behav., 1:139–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Duncan, D. G. 1968. The establishment of conditioned suppression to temperature increases and decreases in rhesus monkeys. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Estes, W. K., and B. F. Skinner. 1941. Some quantitative properties of anxiety. J. Exp. Psychol., 29:390–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Garcia, J., D. J. Kimeldorf, and E. L. Hunt. 1961. The use of ionizing radiation as a motivating stimulus. Psychol. Rev., 68:383–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Garcia, J., N. A. Buchwald, B. H. Feder, and R. A. Koelling. 1962. Immediate detection of X-rays by the rat. Nature, 196:1014–1015.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Garcia, J., N. A. Buchwald, G. Back-y-Rita, B. H. Feder, and R. A. Koelling. 1963. Electroencephalographic responses to ionizing radiation. Science, 140:289–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Garcia, J., N. A. Buchwald, B. H. Feder, R. A. Koelling, and L. Tedrow. 1964. Sensitivity of the head to X-ray. Science, 144:1470–1472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. George, H. W. 1968. A comparison of two methods for determination of flicker fusion thresholds. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Tulane University.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hendricks, J. 1966. Flicker thresholds as determined by a modified conditioned suppression procedure. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 9:501–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Henton, W. W. 1966. Suppression behavior to odorous stimuli in the pigeon. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Henton, W. W. 1969. Conditioned suppression to odorous stimuli in pigeons. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 12:175–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Henton, W. W., J. C. Smith, and D. Tucker. 1966. Odor discrimination in pigeons. Science, 153:1138–1139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Henton, W. W., J. C. Smith, and D. Tucker. 1969. Odor discrimination in pigeons following section of the olfactory nerves. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 69:317–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hoffman, H. S., M. Fleshier, and P. Jensen. 1963. Stimulus aspects of aversive controls: The retention of conditioned suppression. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 6:575–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hurst, C. M., and J. F. Lucero. 1966. A collar and chain procedure for handling and seating Macaca mulatta 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Holloman Air Force Base, Technical Report Number ARL-TR-66–14.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kamin, L. J. 1961. Trace conditioning of the conditioned emotional response. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 54:149–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kamin, L. J. 1965. Temporal and intensity characteristics of the conditioned stimulus. In Prokasy, W. F., ed., Classical Conditioning: A Symposium, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, ch. 7, pp. 118–147.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kenshalo, D. R. 1963. Improved method for the psychophysical study of the temperature sense. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 34:883–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Masterton, B., H. Heffner, and R. Ravizza. 1969a. The evolution of human hearing. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 45:966–985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Masterton, B., H. Heffner, and R. Ravizza. 1969b. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Michelsen, W. J. 1959. Procedure for studying olfactory discrimination in pigeons. Science, 130:630–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Morris, D. D. 1966. Threshold for conditioned suppression using X-rays as the pre-aversive stimulus. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 9:29–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Powell, R. W. 1966. The pulse-to-cycle fraction as a determinant of critical fusion in the pigeon. Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Powell, R. W. 1967. The pulse-to-cycle fraction as a determinant of critical flicker fusion in the pigeon. Psychol. Rec, 17:151–160.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Powell, R. W. and J. C. Smith. 1968. Critical flicker fusion thresholds as a function of very small pulse-to-cycle fractions. Psychol. Rec, 18:35–.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Price, L. L., L. W. Dalton Jr., and J. C. Smith. 1967. Frequency DL in the pigeon as determined by conditioned suppression. J. Aud. Res., 7:229–239.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Schrier, A. M., and D. S. Blough. 1966. Photopic spectral sensitivity of Macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 62:457–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Shaber, G. S., J. A. Rumsey III, B. C. Dorn, and R. L. Brent. 1967. Saccharin behavior taste thresholds in the rat. Fed. Proa, 26:543.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Shumake, S. A.1968. Critical fusion frequency as a method of determining photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity in rhesus monkeys. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Shumake, S. A. C. A. Hatfield, and J. C. Smith. 1966. Brightness difference thresholds in the pigeon using the conditioned suppression technique. Psychon. Sci., 6:313–314.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shumake, S. A. J. C. Smith, and H. L. Taylor. 1968. Critical fusion frequency in rhesus monkeys. Psychol. Rec, 8:537–542.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shumake, S. A. J. C. Smith, and D. Tucker. 1969. Olfactory intensity difference thresholds in he pigeon. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol, 67:64–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sidman, M., B. A. Ray, R. L. Sidman, and J. M. Klinger. 1966. Hearing and vision in neurological mutant mice: A method for their evaluation. Exp. Neurol., 16:377–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Smith, J. C. 1967. The effect of sectioning the primary olfactory nerves on the immediate response of the pigeon to X-ray exposure. Paper read at meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Smith, J. C. and D. Tucker. 1969. Olfactory mediation of immediate X-ray detection. In Pfaffman, C., ed., Olfaction and Taste, New York, Rockefeller University Press, vol. III, pp. 288–298.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Smith, J. C. J. Hendricks, D. D. Morris, and R. Powell. 1964. Immediate response in the pigeon to brief X-ray exposure (abstract). Radiat. Res., 22:237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Stager, K. E.1967. Avian olfaction. Amer. Zool., 7:415–419.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Taylor, H. L., J. C. Smith, and C. A. Hatfield. 1967. Immediate behavioral detection of X-rays by the rhesus monkey. 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Holloman Air Force Base, Technical Report Number ARL-TR-67–20.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Taylor, H. L., J. C. Smith, A. H. Wall, and B. Chaddock. 1968. Role of the olfactory sensory system in the detection of X-rays by the rhesus monkey. Physiol. Behav., 3:929–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tucker, D. 1963. Physical variables in the olfactory stimulation process. J. Gen. Physiol., 46:453–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Tucker, D. 1965. Electrophysiological evidence for olfactory function in birds. Nature, 207:34–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Weiss, B., and V. G. Laties. 1962. A foot electrode for monkeys. J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 5: 535–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, J. (1970). Conditioned Suppression as an Animal Psychophysical Technique. In: Stebbins, W.C. (eds) Animal Psychophysics: the design and conduct of sensory experiments. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4514-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4514-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4516-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4514-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics