Abstract
The increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal delivery of the fetus in breech presentation has attracted the attention of obstetricians and midwives for centuries. From the Dark Ages to well into the nineteenth century, the perinatal morbidity and mortality from birth anoxia, injuries, and congenital malformations instilled in the superstitious and the uneducated the belief that breech presentation was an evil omen.1 Primitive African tribes believed that breech presentation foretold the death of the child’s parents,2 while noble attendants to the crowned heads of Europe whispered in birthing rooms that “children brought forth by their feet are cursed—they are born as monsters, crippled in mind and body, and destined to bring misfortune into the world. It would be better if they were not born.”3
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Speert, H., 1958, Essays in Eponymy, Obstetric and Gynecologic Milestones, Macmillan, New York.
Cianfrani, T., 1960, A Short History of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Marx, R., 1949, The birth of an emperor, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 89:366.
DeLee, J. B., 1939, Year Book of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, Ill.
Hollick, F., 1848, The Matrons Manual of Midwifery and the Diseases of Women during Pregnancy, The American News Company, New York.
Piper, E. B., and Bachman, C., 1929, The prevention of fetal injuries in breech delivery,J. Am. Med. Assoc. 92:217.
Moore, W. T., and Steptoe, P. P., 1943, The experience of the Johns Hopkins Hospital with breech presentation: An analysis of 1,444 cases, South. Med. J. 36:295.
Hall, J. E., and Kohl, S., 1956, Breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 72:977.
Todd, W. D., and Steer, C. M., 1963, Term breech: Review of 1,006 term breech deliveries, Obstet. Gynecol. 22:583.
Morgan, H. S., and Kane, S. H., 1964, An analysis of 16,327 breech births,/. Am. Med. Assoc. 187:262.
Hall, J. E., Kohl, S. G., O’Brien, F., et al., 1965, Breech presentation and perinatal mortality, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 91:655.
Morley, G. W., 1967, Breech presentation-A 15-year review, Obstet. Gynecol. 30:745.
Neilson, D. R., 1970, Management of the large breech infant, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107:345.
Diddle, A. W., 1972, A study of 695 breech deliveries, Med. Times 100:76.
Collea, J. V., Rabin, S. C, and Quilligan, E. J., Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., manuscript in preparation.
Vartan, C. K., 1940, Cause of breech presentation, Lancet 1:595.
Weisman, A. I., 1944, An antepartum study of fetal polarity and rotation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 48:550.
Vartan, C. K., 1945, The behavior of the fetus in utero, with special reference to the incidence of breech presentation at term,/. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Common. 52:417.
Tompkins, P., 1946, An inquiry into the causes of breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 51:595.
Stevenson, C. S., 1950, The principal cause of breech presentation in single term pregnancies, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 60:41.
Collea, J. V., Benedetti, T., Hanson, V., et al., Twin gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., manuscript in preparation.
Braun, F. H. T., Jones, K. L., and Smith, D. W., 1975, Breech presentation as an indicator of fetal abnormality, J. Pediatr. 86:419.
Brenner, W. E., Bruce, R. D., and Hendricks, C. H., 1974, The characteristics and perils of breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 118:700.
Robinson, G. W., 1968, Birth characteristics of children with congenital dislocation of the hip, Am. J. Epidemiol. 87:275.
Axelrod, F. B., Leistner, H. L., and Porges, R. F., 1974, Breech presentation among infants with familial dysautonomia,J. Pediatr. 84:107.
Stevenson, C. S., 1949, X-ray visualization of the placenta: Experiences with soft tissue and cystographic techniques in the diagnosis of placenta previa, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 58:15.
Johnson, C. E., 1970, Breech presentation at term, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 106:865.
Stein, I. F., 1941, Deflexion attitudes in breech presentation, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 117:1430.
Saling, E., and Müller-Holve, W., 1975, External cephalic version under tocolysis, J. Perinat. Med. 3:115.
Patterson, S. P., Mulliniks, R. C, and Schreier, P. C, 1967, Breech presentation in the primigravida, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 98:404.
Fischer-Rasmussen, W., and Trolle, D., 1967, Abdominal versus vaginal delivery in breech presentation, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 46:69.
Potter, E. L., 1940, Fetal and neonatal deaths, a Statistical analysis of 2,000 autopsies, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 115:996.
Potter, M. G., Heaton, C. E., and Douglas, G. W., 1960, Intrinsic fetal risk in breech delivery, Obstet. Gynecol. 15:158.
Kian, L. S., 1963, Breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86:1050.
Eliot, B. W., and Hill, J. G., 1972, Method of breech management incorporating use of fetal blood sampling, Br. Med. J. 4:703.
Wheeler, T., and Greene, K., 1975, Fetal heart rate monitoring during breech delivery, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:208.
Teteris, N. J., Botschner, A. W., Ullery, J. C., et al., 1970, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107:762.
Goethals, T. R., 1940, Management of breech delivery, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 70:620.
Holland, E., 1922, Cranial stress in the fetus during labor and on the effects of excessive stress on the intracranial contents with an analysis of eighty-one cases of torn tentorium cerebelli and subdural cerebral hemorrhage, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 29:549.
Rubin, A., and Grimm, G., 1963, Results in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86:1048.
Gold, E. M., Clyman, M. J., Wallace, H. M., et al., 1953, Obstetric factors in birth injury, Obstet. Gynecol. 1:43.
Ralis, Z. A., 1968, Trauma to newborn babies during breech delivery. Part I. Visceral organs and locomotor system, M.D. thesis, Faculty of Pediatrics, Charles University, Prague.
Ralis, Z. A., 1975, Birth trauma to muscles in babies born by breech delivery and its possible fatal consequences, Arch. Dis. Child. 50:4.
Ward, S. V., and Sellers, T. B., 1950, Controversial issues in breech presentation, South. Med. J. 43:879.
Tank, E. S., Davis, R., Holt, J. F., et al., 1971, Mechanism of trauma during breech delivery, Obstet. Gynecol. 38:761.
Tan, K. L., 1973, Brachial palsy, J . Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 80:60.
Byers, R. K., 1975, Spinal-cord injuries during birth, Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 17:103.
Brans, Y. W., and Cassady, G., 1975, Neonatal spinal cord injuries, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 123:918.
Wilcox, H. L., 1949, The attitude of the fetus in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 58:478.
Brakemann, O., 1936, Haltung und Konfiguration des Kindlichen Kopfes bei der Beckenendlage, Berurtsch. Gynaekol. 112:154.
Lazar, M. R., and Salvaggio, A. T., 1959, Hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation, Obstet. Gynecol. 14:198.
Caterini, H., Langer, A., Sama, J. C, et al., 1975, Fetal risk in hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 123:632.
Bhagwanani, S. G., Price, H. V., Laurence, K. M., et al., 1973, Risks and prevention of cervical cord injury in the management of breech presentation with hyperextension of the fetal head, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 115:1159.
Towbin, A., 1964, Spinal cord and brain stem injury at birth, Arch. Pathol. 77:620.
Towbin, A., 1970, Central nervous system damage in the human fetus and newborn infant, Am.]. Dis. Child. 119:529.
Evrard, J. R., and Hilrich, N., 1952, Hyperextension of the head in breech presen-tation,J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 59:244.
Daugherty, C. M., Mickey, L. J., and Moore, J. T., 1953, Hyperextension of the fetal head in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 66:75.
Deacon, A. L., 1951, Hyperextension of the head in breech presentation, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 58:300.
Reis, R. A., and DeCosta, E. J., 1950, Hyperrotation and deflexion of the head in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 60:637.
Taylor, J. C, 1948, Breech presentation with hyperextension of the neck and intrauterine dislocation of cervical vertebrae, Obstet. Gynecol. 56:381.
Minogue, M., 1974, Vaginal breech delivery in multiparae, J. Ir. Med. Assoc. 67:117.
MacArthur, J. L., 1964, Reduction of the hazards of breech presentation by external cephalic version, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:302.
Bock, J. E., 1969, The influence of prophylactic external cephalic version on the incidence of breech delivery, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 48:215.
Ranney, B., 1973, The gentle art of external cephalic version, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 116:239.
Hibbard, L. T., and Schumann, W. R., 1973, Prophylactic external cephalic version in an obstetric practice, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 116:511.
Ellis, R., 1968, External cephalic version under anesthesia, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 75:865.
Marcus, R. G., Crewe-Brown, H., Krawitz, S., et al., 1975, Feto-maternal hemorrhage following successful and unsuccessful attempts at external cephalic version, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:578.
Colcher, A. E., and Sussman, W., 1944, A practical technique for roentgen pelvimetry with a new positioning, Am. J. Roentgenol. 51:207.
Eastman, N.J., 1948, Pelvic mensuration: A study in the perpetuation of error, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 3:301.
Russell, J. G. B., and Richards, B., 1971, A review of pelvimetry data, Br. J. Radiol. 44:780.
Rovinsky, J. J., Miller, J. A., and Kaplan, S., 1973, Management of breech presentation at term, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 115:497.
Joyce, D. N., Giwa-Osagie, F., and Stevenson, G. W., 1975, Role of pelvimetry in active management of labour, Br. Med. J. 4:505.
Wolter, D. F., 1976, Patterns of management with breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125:733.
Harris, J. M., and Nissim, J. A., 1959, To do or not to do a cesarean section,/. Am. Med. Assoc. 169:570.
Zatuchni, G. I., and Andros, G. J., 1967, Prognostic index for vaginal delivery in breech presentation at term, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 98:854.
Schifrin, B. S., 1974, The case against pelvimetry, Contemp. Obstet. Gynecol. 4:77.
Kaupilla, O., 1975, The perinatal mortality in breech deliveries and observations on affecting factors, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 39.
Beisher, N. A., 1966, Pelvic contracture in breech presentation,/. Obstet, Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 73:421.
Milner, R. D. G., 1975, Neonatal mortality of breech deliveries with and without forceps to the after-coming head, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82:783.
Reddin, P. C, 1974, Changing management of breech presentation, Missouri Med. 71:584.
Wright, R. C, 1959, Reduction of perinatal mortality and morbidity in breech delivery through routine use of cesarean section, Obstet. Gynecol. 14:758.
Lanka, L. D., and Nelson, H. B., 1969, Breech presentation with low fetal mortality — A comparative study, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 104:879.
Smith, R. S., and Oldham, R. R., 1970, Breech delivery, Obstet. Gynecol. 36:151.
Collea, J. V., Weghorst, G. R., and Paul, R. H., 1974, Singleton breech presentation-One year’s experience, in: Contributions to Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 3 (G. P. Mandruzzato and P. G. Keller, eds.), S. Karger, Basle.
Collea, J. V., Rabin, S. C., Weghorst, G. R., et al., 1978, The randomized management of term frank breech presentation: Vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:186.
Collea, J. V., Rabin, S. C, and Quilligan, E. J., The role of cesarean section in the management of breech presentation, manuscript in preparation.
Stewart, A. L., Turcan, D. M., Rawlings, G., et al., 1977, Prognosis for infants weighing 1,000 grams or less at birth, Arch. Dis. Child. 52:97.
Stewart, A. L., 1977, Follow-up of preterm infants, in: Preterm Labor: Proceedings of the 5th Study Group, Royal College of Ob-Gyn, London.
Zuspan, F. R., 1978, Problems encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:591.
Kubli, F., Boos, W., and Ruutgers, H., 1976, Cesarean section in the management of singleton breech presentation, 5th European Congress of Perinatal Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.
Neimand, K. M., and Rosenthal, A. H., 1965, Oxytocin in breech presentation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 93:230.
Bowen-Simpkins, P., and Fergusson, I. L. C., 1974, Lumbar epidural block and the breech presentation, Br. J. Anaesth. 46:420.
Crawford, J. S., 1975, Lumbar epidural analgesia for the singleton breech presentation, Anesthesia 30:119.
Pearse, W. H., and Danforth, D. N., 1977, Dystocia due to abnormal fetopelvic relations, in: Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3rd ed. (D. N. Danford, ed.), Harper & Row, Hagerstown, Maryland.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Aubrey Milunsky, Emanuel A. Friedman, and Louis Gluck
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Collea, J.V. (1981). Complications and Management of Breech Presentation. In: Milunsky, A., Friedman, E.A., Gluck, L. (eds) Advances in Perinatal Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4451-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4451-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4453-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4451-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive