Abstract
Trace elements have had a role, albeit an unwitting one, in medicine since the ancient Egyptians used calamine (a zinc preparation) for skin disorders and the Greeks used burnt sponges to treat goiter. However, it is only in the last 50 years that the nutritional importance of trace elements has been recognized. The list of elements known to be essential for mammals now includes zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, cobalt, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, vanadium, nickel, and silicon; fluorine, tin, and arsenic may also be essential. Of these 14 elements, at present there are only 3 with well-recognized human deficiency syndromes—copper, zinc, and iodine, which are all relatively abundant and easy to measure in biological specimens. There is evidence that poor chromium nutrition may also be widespread, but analytical difficulties make interpretation of data difficult. Deficiencies of selenium, manganese, and cobalt are of economic importance in animal husbandry but do not appear to be a problem in normal human nutrition (except selenium in some geographical areas). Nutritional iodine deficiency is a recognized problem in some areas of the world and is the object of many public health projects. This topic has been well documented (National Research Council, 1970; Wayne et al., 1964) and will not be included in this review. Of the other elements, overt deficiencies have only been seen in the carefully controlled laboratory environment (Schwarz, 1974).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allaway, W. H., Kubota, J., Losee, F., and Roth, M., 1968, Selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium in human blood, Arch. Environ. Health 16: 342.
Al-Rashid, R. A., and Spangler, J., 1971, Neonatal copper deficiency, N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 841.
Anderson, R. J., 1969, The relationship between dental caries and the trace element molybdenum, Caries Res. 3:75.
Baumslag, N., Yeager, D., Levin, L., and Petering, H. G., 1974, Trace metal content of maternal and neonate hair, Arch. Environ. Health 29: 186.
Beisel, W. R., and Pekarek, R. S., 1972, Acute stress and trace element metabolism, in Neurobiology of the Trace Metals Zinc and Copper ( C. C. Pfeiffer, ed.), pp. 53–82, Academic Press, New York.
Berfenstam, R., 1952, Studies on blood zinc, Acta Paediatr. Scand. (Suppl. 87) 41: 5.
Bradfield, R. B., Yee, T., and Baertl, J. M., 1969, Hair zinc levels of Andean Indian children during protein-calorie malnutrition, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22: 1349.
Brune, D., Samsall, K., and Westov, P. 0., 1966, A comparison between the amounts of As, Au, Br, Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn in normal and uraemic human whole blood by means of neutron activation analysis, Clin. Chim. Acta 13: 285.
Burch, R. E., Hahn, H. K. J., and Sullivan, J. F., 1975, Newer aspects of the roles of zinc, manganese, and copper in human nutrition, Clin. Chem. 21: 501.
Burk, R. F., Pearson, W. N., Wood, R. F., and Viteri, F., 1967, Blood-selenium levels and in vitro red blood cell uptake of 75Se in kwashiorkor, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 20: 723.
Burtrimovitz, G. P., and Purdy, W. C., 1978, Zinc nutrition and growth in a childhood population, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1409.
Calhoun, N. R., Smith, J. C., and Becker, K. L., 1974, The role of zinc in bone metabolism, Clin. Orthop. 103: 212.
Calhoun, N. R., McDaniel, E. G., Howard, M. P., and Smith, J. C., 1978, Loss of zinc from bone during deficiency state, Nutr. Rep. lnt. 17: 299.
Carlisle, E. M., 1974, Essentiality and function of silicon, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), pp. 407–423, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Carter, J. P. Kattab, A., Abd-El-Hadi, K., Davis, J. T., El Gholmy, A., and Patwardhan, V. N., 1968, Chromium III in hypoglycemia and in impaired glucose utilization in kwashiorkor, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21:195.
Casey, C. E., and Robinson, M. F., 1978, Copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cadmium and lead in human foetal tissues, Br. J. Nutr. 39: 639.
Cavell, P. A., and Widdowson, E. M., 1964, Intakes and excretions of iron, copper and zinc in the neonatal period, Arch. Dis. Child. 39: 496.
Cordano, A., and Graham, G. G., 1966, Copper deficiency complicating severe chronic intestinal malabsorption, Pediatrics 38: 596.
Cordano, A., Baertl, J. M., and Graham, G. G., 1964, Copper deficiency in infancy, Pediatrics 34: 324.
Cordano, A., Placko, R. P., and Graham, G. G., 1966, Hypocupremia and neutropenia in copper deficiency, Blood 28:280.
Cotzias, G. C., Miller, S. T., and Edwards, J., 1966, Neutron activation analysis: The stability of manganese concentrations in human blood and serum, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 67: 836.
Danks, D. M., Campbell, P. E., Stevens, B. J., Mayne, V., and Cartwright, E., 1972, Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome, Pediatrics 50:188.
Danks, D. M., Cartwright, E., Stevens, B. J., and Townley, R. R. W., 1973, Menkes’ kinky hair disease: Further definition of the defect in copper transpost, Science 179:1140.
Dauncey, M. J., Shaw, J. C. L., and Urman, J., 1977, The absorption and retention of magnesium, zinc, and copper by low birth weight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk, Pediatr. Res. 11: 991.
Davidson, I. W. F., and Burt, R. L., 1973, Physiological changes in plasma chromium of normal and pregnant women: Effect of glucose load, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 116:601.
Deosthale, Y. G., and Gopalan, C., 1974, The effect of molybdenum levels in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) on uric acid and copper excretion in man, Br. J. Nutr. 31: 351.
Doisy, E. A., 1972, Micronutrient controls on biosynthesis of clotting proteins and cholesterol, in Trace Substances in Environmental Health-VI ( D. D. Hemphill, ed.), pp. 193–199, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Doisy, R. J., Streeten, D. H. P. Souma, M. L., Kalafer, M. E., Rekant, S. I. and Dalakos, T. G., 1971, Metabolism of 51Chromium in human subjects normal, elderly, and diabetic subjects, in Newer Trace Elements in Nutrition (W. Mertz and W. E. Cornatzer, eds.), pp. 155–168, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Doisy, R. J., Streeten, D. H. P. Freiberg, J. M., and Schneider, A. J. 1976, Chromium metabolism in man and biochemical effects, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, II (A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 79–104, Academic Press, New York.
Douglas, B. S., Lines, D. R. and Tse, C. E., 1976, Serum zinc levels in New Zealand children, N.Z. Med. J. 83:192.
Dunlap, W. M., James, G. W., and Hume, D. M., 1974, Anemia and neutropenia caused by copper deficiency, Ann. Intern. Med. 80: 470.
Duran, M., Beemer, F. A., Heiden, C. V. D., de Bree, P. K., Brink, M., and Wadman, S. K., 1980, Combined deficiency of xanthine oxidase and sulphite oxidase• a defect of molybdenum metabolism or transport?, J. Inherited Metab. Dis. (in press).
Eggleton, W. G. E., 1939, The zinc content of epidermal structures in beriberi, Biochem. J. 33: 403.
Eminians, J., Reinhold, J. G., Kfoury, G. A., Amirhakimi, G. H. Sharif, H. and Ziai, M., 1967
Zinc nutrition of children in Fars province of Iran, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 20:734.
Evans, G. W., 1976, Zinc absorption and transport, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, I ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 181–187, Academic Press, New York.
Evans, G. W., and Hahn, C. J., 1974, Copper and zinc binding components in rat intestine, in Protein-Metal Interactions ( M. Friedman, ed.), pp. 285–297, Plenum Press, New York.
Freeland, J. H., and Cousins, R. J., 1976, Zinc content of selected foods, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 68: 526.
Ganther, H. E., Hafeman, D. G., Lawrence, R. A., Serfass, R. E., and Hoekstra, W. G., 1976
Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in health and disease—a review, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, II (A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 165–234, Academic Press, New York.
Geissler, C., Calloway, D. H., and Margen, S., 1978, Lactation and pregnancy in Iran II. Diet and nutritional status, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 341.
Golden, M. H. N., Golden, B., Harland, P. S. E. G., and Jackson, A. A., 1978, Zinc and immunocompetence in protein-energy malnutrition, Lancet 1: 1226.
Graham, G. C., and Cordano, A., 1976, Copper deficiency in human subjects, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, I ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 363–372, Academic Press, New York.
Greger, J. L., 1977, Dietary intake and nutritional status in regard to zinc of institutionalized aged, J. Gerontol. 32: 549.
Greger, J. L., and Geissler, A. H., 1978, Effect of zinc supplementation on taste acuity of the aged, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 633.
Gürson, C. T., 1977, The metabolic significance of dietary chromium, in Advances in Nutritional Research, Vol. 1 (H. H. Draper, ed.), pp. 23–53, Plenum Press, New York.
Gürson, C. T., and Saner, G., 1978, The effect of glucose loading on urinary excretion of chromium in normal adults, in individuals from diabetic families and in diabetics, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1158.
Gürson, C. T., Saner, G., Mertz, W., Wolf, W. R., and Sökücü, S., 1975, Nutritional significance of chomium in different chronological age groups and in populations differing in nutritional backgrounds, Nutr. Rep. Int. 12: 9.
Guthrie, B. E., 1975, Chromium, manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium content of New Zealand foods, N.Z. Med. J. 82: 418.
Guthrie, B. E., McKenzie, J. M., and Casey, C. E., 1978, Copper status of New Zealanders, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 ( M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 304–306, Universtät München, Freising-Weihenstephan.
Halsted, J. A., Smith, J. C., and Irwin, M. I., 1974, A conspectus of research on zinc requirements of man, J. Nutr. 104: 345.
Hambidge, K. M., 1974, Chromium nutrition in man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27: 505.
Hambidge, K. M., and Baum, J. D., 1972, Hair chromium concentrations of human newborn and changes during infancy, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25: 376.
Hambidge, K. M., and Droegemueller, W., 1974, Changes in plasma and hair concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium, and manganese during pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol. 44: 666.
Hambidge, K. M., and Walravens, P. A., 1975, Trace elements in nutrition, Prac. Pediatr. 1:1. Hambidge, K. M., Rodgerson, D. O., and O’Brien, D., 1968, The concentration of chromium in the hair of normal and children with juvenile diabetes mellitus, Diabetes 17: 517.
Hambidge, K. M., Hambidge, C., Jacobs, M., and Baum, J. D., 1972, Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypogeusia in children, Pediatr. Res. 6: 868.
Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., Kumar, V., and Tuchinda, C., 1974, Chromium, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel, iron and cadmium concentrations in the hair of residents of Chandigarh, India and Bangkok, Thailand, in Trace Substances in Environmental Health-VIII, ( D. D. Hemphill, ed.), pp. 39–44, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Hambidge, K. M., Neldner, K. H., and Walravens, P. A., 1975, Zinc, acrodermatitis enteropathica, and congential malformations, Lancet 1: 577–578.
Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., Brown, R. M., Webster, J., White, S., Anthony, M., and Roth, M. L., 1976, Zinc nutrition of preschool children in the Denver Head Start program, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 734.
Hambidge, K. M., Neldner, K. H. Walravens, P. A., Weston, W. L., Silverman, A., Sabol, J. L. and Brown, R. M., 1978, Zinc in acrodermatitis enteropathica, in Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine,(K. M. Hambidge and B. L. Nichols, eds.), pp. 81–98, Spectrum, New York.
Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., Casey, C. E., Brown, R. M., and Bender, C., 1979, Plasma zinc concentrations of breast-fed infants, J. Pediatr. 94: 607.
Hambidge, K. M., Walravens, P. A., Neldner, K. H., and Daugherty, N. A., 1978, Zinc, copper and fatty acids in acrodermatitis enteropathica, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 ( M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 413–417, Universität München, FreisingWeihenstephan.
Hamilton, E. J., and Minski, M. J., 1972/1973, Abundance of the chemical elements in man’s diet and possible relations with environmental factors, Sci. Total Environ. 1: 375.
Hamilton, E. J., Minski, M. J., and Cleary, J. J., 1972/1973, The concentration and distribution of some stable elements in healthy human tissues from the United Kingdom, Sci. Total Environ. 1: 341.
Hart, E. B., Steenbock, H., Waddell, J., and Elvehjem, C. A., 1928, Iron in nutrition. VII. Copper as a supplement to iron for hemoglobin building in the rat, J. Biol. Chem. 77:797.
Hauer, E. C., and Kaminski, M. V., 1978, Trace metal profiles of parenteral nutrition solutions, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:264.
Iyengar, G. V., Kollmer, W. E., and Bowen, H. J. M., 1978, The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids, pp. 28, 60, 66, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim.
James, B. E., and MacMahon, R. A., 1976, Balance studies of nine elements during complete intravenous feeding of small premature infants, Aust. Paediatr. J. 12:154.
Jameson, S., 1976, Effects of zinc deficiency on human reproduction, Acta Med. Scand. ( Suppl. 593 ).
Jeejeebhoy, K. N., Chu, R. C., Marliss, E. B., Greenberg, G. R., and Bruce-Robertson, A., 1977, Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30: 531.
Johnson, P. E., and Evans, G. W., 1978, Relative zinc availability in human breast milk, infant formulas, and cow’s milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 416.
Karpel, J. T., and Peden, V. H., 1972, Copper deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition, J. Pediatr. 8:32.
Kasperek, K., Feinendegen, L. E., Lombeck, I., and Bremer, H. J., 1977, Serum zinc concentrations during childhood, Eur. J. Pediatr. 126:199.
Kay, R. G., Tasman-Jones, C., Pybus, J., Whiting, R. and Black, H., 1976, A syndrome of acute zinc deficiency during total parenteral alimentation in man, Ann. Surg. 183:331.
Kemmerer, A. R. Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. B., 1931, Studies on the relation of manganese to the nutrition of the mouse, J. Biol. Chem. 92: 623.
Klevay, L. M., 1970a, Hair as a biopsy material I. Assessment of zinc nutriture, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23:284.
Klevay, L. M., 1970b, Hair as a biopsy material II. Assessment of copper nutriture, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23:1194.
Klevay, L. M., 1977, Elements of ischemic heart disease, Perspect. Biol. Med. 20:196.
Klevay, L. M., 1978, Dietary copper and the copper requirement of man, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 (M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 307–311, Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan.
Kumar, S., and Rao, K. S. J., 1973, Plasma and erythrocyte zinc levels in protein-calorie malnutrition, Nutr. Metab. 15: 364.
Lassiter, J. W., Abrams, E., Miller, W. J., Neathery, M. W., and Gentry, R. P. 1978, Role of bile and diet 54Mn metabolism in animals, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 (M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 140–143, Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan.
Leach, R. M., 1976, Metabolism and functions of manganese, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, I ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 235–248, Academic Press, New York.
Lehmann, B. H., Hansen, J. D. L., and Warren, P. J., 1971, The distribution of copper, zinc and manganese in various regions of the brain and in other tissues of children with protein-calorie malnutrition, Br. J. Nutr. 26: 197.
Levine, R. A., Streeten, D. H. P., and Doisy, R. J., 1968, Effects of oral chromium supplementation on the glucose tolerance of elderly human subjects, Metab. Clin. Exp. 17: 114.
Linder, M. C., and Munro, H. N., 1973, Iron and copper metabolism during development, Enzyme 15: 111.
Lines, D. R., Bell, E. B., and Pybus, J., 1977, Zinc levels in childhood health and disease, Proc. Nutr. Soc. N.Z. 2 (3): 31.
Lins, L. E., and Perhsson, K., 1976, Cobalt intoxication in uraemic myocardiopathy, Lancet 1:1191.
Liu, V. J. K., and Morris, J. S., 1978, Relative chromium response as an indicator of chromium status, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 972.
Lombeck, I. Schnippering, H. G., Ritzl, F., Feinendegen, L. E., and Bremer, H. J., 1975, Absorption of zinc in acrodermatitis enteropathica, Lancet 1:885.
Lombeck, I., Kasperek, K., Harbisch, H. D., Feinendegen, L. E., and Bremer, H. J., 1977, The selenium state of healthy children I, Eur. J. Pediatr. 125: 81.
Lombeck, I., Kasperek, K., Harbisch, H. D., Becker, K., Schumann, E., Schröter, W., Feinende-gen, L. E., and Bremer, H. J., 1978, The selenium state of children II, Eur. J. Pediatr. 128: 213.
Majaj, A. S., and Hopkins, L. L., 1966, Human chromium deficiency. The response of hypoglycemia and impaired glucose utilization to chromium (III) treatment in protein-calorie malnutrition, Leban. Med. J. 19: 177.
Majaj, A. S., and Hopkins, L. L., 1966a, Selenium and kwashiorkor, Lancet 2: 592.
Masironi, R., Wolf, W., and Mertz, W., 1973, Chromium in refined and unrefined sugars—possible nutritional implications in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, Bull. WHO 49: 322.
McBean, L. D., Mahloudji, M., Reinhold, J. G., and Halsted, J. A., 1971, Correlation of zinc concentrations in human plasma and hair, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24: 506.
McKenzie, J. M., 1974, Tissue concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper from autopsy samples, N.Z. Med. J. 79:1016.
McKenzie, J. M., 1977, Trace elements in total parenteral nutrition in New Zealand. Symposium on trace elements in human and animal health in New Zealand, pp. 59–69, Waikato University Press, Hamilton, New Zealand.
McKenzie, R. L., Rea, H. M., Thomson, C. D., and Robinson, M. F., 1978, Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand infants and children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1413.
McLeod, B. E., and Robinson, M. F., 1972, Dietary intake of manganese by New Zealand infants during the first six months of life, Br. J. Nutr. 27: 221.
Menkes, J. H., Alter, M., Steigleder, G. K., Weakly, D. R., and Sung, J. H., 1962, A sex-linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, peculiar hair, and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration, Pediatrics 29: 764.
Mertz, W., 1967, Biological role of chromium, Fed. Proc. 26: 186.
Mertz, W., 1974, The newer essential trace elements, chromium, tin, vanadium, nickel and silicon, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 307.
Mertz, W., Toepfer, E. W., Roginski, E. E., and Polansky, M. M., 1974, Present knowledge of the role of chromium, Fed. Proc. 33: 2275.
Messer, H. H., Armstrong, W. D., and Singer, L., 1974, Essentiality and function of fluoride, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-2 (W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), p. 425, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Michie, D. D., and Wirth, F. H., 1978, Plasma zinc levels in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition, J. Pediatr. 92: 798.
Momcilovié, B., Belonje, B., Giroux, A., and Shah, B. G., 1976, Bioavailability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas, J. Nutr. 106: 913.
Morris, V. C. and Levander, O. A., 1970, Selenium content of foods, J. Nutr. 100:1383.
Myron, D. R. Givand, S. H., and Nielsen, F. H., 1977, Vanadium content of selected foods as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem. 25: 297.
Myron, D. R., Zimmerman, T. J., Shuler, T. R., Klevay, L. M., Lee, D. E., and Nielsen, F. H., 1978, Intake of nickel and vanadium by humans. A survey of selected diets, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 527.
National Academy of Sciences, 1978, Zinc, Report of a Subcommittee of the National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
National Research Council, 1970, Iodine Nutriture in the United States, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.
National Research Council, 1980, Food and Nutrition Board, Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed., National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.
Neldner, K. H., and Hambidge, K. M., 1975, Zinc therapy of acrodermatitis enteropathica, N. Engl. J. Med. 292: 870.
Newbrun, E., 1978, Dietary fluoride supplementation for the prevention of caries, Pediatrics 62: 733.
Newman, H. A. I., Leighton, R. F., Lanese, R. R., and Freedland, N. A., 1978, Serum chromium and angiographically determined coronary artery disease, Clin. Chem. 24: 541.
Nielson, F. H., 1974, Essentiality and function of nickel, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), pp. 381–396, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Nielson, F. H., and Sandstead, H. H., 1974, Are nickel, vanadium, silicon, fluorine and tin essential for man? A review, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27: 515.
Nielsen, F. H., Givand, S. H., and Myron, D. R., 1975, Evidence of a possible requirement for arsenic by the rat, Fed. Proc. 24: 923.
O’Dell, B. L., 1967, Dietary interactions of copper and zinc, in Trace Substances in Environmental Health-I ( D. D. Hemphill, ed.), pp. 134–140, University of Missouri, Columbia.
O’Dell, B. L., 1976, Biochemistry and physiology of copper in vertebrates, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, II ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 391–414, Academic Press, New York.
Ohtake, M., 1977, Serum zinc and copper levels in healthy Japanese infants, Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 123: 265.
Okada, A., Takagi, Y., Itakura, F., Satani, M., Manabe, H., and Iida, Y., 1975, Zinc deficiency during intravenous alimentation, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress on Nutrition, p. 236, Kyoto, Japan.
Osis, D., Kramer, L., Wiatrowski, E., and Spencer, H., 1972, Dietary zinc intake in man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25: 582.
Parisi, A. F., and Vallee, B. L., 1969, Zinc metalloenzymes: Characteristics and significance in biology and medicine, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22: 1222.
Pennington, J. T., and Calloway, D. H., 1973, Copper content of foods, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 63:143.
Picciano, M. F., and Guthrie, H. A., 1976, Copper, iron and zinc contents of mature human milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 242.
Pories, W. J., and Strain, W. H., 1974, Zinc sulphate therapy in surgical patients, in Clinical Applications of Zinc Metabolism ( W. J. Pories, W. H. Strain, J. M. Hsu, and R. L. Woosley, eds.), pp. 139–157, Charles C Thomas, Springfield.
Porter, H., Sweeney, M., and Porter, E. M., 1964, Neonatal hepatic mitochondrocuprein II, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 104: 97.
Prasad, A. S., Miale, A., Fad, Z., Sandstead, H. H., and Schulert, A. R., 1963, Zinc metabolism in patients with the syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61: 534.
Prasad, A. S., Oberleas, D., Lei, K. Y., Moghissi, K. S., and Stryker, J. C., 1975, Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients. 1. Minerals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 377.
Prasad, A. S., Brewer, G. J., Schoomaker, E. B., and Rabbani, P., 1978, Hypocupremia induced by zinc therapy in adults, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 240: 2166.
Price, N. O., Bunce, G. E., and Engel, R. W., 1970, Copper, manganese, and zinc balance in preadolescent girls, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23: 258.
Punsar, S., Erämetsä, D., Karvonen, M. J., Ryhänen, A., Hilska, P., and Vomamo, H., 1975, Coronary Heart disease and drinking water, J. Chronic. Dis. 28: 259.
Punsar, S., Wolf, W., Mertz, W., and Karvonen, M. J., 1977, Urinary chromium excretion and artherosclerotic manifestations in two Finnish male populations, Ann. Clin. Res. 9: 79.
Reinhold, J. G., 1975, Trace elements—a selective survey, Clin. Chem. 21: 476.
Reinhold, J. G., Faradji, B., Abadi, P., and Ismail-Beigi, F., 1976, Binding of zinc to fiber and other solids of wholemeal bread, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease-I ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 163–180, Academic Press, New York.
Rhead, W. J., Cary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., Saltzstein, S. L., and Schrauzer, G. N., 1972, The vitamin E and selenium status of infants and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Bioinorg. Chem. 1:289.
Ricour, C., Gros, J., Maziere, B., and Comar, D., 1975, Trace elements in infants on T.P.N., in Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress on Nutrition, p. 236, Kyoto, Japan.
Robinson, M. F., McKenzie, J. M., Thomson, C. D., and van Rij, A. M., 1973, Metabolic balance of zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum, and selenium in young New Zealand women, Br. J. Nutr. 30: 195.
Robinson, M. F., Thomson, C. D., Stewart, R. D. H., Rea, H. M., and McKenzie, R. L., 1978a, Selenium in human nutrition in New Zealand residents, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 ( M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 316–319, Universität München, FreisingWeihenstephan.
Robinson, M. F., Rea, H. M., Friend, G. M., Stewart, R. D. H., Snow, P. C., and Thomson, C. D., 1978b, On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders, 2, Br. J. Nutr. 39: 589.
Ronaghy, H. A., and Halsted, J. A., 1975, Zinc deficiency occurring in females. Report of two cases, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 831.
Sakurai, H., and Tsuchiya, K., 1975, A tentative recommendation for the maximum daily intake of selenium, Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 5: 107.
Saltman, P., Hegenauer, J., Ripley, L., and Morrison, J., 1978, Cobalt excretion test of iron bioavailability in man and mouse, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 ( M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 145–148, Universtät Müchen, Freising-Weihenstephan.
Sandstead, H. H., 1973, Zinc nutrition in the United States, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26: 1251.
Sandstead, H. H., Prasad, A. S., Schulert, A. R., Fad, Z., Miale, A., Bassilly, S., and Darby, W. J., 1967, Human zinc deficiency, endocrine manifestations and response to treatment, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 20: 422.
Sandstead, H. H., Vokhactu, K. P., and Solomons, N., 1976, Conditioned zinc deficiencies, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, I ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 33–49, Academic Press, New York.
Saner, G., 1975, Urinary chromium excretion in the newborn and its relation to intravenous glucose loading, Nutr. Rep. In. 11: 387.
Sarram, M., Younessi, M., Khorvash, P., Kfoury, G. A., and Reinhold, J. G., 1969, Zinc nutrition in human pregnancy in Fars province, Iran, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 22: 726.
Schlettwein-Gsell, D., and Mommsen-Straub, S., 1970, Übersicht spurenelemente in lebensmittel, I. Zink, Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 40: 659.
Schlettwein-Gsell, D., and Mommsen-Straub, S., 1971a, Übersicht Spurenelemente in Lebensmitteln III. Chrom, Int. Z. Vitaminforschung 41: 116.
Schlettwein-Gsell, D., and Mommsen-Straub, S., 1971b, Übersicht Spurenelemente in Lebensmitteln, IV. Mangan, Int. Z. Vitaminforschung 41: 268.
Schlettwein-Gsell, D., and Mommsen-Straub, S., 1971c, Übersicht Spurenelemente in Lebensmitteln VI. Kupfer, Int. Z. Vitaminforschung 41: 554.
Schrauzer, G. N., 1976, Selenium and cancer: A review, Bioinorg. Chem. 5: 275.
Schroeder, H. A., and Balassa, J. J., 1965, Influence of chromium, cadmium and lead on rat aortic lipids and circulating cholesterol, Am. J. Physiol. 209: 433.
Schroeder, H. A., Balassa, J. J., and Tipton, I. H., 1962, Abnormal trace metals in man: Chromium, J. Chronic Dis. 15: 941.
Schroeder, H. A., Balassa, J. J., and Tipton, I. H., 1966, Essential trace metals in man: Manganese, J. Chronic Dis. 19: 545.
Schroeder, H. A., Frost, D. V., and Balassa, J. J., 1970, Essential trace metals in man: Selenium, J. Chronic Dis. 23: 227.
Schwarz, K., 1961, Development and status of experimental work on Factor 3-selenium, Fed. Proc. 20: 666.
Schwarz, K., 1974, New essential trace elements (Sn,V,F,Si): Progress report and outlook, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), pp. 355–380, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Schwarz, K., and Foltz, C. M., 1957, Selenium as an integral part of Factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79: 3292.
Schwarz, K., and Mertz, W., 1959, Chromium III and the glucose tolerance factor, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 85: 292.
Seelig, M. S., 1972, Review: Relation of copper and molybdenum to iron metabolism, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25:1022.
Seely, J. R., Humphrey, G. B. and Matter, B. J., 1972, Copper-deficiency in a premature infant fed an iron-fortified formula, N. Engl. J. Med. 286:109.
Sever, L. S., 1973, Zinc deficiency in man, Lancet 1: 887.
Smit, Z. N., and Pretorius, P. J., 1964, Studies in metabolism of zinc, J. Trop. Pediatr. 9:105.
Smith, J. E., Brown, E. D., and Smith, J. C., 1974, The effect of zinc deficiency on the metabolism of retinol-binding protein in the rat, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 84: 692.
Soman, S. D., Panday, V. K., Joseph, K. T., and Raut, S. J., 1969, Daily intake of some major and minor trace elements, Health Phys. 17: 36.
Spencer, H., Osis, D., Krammer, L., and Norris, C., 1976, Intake, excretion, and retention of zinc in man, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, 1 ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 345–361, Academic Press, New York.
Stewart, R. D. H. Griffiths, N. M., Thomson, C. D., and Robinson, M. F., 1978, Quantitative selenium metabolism in normal New Zealand women, Br. J. Nutr. 40:45.
Sunderman, F. W., Nomoto, S., Morang, R., Nechay, M. W., Burke, C. N., and Nielsen, S. W., 1972, Nickel deprivation in chicks, J. Nutr. 102: 259.
Tao S., and Suttie, J. W., 1976, Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride levels on reproduction in mice, J. Nutr. 106:115.
Taylor, A., and Marks, V., 1978, Cobalt: a review, J. Human Nutr. 32:165.
Thomas, B., Roughan, J. A., and Watters, E. D., 1974, Cobalt, chromium and nickel content of some vegetable foodstuffs, J. Sci. Food Agric. 25: 771.
Thompson, J. N., Erdody, P. and Smith, D. C., 1975, Selenium content of foods consumed by Canadians, J. Nutr. 105:274.
Thomson, C. D., Rea, H. M., Doesburg, V. M., and Robinson, M. F., 1977, Selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood of New Zealand residents, Br. J. Nutr. 37: 457.
Todd, W. R., Elvehjem, C. A., and Hart, E. M., 1934, Zinc in the nutrition of the rat, Am. J. Physiol. 107: 146.
Toepfer, E. W., Mertz, W., Roginski, E. E., and Polansky, M. M., 1973, Chromium in foods in relation to biological activity, J. Agric. Food Chem. 21: 69.
Tsongas, T. A., Meglen, R. R., Walravens, P. A., and Chappell, W. R., 1980, Molybdenum in the diet: an estimate of average daily intake in the United States, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1103.
Underwood, E. J., 1971, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 3rd ed., pp. 208, 226–231, 323–362, Academic Press, New York.
Underwood, E. J., 1977, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York.
Van Campen, D., 1970, Competition between copper and zinc during absorption, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals-1 (C. F. Mills, ed.), pp. 287–298, E. und S. Livingstone, Edinburgh. van Rij, A. M., and McKenzie, J. M., 1977, Zinc in parenteral nutrition, Proc. Nutr. Soc. N. Z. 2 (3): 87.
Versieck, J., Hoste, J., Barbier, F., and Vanballenberghe, L., 1976, Serum cobalt, Lancet 1:1403.
Versieck, J., Hoste, J., Barbier, F., Vanballenberghe, L., de Rudder, J., and Cornelius, R., 1978, Determination of molybdenum in human serum by neutron activiation analysis, Clin. Chim. Acta 87: 135.
Viltner, R. W., Bozian, R. C., Hess, E. V., Zellner, D. C., and Petering, H. G., 1974, Manifestations of copper deficiency in a patient with systemic sclerosis on intravenous alimentation, N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 188.
Walravens, P. A., and Hambidge, K. M., 1976, Growth of infants fed a zinc supplemented formula, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29: 1114.
Walravens, P. A., and Hambidge, K. M., 1978, Zinc nutrition and deficiency in pediatrics, in Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine ( K. M. Hambidge and B. L. Nichols, eds.), pp. 49–58, Spectrum, New York.
Walravens, P. A., Moure, R., Solomons, C. C., Chappell, W. R., and Bentley, G., 1978, Biochemical changes in workers exposed to molybdenum dusts, in Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals-3 ( M. Kirchgessner, ed.), pp. 577–581. Universität München, FreisingWeihenstephan.
Waslien, C. I., 1976, Human intake of trace elements, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, II ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), pp. 347–370, Academic Press, New York.
Wayne, E. J., Koutras, D. A., and Alexander, W. D., 1964, Clinical Aspects of Iodine Metabolism, Blackwell, Oxford.
WHO, 1973, Trace Elements in Human Nutrition,World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 532.
Widdowson, E. M., Dauncey, M. J., and Shaw, J. C. L., 1974, Trace elements in foetal and early postnatal development, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33: 275.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Casey, C.E., Hambidge, K.M. (1980). Trace Element Deficiencies in Man. In: Draper, H.H. (eds) Advances in Nutritional Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4448-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4448-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4450-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4448-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive