Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ultrasound in Normal and High-Risk Pregnancy

  • Chapter
Advances in Perinatal Medicine

Zusammenfassung

The last 10 to 15 years have been characterized by unprecedented advances in perinatal technology. A wide range of biochemical and biophysical monitoring techniques have been introduced into our daily perinatal care. Several of these techniques turned out to be rather nonspecific and have therefore been abandoned. Others like amniocentesis, fetal cardiography, fetal microblood analysis, and ultrasound are now well established in everyday practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Carlsen, E. N., 1977, Capabilities of grey—scale imaging in obstetrics and gynaecology, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 20:243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kossoff, G., 1978, Principles and applications of grey—scale echography, in: Handbook of Clinical Ultrasound (M. de Vlieger, ed.), p. 39, Wiley, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kossoff, G., Carpenter, G., Radovanovich, G., et al., 1975, Octoson—A new rapid multi—transducer general purpose water—coupling echoscope, in: Ultrasonics in Medicine (E. Kazner, M. de Vlieger, H. R. Müller, et al., eds.), p. 90, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Blackwell, R., 1977, The technology of modern ultrasonic instrumentation, in: The Current Status of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Ultrasound in Obstetrics (R. W. Beard and S. Campbell, eds.), p. 115, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ligtvoet, C. M., Ridder, J., Hagemeijer, F., et al., 1977, A dynamically focused ultrasound system, in: Ultrasonics International 1977 (Z. Novak, ed.), p. Ill, IPC Science and Technology Press, Guildford, England.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Van der Wal, L., 1978, Focusing systems, M.D. thesis, Technical High School, Delft, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shaw, A., 1977, Mechanical sector scanners, in: Echocardiology (N. Bom, ed.), p. 305, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Somer, J. C, 1977, Phased array system, in: E chocardiology (N. Bom, ed.), p. 325, Martinus Jijhoff, The Hague.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Bom, N., and Hugenholtz, P. G., 1977, Real—time systems for two—dimensional imaging. A general introduction, in: E chocardiology (N. Bom, ed.), p. 269, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. Ligtvoet, C, Rijsterborgh, H., Kappen, L., et al., 1978, Real—time ultrasonic imaging with a hand—held scanner. Part I—Technical description, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 4:91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Roelandt, J., Wladimiroff, J. W., and Baars, A. M., 1978, Real—time ultrasonic imaging with a hand—held scanner. Part II—Initial clinical experience, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 4:93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Reneman, R. S., and Hoeks, A., 1977, Continuous and pulsed Doppler flow measurements, in: E chocardiology (N. Bom, ed.), p. 189, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Abdulla, U., 1978, The safety of ultrasound, in: Handbook of Clinical Ultrasound (M. de Vlieger, ed.), p. 113, Wiley, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Robinson, H. P., 1978, Normal development in early pregnancy, in: Handbook of Clinical Ultrasound (M. de Vlieger, ed.), p. 121, Wiley, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Piiroinen, O., 1975, Studies in diagnostic ultrasound, M.D. thesis, University of Turku, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hellman, L. M., Kobayashi, M., Fillisti, L., et al., 1969, Growth and development of the human fetus prior to the twentieth week of gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 103:789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Robinson, H. P., 1975, Gestation sac volumes as determined by sonar in the first trimester of pregnancy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Robinson, H. P., 1973, Sonar measurement of the fetal crown—rump length as a method of assessing maturity in the first trimester of pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 4:28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Robinson, H. P., and Fleming, J. E. E., 1975, A critical evaluation of sonar crown—rump length measurements, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Schillinger, H., 1977, Fetal thoracometry by means of ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy, Eur.J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 7(2):73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hamilton, W. J., Boyd, J. P., and Mossman, H. W., 1972, Human Embryology, Prenatal Development of Form and Function, 4th ed., p. 228, Heffer and Sons Ltd., Cambridge, England.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bernstine, R. L., and Callagan, D. A., 1966, Ultrasonic Doppler inspection of the fetal heart, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 95:1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kratochwil, A., and Eisenhut, L., 1967, The earliest proof of fetal heart action by means of ultrasonics, in: Intrauterine Dangers to the Fetus (H. Horsky and Z. K. Stembera, eds.), p. 258, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Robinson, H. P., 1972, Detection of fetal heart movement in the first trimester of pregnancy using pulsed ultrasound, Br. Med. J. 4:466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Campbell, S., and Little, D., 1977, Clinical potential of latest equipment in: The Current Status of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Ultrasound in Obstetrics (R. W. Beard and S. Campbell, eds.), p. 138, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wladimiroff, J. W., 1972, Fetal heart action in early pregnancy. Development of fetal vagal function, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2:55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jouppila, P., 1972, Fetal movements diagnosed by ultrasound in early pregnancy, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 55:131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Reinold, E., 1973, Clinical value of fetal spontaneous movements in early pregnancy, J. Perinat. Med. 1:65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schillinger, H., 1976, Detection of heart action and active movements of the human embryo by ultrasonic time motion techniques, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 6(6):333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ceccarello, P. L., Destro, F., Ianniruberto, A., et al., 1975, Sonar in early abnormal pregnancy, in: Ultrasonics in Medicine (E. Kazner, M. de Vlieger, H. R. Müller, et al., eds.) p. 273, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Robinson, H. P., 1975, The diagnosis of early pregnancy failure by sonar, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Robinson, H. P., 1972, Sonar in the management of abortion,J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Commonw. 79:90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Blackwell, R. G., Shirley, I., Farman, D. J., et al., 1975, Ultrasonic “B” scanning as a pregnancy test after less than six weeks of amenorrhoea, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kobayashi, M., Hellman, L. M., and Fillisti, C. A., 1969, Ultrasound: An aid in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 103:1131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chinchilla, C, and Parache, J., 1975, The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by echosounding, in: Ultrasonics in Medicine (E. Kazner, M. de Vlieger, H. R. Müller, et al., eds.), p. 285, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Makland, N. F., and Wright, C. H., 1978, Grey—scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, Radiology, 126:221.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cadkin, A. V., and Sabbagha, R. E., 1977, Ultrasonic diagnosis of abnormal pregnancy, Clin Obstet. Gynecol. 20:265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Rogers, W. F., Shaub, M., and Wilson, R., 1978, Chronic ectopic pregnancy: Ultrasonic diagnosis,J. Clin. Ultrasound 5:257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Reinold, E., and Wagenbichler, L., 1975, Zur Diagnostik einer Tubargravidität mit der Ultraschalltechnik, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilk. 35:55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Boue, J. G., Philippe, E., Gironal, A., et al., 1976, Phenotypic expression of lethal chromosomal anomalies in human abortuses, Teratology 14:3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Donald, I., Morley, P., and Barnett, E., 1972, The diagnosis of blighted ovum by sonar,J. Obstet Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 79:304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Reinold, E., 1976, Ultrasonics in early pregnancy: Diagnostic scanning and fetal motor activity, Contrib. Gynecol. Obstet. 1:123.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Leopold, G. R., 1971, Diagnostic ultrasound in the detection of molar pregnancy, Radiology 98:171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sauvage, J. P., Crane, J. P., and Kopta, M., 1974, Difficulties in the ultrasonic diagnosis of hydatidiform mole, Obstet. Gynecol. 44:546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jones, W. B., and Lauersen, N. H., 1975, Hydatidiform mole with coexistent fetus, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 122:267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cunningham, M. E., Walls, W. J., and Burke, M. F., 1977, Grey—scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole with a coexistent fetus, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 84:73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hertig, A. T., and Edmonds, H. W., 1940, Genesis of hydatidiform mole, Arch. Pathol. 30:260.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Park, W. W., 1967, U.I.C.C. Monograph, Vol. 3 (J. F. Holland and M. Hreshchyshyn, eds.), Springier Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Troostwijk, A. L. Donkers, B., de Jong, P. A., et al., 1973, The application of ultrasound techniques in the follow—up of a patient with choriocarcinoma, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 3(6):207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Levi, S., 1976, Ultrasonic assessment of the high rate of human multiple pregnancy in the first trimester,J. Clin. Ultrasound 4:3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Robinson, H. P., and Caines, J. S., 1977, Sonar evidence of early pregnancy failure in patients with twin conceptions, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 84:22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fisher, C. C, Garrett, W., and Kossoff, G., 1976, Placental aging monitored by greyscale echography, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124:483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Grannum, P. A. T., Berkowitz, R. L., and Hobbins, J. C, 1979, The ultrasonic changes in the maturing placenta and their relation to fetal pulmonic maturity, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133:915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Asokan, S., Chadalavada, K., Gardi, R., et al., 1978, Prenatal diagnosis of placental tumor by ultrasound, J. Clin. Ultrasound 6:180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bleker, O. P., Kloosterman, G. J., and Breur, W., 1977, The volumetric growth of the human placenta: A longitudinal ultrasonic study, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 127:657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Winick, M., Coscia, A., and Nobel, A., 1967, Cellular growth in human placenta. I. Normal placental growth, J. Pediatr. 39:248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schlensker, K. H., 1975, Atlas of Ultrasonic Diagnosis in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  58. King, D. L., 1973, Placental migration demonstrated by ultrasonography, Radiology, 109:167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bleker, O. P., Kloosterman, G. J., Mieras, D. J., et al., 1975, Intervillous space during uterine contractions in human subjects: An ultrasonic study, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 123:697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lees, R. F., and Teates, C. D., 1978, False placenta praevia: A clinical observation, J. Clin. Ultrasound 6:44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Williams, C. H., van Bergen, W. S., and Prentice, R. L., 1977, Extra amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa on ultrasound scan,J. Clin. Ultrasound 5:45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wladimiroff, J. W., Wallenburg, H. C. S., van der Putten, P., et al., 1976, Ultrasonic diagnosis of placenta membranacea, Arch Gynäk. 221:167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Winsberg, F., 1977, Evaluation of the placenta by ultrasound, in: Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology (R. C. Sanders and A. E. James, eds.), p. 211, Appleton—Century—Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Cooperberg, P. L., and Carpenter, C. W., 1977, Ultrasound as an aid in intrauterine transfusion, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 128:239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Frigoletto, F. C., Birnholz, J. C., Rothchild, S. B., et al., 1978, Intrauterine transfusion with the use of phased array ultrasonography: A new technique, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:273.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Haller, U., Henner, H., Heinrich, O., et al., 1975, Technique of amniocentesis in early pregnancy, in: Ultrasonics in Medicine (E. Kazner, M. de Vlieger, H. R. Müller, et al., eds.), p. 280, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Picker, R. H., and Saunders, D. M., 1977, A new method of amniocentesis using ultrasound in multiple pregnancy to assess the second twin, Obstet. Gynecol. 50:489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bang, J., and Northeved, A., 1972, A new ultrasonic method for transabdominal amniocentesis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 114:599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Platt, L. D., Manning, F. A., Lemay, L., 1978, Real—time B—scan directed amniocentesis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130:700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kerenyi, Th. D., and Walker, B., 1977, The preventability of “bloody taps” in second trimester amniocentesis by ultrasound scanning, Obstet. Gynecol. 50:61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. NICHD study group, 1976, Midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Safety and accuracy,J. Am. Med. Assoc. 236:1471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Levine, S. C, Filly, R. A., and Golbus, M. S., 1978, Ultrasonography for guidance of amniocentesis in genetic counseling, Clin. Genet. 14:133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Chandra, P., Nitowsky, H., Marion, R., et al., 1979, Experience with sonography as an adjunct to amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic disorders, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133:519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Crandow, A. J., and Peel, K. R., 1979, Amniocentesis with and without ultrasound guidance, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 86:1.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hobbins, J. C., Mahoney, M. J., and Goldstein, L. A., 1974, New method of intrauterine evaluation by the combined use of fetoscopy and ultrasound, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 118:1069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rauskolb, R., 1977, Fetoscopy under ultrasound control, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 102:1341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kan, Y. W., Golbus, S., Klein, Ph., et al., 1975, Successful application of prenatal diagnosis in a pregnancy at risk for homozygous ß—thalassemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:1096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Wladimiroff, J. W., and Jahoda, M. G. J., 1977, Real—time scanning and transabdominal fetal blood sampling, Lancet 1:593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wladimiroff, J. W., van Weering, H. K., Roodenburg, E., et al., 1977, Clinical studies of fetal dynamics by 2—dimensional real—time ultrasound, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Advances in Ultrasound Diagnosis (A. Kurjak, ed.), p. 147, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Macri, J. N., Haddow, J. E., and Weiss, R. R., 1979, Screening for neural tube defects in the United States, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133:119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Brock, D. J. H., 1976, The prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 31:32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Campbell, S., 1974, The pregnancy at risk, in: Clinics in Perinatology, Vol. 1, No. 2 (A. Milunsky, ed.), p. 507, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Milunsky, A., and Alpert, E., 1976, Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. II. Analysis of false positive and false negative alpha—fetoprotein results, Obstet. Gynecol. 48:6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Campbell, S., Grundy, M., and Singer, J. D., 1976, Early antenatal diagnosis of spina bifida in a twin by ultrasonic examination and alpha—fetoprotein estimation, Br. Med. J. 2:676.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lawrence, K. M., 1964, Fetal malformations and abnormalities, Lancet 2:939.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Miskin, M., Rudd, N. L., Dische, M. R., et al., 1978, Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of occipital encephalocele, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130:583.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Campbell, S., 1977, Early prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects by ultrasound, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 20:351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. U.K. Collaborative Study, 1977, Maternal serum—alpha—fetoprotein measurement in antenatal screening for anencephaly and spina bifida in early pregnancy, Report of U.K. Collaborative Study on Alpha—Fetoprotein in Relation to Neural—Tube Defects, Lancet 1:1323.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Garrett, W. J., Kossoff, G., and Lawrence, R., 1975, Grey—scale echography in the diagnosis of hydrops due to fetal lung tumour,J. Clin. Ultrasound 3:45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Defoort, P., and Thiery, M., 1978, Antenatal diagnosis of congenital chylothorax by grey—scale sonography,J. Clin Ultrasound 6:47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Cederqvist, L. L., Williams, L. R., and Symchych, P. S., 1977, Prenatal diagnosis of fetal ascites by ultrasound, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 28:229.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Loveday, B. J., Barr, J. A., and Aitken, J., 1975, The intra—uterine demonstration of duodenal atresia by ultrasound, Br. J. Radiol. 48:1031.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bean, W. J., Calonje, M. A., Aprili, C. H., et al., 1978, Anal atresia: A prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, J. Clin Ultrasound 6:111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Vanesian, R., Grossman, M., Metherell, A., et al., 1978, Congenital hydrocele, Radiology 126:765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Keirse, M. J. N., and Meerman, R. H., 1977, Antenatal diagnosis of Potter syndrome, Obstet. Gynecol. 52:64S.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Garrett, W. J., and Kossoff, G., 1978, The diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the fetal urinary tract by grey—scale echography, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Advances in Ultrasound Diagnosis (A. Kurjak, ed.), p. 67, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Wladimiroff, J. W., 1980, Ultrasonic studies of the fetal urinary tract, in: Ultrasound in Perinatal Physiology and Pathology (D. N. White, ed.), Research Studies Press, Oregon, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Mahoney, M. J., and Hobbins, J. C, 1977, Prenatal diagnosis of chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis—van Creveld syndrome) with fetoscopy and ultrasound, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Wallenburg, H. C. S., and Wladimiroff, J. W., 1977, The amniotic fluid. II. Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios,J. Perinat. Med. 5:233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Campbell, S., 1968, An improved method of fetal cephalometry by ultrasound,J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 75:568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Campbell, S., 1976, Fetal growth, in: Fetal Physiology and Medicine (R. Beard and P. W. Nathanielsz, eds.), p. 271, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Wladimiroff, J. W., Bloemsma, C. A., and Wallenburg, H. C. S., 1977, Ultrasonic assessment of fetal growth, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 561:37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Campbell, S., 1974, Fetal growth, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1:41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Adam, A. H., Robinson, H. P., Fleming, J. E. E., et al., 1978, A comparison of biparietal diameter measurements using a real—time scanner equipped with a coded cephalometry system, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 85:487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fleming, J. E. E., Hall, A. J., Robinson, H. P., et al., 1978, Electronic area and perimeter measurement of ultrasonic images, J. Clin. Ultrasound 6:316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Wladimiroff, J. W., and Sekeris, A., 1977, Ultrasonic assessment of liver size in the newborn,J. Clin. Ultrasound. 5:316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Campbell, S., and Newman, G. B., 1971, Growth of the fetal biparietal diameter during normal pregnancy, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 78:513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wladimiroff, J. W., Bloemsma, C. A., and Wallenburg, H. C. S., 1978, Ultrasonic assessment of fetal head and body sizes in relation to normal and retarded fetal growth, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Persson, P. H., Grennert, L., Gennser, G., et al., 1978, Normal range curves for the intrauterine growth of the biparietal diameter, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 78:15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sabbagha, R. E., and Hughey, M., 1978, Standardization of sonar cephalometry and gestational age, Obstet. Gynecol. 52:402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Willocks, J., Donald, I., Duggan, T. C, et al., 1964, Foetal cephalometry by ultrasound, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 71:11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Persson, P. H., Grennert, L., and Gennser, G., 1978, Impact of fetal and maternal factors on the normal growth of the biparietal diameter, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 78:21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bleker, O. P., Kloosterman, G. J., Huidekoper, B. L., et al., 1977, Intrauterine growth of twins as estimated from birth weight and the fetal biparietal diameter, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 7(2):85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Grennert, L., Persson, P. H., and Gennser, G., 1978, Benefits of ultrasonic screening of a pregnant population, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 78:4.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Harrison, R. F., and Campbell, S., 1977, A critical evaluation of tests used to assess gestational age, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 84:98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Butler, N. R., and Alberman, E. D., 1969, Perinatal Problems. The Second Report of the British Perinatal Mortality Survey, Churchill—Livingstone, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Fitzhardinge, P. M., and Steven, E. M., 1972, The small—for—date infant. II. Neurological and intellectual sequelae, J. Pediatr. 49:50.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Queenan, J. T., Kubarych, S. F., Cook, L. N., et al., 1976, Diagnostic ultrasound for detection of intrauterine growth retardation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124:865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Campbell, S., 1974, Fetal growth, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1:41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kloosterman, G., 1970, On intrauterine growth. The significance of prenatal care, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 8:895.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Fancourt, R., Campbell, S., Harvey, D., et al., 1976, A follow—up study of small—for—dates babies, Br. Med. J. 1:1435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Gohari, P., Berkowitz, R., and Hobbins, J. C, 1977, Prediction of intrauterine growth retardation by determination of total intrauterine volume, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 127:255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hoffman, H. J., Stark, C. R., Lundin, F. E., et al., 1974, Analysis of birth weight, gestational age and fetal viability, U.S. births 1968, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 29:651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Brudenell, M., and Beard, R., 1972, Diabetes in pregnancy, Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 1:673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wladimiroff, J. W., Bloemsma, C. A., and Wallenburg, H. C. S., 1978, Ultrasonic diagnosis of the large—for—dates infant, Obstet. Gynecol. 52:285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Jordaan, H. V. F., 1978, Biological variation in the biparietal diameter and its bearing on clinical ultrasonography, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Campbell, S., and Wilkin, D., 1975, Ultrasonic measurement of fetal abdomen circumference in the estimation of fetal weight, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Dawes, G. S., Fox, H. E., Leduc, B. M., et al., 1970, Respiratory movements and paradoxal sleep in the foetal lamb, J.Physiol. (London) 210:471.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Boddy, K., and Robinson, J. S., 1971, External method for detection of foetal breathing in utero, Lancet 2:1231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Farman, K. J., Thomas, G., and Blackwell, R. J., Errors and artefacts encountered in the monitoring of foetal respiratory movements, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2:1.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Maršal, K., Gennser, G., and Lindström, K., 1976, Real—time ultrasonography for quantified analysis of fetal breathing movements, Lancet, 2:718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Maršal, K., Gennser, G., Hannson, G. A., et al., 1976, New ultrasonic device for monitoring fetal breathing movements, Biomed. Eng. 11:47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Boyce, E. S., Dawes, G. S., Gough, J. D., et al., 1976, Doppler ultrasound method for detecting fetal breathing in utero, Br. Med. J. 2:17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. McHugh, R., McDicken, N., Bow, C. R., et al., 1978, An ultrasonic pulsed Doppler instrument for monitoring human fetal breathing in utero, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 3:381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gough, J. D., and Poore, E. R., 1977, Directional Doppler measurement of foetal breathing,/. Physiol. 272:12P.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Manning, F. A., 1977, Fetal breathing movements as a reflection of fetal status, Postgrad. Med. 610:116.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Patrick, J., Fetherstone, W., Vick, H., et al., 1978, Human fetal breathing movements and gross fetal body movements at weeks 34 to 35 of gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 130:693.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Patrick, J., Natale, R., and Richardson, B., 1978, Patterns of human fetal breathing activity at 34 to 35 weeks’ gestational age, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:507.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Boddy, K., and Dawes, G. S., 1975, Fetal breathing, Br. Med. Bull. 31:3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Wladimiroff, J. W., Ligtvoet, C. M., and Spermon, J. A., 1976, A combined one and two—dimensional ultrasound system for monitoring fetal breathing movements, Br. Med. J. 2:975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mantell, C. D., 1976, Breathing movements in the human fetus, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125:550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Maršál, K., Ulmsten, U., and Lindröm, K., 1978, Device for measurement of fetal breathing movements. II. Accuracy of in vitro measurements, filtering of output signals, and clinical application, Ultrasound Med. Biol. 4:13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Roberts, A. B., Little, D., Cooper, D., et al., 1979, Normal pattern of fetal activity in the third trimester, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 86:4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Fox, H. G., and Hohler, C. W., 1977, Fetal evaluation by real—time imaging, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 20:339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Lewis, P. J., Trudinger, B. J., and Mangez, J., 1978, Effect of maternal glucose ingestion on fetal breathing and body movements in late pregnancy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 85:86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Gennser, G., Maršal, K., and Lindström, K., 1977, Influence of external factors on breathing movements in the human fetus, in: Proceedings 5th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Uppsula (G. Rooth, ed.), p. 181, Almqvist and Wiksell International, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Roodenburg, P. J., Wladimiroff, J. W., and van Weering, H. K., 1979, The effect of maternal intravenous administration of atropine (0.5 mgr) on fetal breathing and heart pattern, Contr. Gynecol. Obstet. 6:92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Maršál, K., Gennser, G., and Ohrlander, S. A. V., 1975, Fetal and neonatal breathing movements in man after betamethasone, Life Sci. 17:449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Wladimiroff, J. W., van Weering, H. K., and Roodenburg, P. J., The effect of changes in blood gases on fetal breathing movements, in: The Current Status of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Ultrasound in Obstetrics (R. W. Beard and S. Campbell, eds.), p. 221, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Maršál, K., Gennser, G., and Löfgren, O., 1977, Effects on fetal breathing movements of maternal challenges. Cross—over study on dynamic work, hyperventilation and hyperoxia, in: M.D. thesis by K. Maršál, Malmö, Sweden, p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Maršál, K., Gennser, G., and Kullander, S., 1978, Intrauterine breathing movements and fetal presentation, Obstet. Gynecol. 51:163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Manning, F. A., Platt, L. D., and Lemay, M., 1977, Effect of amniocentesis on fetal breathing movements, Br. Med. J. 4:1582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Wladimiroff, J. W., and Roodenburg, P. J., 1979, Fetal breathing movements and amniotomy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 86:843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Richardson, B., Natale, R., and Patrick, J., 1979, Human fetal breathing activity during electively induced labor at term, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133:247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Gennser, G., Maršal, K., and Brantmark, K., 1975, Maternal smoking and fetal breathing movements, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 123:861.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Fox, H. E., Steinbrecher, M., Pessel, D., et al., 1978, Maternal ethanol ingestion and the occurrence of human fetal breathing movements, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Boddy, K., Dawes, G. S., and Robinson, J., 1974, Intrauterine fetal breathing movements, in: Modern Perinatal Medicine (L. Gluck, ed.), p. 381, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Marsal, K., 1978, Fetal breathing movements characteristics and clinical significance, Obstet. Gynecol. 52:394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Platt, L. D., Manning, F. A., Lemay, M., et al., 1978, Human fetal breathing: Relationship to fetal condition, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Roberts, A., Little, D., and Campbell, S., 1977, 24 hour studies of fetal respiratory movements and fetal body movements in normal and abnormal pregnancies, in: The Current Status of Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Ultrasound in Obstetrics (R. W. Beard and S. Campbell, eds.), p. 209, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Trudinger, B. J., Lewis, P. J., Manger, J., et al., 1978, Fetal breathing movements in high risk pregnancies, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 85:662.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Higginbottom, J., Bagnali, K. M., Harris, P. F., et al., 1976, Ultrasound monitoring of fetal movements. A method for assessing fetal development, Lancet 1:719.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Henner, H., Haller, U., Wolf-Zimper, O., et al., 1975, Quantification of fetal movement in normal and pathologic pregnancy, in: Ultrasonics in Medicine (E. Kazner, M. de Vlieger, H. R. Müller, et al., eds.), p. 316, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Goodlin, R. C, 1979, History of fetal monitoring, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133:323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Hobbins, J. C, Kleinman, C, and Creighton, D., 1978, Fetal echocardiography: Indirect evaluation of in utero fetal flow patterns, in: Proceedings of Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 25th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Wladimiroff, J. W., 1980, Fetal cardiovascular dynamics, in: Progress in Medical Ultrasound, Vol. 1 (A. Kurjak, ed.), p. 69, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Baars, A. M., and Merkus, J. M. W. M., 1977, Fetal echocardiography: A new approach to the study of the dynamics of the fetal heart and its component parts, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 7(2):91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Winsberg, F., 1972, Echocardiography of the fetal and newborn heart, Invest. Radiol. 7:152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Campbell, S., Wladimiroff, J. W., and Dewhurst, C. J., 1973, The antenatal measurement of fetal urine production, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 80:680.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Wladimiroff, J. W., and Campbell, S., 1974, Fetal urine production rates in normal and complicated pregnancy, Lancet 1:151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Wladimiroff, J. W., 1978, Studies of fetal physiology by sonography, in: Handbook of Clinical Ultrasound (M. de Vlieger, ed.), p. 203, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Wladimiroff, J. W., 1974, Effect of frusemide on fetal urine production,J. Obstet. Gynecol. Br. Commonw. 82:221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Wladimiroff, J. W., van Otterlo, L. C, Wallenburg, H. C. S., et al., 1976, A combined ultrasonic and biochemical study of fetal renal function in the term fetus, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 6(3):103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Fitzgerald, D. E., and Drumm, J. E., 1977, Non—invasive measurement of human fetal circulation using ultrasound: A new method, Br. Med. J. 2:1450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Gill, R. W., and Kossoff, G., 1979, Pulsed doppler combined with B—mode imaging for blood flow measurement, Contr. Gynecol. Obstet. 6:139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Eik-Nes, S. H., Brubakk, A. O., and Ulstein, M. K., 1980, Measurement of human fetal blood flow, Br. Med. J., 1:283.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Hospital Rotterdam Dijkzigt, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands

    J. W. Wladimiroff

Authors
  1. J. W. Wladimiroff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Aubrey Milunsky MB.B.Ch., M.R.C.P., D.C.H.  & Emanuel A. Friedman M.D.  & 

  2. Computational Mechanics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Aubrey Milunsky MB.B.Ch., M.R.C.P., D.C.H.

  3. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Aubrey Milunsky MB.B.Ch., M.R.C.P., D.C.H.

  4. Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Emanuel A. Friedman M.D.

  5. University of California, San Diego, USA

    Louis Gluck M.D.

  6. School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA

    Louis Gluck M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Aubrey Milunsky, Emanuel A. Friedman, and Louis Gluck

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wladimiroff, J.W. (1981). Ultrasound in Normal and High-Risk Pregnancy. In: Milunsky, A., Friedman, E.A., Gluck, L. (eds) Advances in Perinatal Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4451-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4451-4_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4453-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4451-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation