Skip to main content

Entomopathogenic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents for Tsetse Flies

  • Chapter
Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests

Abstract

The tsetse fly (Glossina spp) has been labelled ‘Africa’s scourge or bane’. It is the one pest largely preventing full utilisation of the best agricultural/grazing lands on the continent (Nash, 1969; Offori, 1981; Rogers and Randolph, 1988; Cattand, 1995). About one-third of the continent, or nearly 9 million lull’ is infested. The flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and are responsible for the transmission of protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, which cause human and animal trypanosomosis, otherwise referred to as sleeping sickness and nagana, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Al-Aidroos, K., and Roberts, D.W., 1978, Mutants of Metarhizium anisopliae with increased virulence towards mosquito larvae, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 20: 211–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, G., 1987, Environment, in: Epizootiology of Insect Diseases, J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, eds., John Wiley, New York, pp. 117–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D.G., Schoborg, E.A., and Allen, G.E., 1982, The relative susceptibility of six noctuid species to infection by Nomuraea rileyi isolated from Anticarsia gemmatalis, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 39: 238–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brobyn, P.J., and Wilding, N., 1977, Invasive and development process of Entomophthora species infecting aphids, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 69: 349–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, G.D.H., 1912, Progress report on investigations into the bionomics of Glossina palpalis, July 27, 1910 to August 5, 1911, Rep. Sleeping Sickness Bur. Lond 12: 79–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattand, P., 1994, Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine. Situation épidémiologique actuelle, une recrudescence alarmante de la maladie, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 87: 307–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattand, P., 1995, The scourge of human African trypanosomiasis, Africa Health 17:911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Challier, A., Eyraud, M., Lafaye, A., and Laveissière, C., 1977, Amélioration du rendement du piège biconique pour glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) par l’emploi d’un cône inférieur bleu, Cahiers ORSTOMEntomol. Médic. Parasitol. 15: 283–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, T.B., Kellen, W.R., Fukuda, T., and Lindegren, J.E., 1968, Field and laboratory studies of the pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana to three genera of mosquitoes, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 11: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, J.M., 1992, Molecular approaches to the study of entomopathogenic fungi, in: Biological Control of Locust and Grasshoppers, C.J. Lomer and C. Prior, eds., CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 191–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmas, J.-C., 1988, Thèse d’Etat Adaptation Parasitaire de Paecilomyces fumusoroseus (Wize) Brown et Smith à l’Insecte Pieris brassicae L. (Lep. Pieridae) et Conséquences Hématologiques de l’Infection, Université Paris V II, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doidge, E.M., 1950, The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945, Bothalia 5:1–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorbeski, J.W., 1981, Comparative laboratory studies on three fungal pathogens of the elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus: Effect of temperature and humidity on infection by Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces farinosus, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 37: 195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, R.D., Brightwell, R., Kyorku, C., and Williams, B., 1990, Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya, Bull. Entomol. Res. 80: 265–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi, S., Maniania, N.K., Ampong-Nyarko, K., and Akpa, A.D., 2000, Importance of timing of application of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti and its persistence on cowpea, Arch. Phytopath. Plant Prot. 33:431445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi, S., Maniania, N.K., and Ampong-Nyarko, K., 1999, Effect of temperature on germination, radial growth and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana on Megalurothrips sjostedti, Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 9:177185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., 1976, Spécificité des champignons pathogènes imparfaits pour les larves de coléoptères (Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidae), Entomophaga 21: 313–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., 1981, Thèse d’Etat Spécificité des Entomopathogènes et Résistance Interspécifique des Larves d’Insectes, Université Paris 6, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., 1984, Adhesion of the fungal spore to the insect cuticle in relation of pathogenicity, in: Infection processes offungi, D.W. Roberts and J.R. Aist, eds., Pubs. Rockfeller Fdn, pp. 90–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., and Rodriguez-Rueda, D., 1980, Sensibilité des larves de Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae) aux hyphomycètes entomopathogènes Nomuraea rileyi et Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Entomophaga 25: 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Ouedraogo, A., Goettel, M.S., and Lomer, C.J., 1997, Effect of temperature, humidity and inoculation method on susceptibility of Schistocerca gregaria to Metarhizium flavoviride, Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 7:345356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Goettel, M.S., Smits, N., Ouedraogo, A., Vidal, C., Lacey, L.A., Lomer, C.J., and Rougier, M., 1996, Variability in susceptibility to simulated sunlight of conidia among isolates of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, Mycopathologia 135: 171–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fargues, J., Maniania, N.K., Delmas, J.C., and Smith, N., 1992, Influence de la température sur la croissance in vitro d’hyphomycètes entomopathogènes, Agronomie 12: 557–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferron, P., Fargues, J., and Riba, G., 1991, Fungi as microbial insecticides against pests, in: Handbook of Applied Mycology, Vol. 2 Humans, Animals and Insects, D.K. Arora, L. Ajello and K.G. Mukerji, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 665–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M.J., Pell, J.K., Ong, P.C., and Syed, A.R., 1995, Field and laboratory evaluation of a sex pheromone trap for autodissemination of the pathogen Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales) by the diamondback, Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae ), Bull. Entomol. Res. 85: 331–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W.A., Sutton, M.R., and Noblet, R., 1977, Persistence of Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi and Nosema necatrix on soybean foliage, Environ. Entomol. 6:616618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M.S., Poprawski, T.J., Vanderberg, J.D., Li, Z., and Roberts, D.W., 1990, Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol agents, in: Safety of Microbial Insecticides, M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, eds., CRS Press, Florida, pp. 209–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouteux, J.-P., and Lancien, J., 1986, Le piège pyramidal à tsétsé ( Diptera, Glossinidae) pour la capture et la lutte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Essais comparatifs et description de nouveaux systèmes de capture, Trop. Med. Parasitol. 37:61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouteux, J.P., Artzrouni, M., and Jarry, M., 2000, Une épidémie mise en équations, La recherche 335: 34–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouteux, J.-P., Noireau, F., Sinda, D., and Frézil, J.-L., 1986, Essais du piège pyramidal contre Glossina palpalis palpalis (Rob.-Desv.) dans le foyer du Niari, Cahiers ORSTOM, série Enomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 24: 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grula, E.A., Burton, R.L., Smith, R., Mapes, T.L., Cheung, P.Y.K., Pekrul, S., Champlin, F.R., Grula, M., and Abegaz; B., 1978, Biochemical basis for entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana,in: Proc. of the first Joint US/ USSR Conf on the Production, Selection and Standardisation of Entomopathogenic Fungi of Project V, Microbiological Control of Insect Pest, of the US/USSR Joint Working Group on the Production of Substances by Microbial Means,C.M. Ignoffo, ed., Asra Information Resources, National Science Foundation, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.A., and Papierok, B., 1982, Fungi as biological control agents of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance, Parasitology 8: 205–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargrove, J.W., and Langley, P.A., 1990, Sterilizing tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the field: a successful trial, Bull. Ent. Res. 80:397403.

    Google Scholar 

  • IAEA, 1997, Expert group confirms: Tsetse fly eradication on Zanzibar, Press release PR 97/38, International Atomic Energy Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C.M., 1981, The fungus Nomuraea rileyi as a microbial insecticide, in: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 19701980, H.D. Burges, ed., Academic Press, London, pp. 513–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignoffo, C.M., Puttler, B., Hostetter, D.L., and Dicson, W.A., 1976, Susceptibility of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and velvet bean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, to several isolates of entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraearileyi, J. Invert. Pathol. 28: 259–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G.D., Goettel, M.S., and Johnson, D.L., 1993, Persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, on phylloplanes of crested wheatgrass and alfalfa, Biol. Contr. 3: 258–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, G.D., Goettel, M.S., and Johnson, D.L., 1995, Influence of ultraviolet light protectants on persistence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, Biol. Contr. 5: 581–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C.W., Beale, J.B., and Hall, R.A., 1985, Traits associated with virulence to the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni in eighteen isolates of Verticillium lecanii, Ann. Appl. Biol. 106: 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, D.W., 1964, Pathogens, parasites and predators of medically important arthropods. Annotated list and bibliography, Bu WHO 30 (suppl.): 150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, A.M., Trewem, M.A., Borkovec, A.B., and De Milo, A.B., 1979, Laboratory studies on the potential of three insect growth regulator for the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae), Bull. Ent. Res. 69: 55–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., 1989, Glossina morsitans morsitans: Mortalities caused in adults by experimental infection with entomopathogenic fungi, Acta Tropica 46: 107–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., and Darji, N., 1988, The humoral defense system in tsetse: Differences in response due to age, sex and antigen types, Devel. Comp. Immunol. 12: 255–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., and Munyinyi, D.M., 1995, Biocontrol potential of the entomogenous fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) at developmental sites, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 66: 237–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., and Okech, M.A., 1990a, Microorganisms associated with tsetse in nature: Preliminary results on isolation, identification and pathogenicity, Insect Sci. Applic. 11: 443–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., and Okech, M.A., 19906, Horizontal transmission of mycotic infection in adult tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans, Entomophaga 35: 589–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., Kokwaro, E:D., and Murithi, J.K., 1991, Mortalities in adult Glossina morsitans morsitans experimentally infected with entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, Discovery and Innovation 3: 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, G.P., Ratcliffe, N.A., and Alemu, P., 1986, Cellular and humoral defenses of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae): Reactions against bacteria, trypanosomes, and experimental implants, J. Med Entomol. 1: 30–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M.G., and Lacey, L.A. 1999, An attractant trap for the autodissemination of entomopathogenic fungi into populations of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 9: 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L.A., and Goettel, M.A., 1995, Current development in microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the early 21“ century, Entomophaga 40: 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, M., ed., 1977, The Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control,IDRC-077E, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambiase, J.T., and Yendol, W.G., 1977, The fine structure of Entomophthora apiculata and its penetration of Trichoplusia ni, Can. J. Microbiol. 23: 452–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamborn, W.A., 1925, An attempt to control Glossina morsitans by means ofSyntomosphyrum glossinae Waterson, Bull. Ent. Res. 15: 303–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, P.A., 1995, Effects of Beauveria bassiana on males tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) exposed by tarsal contact and potential for housefly and blowfly control using targets treated with Beauveria bassiana, Reports for Troy BioSciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley, P.A., 1999, Prospects for using insect growth regulators in conjunction with sterile insect technique for tsetse control, Proc. 2nd Seminar FAO/IAEA, Animal Trypanosomosis: Vector and Disease Control Using Nuclear Techniques, Zanzibar, 1995, pp. 123–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laveissière, C., Vale, G.A., and Gouteux, J.-P., 1990, Bait methods for tsetse control, in: Appropriate Technology in Vector Control, C.F. Curtis, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 47–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, H.M.O., 1934, Report on tsetse investigation. Report on the Medical Health Service of Nigeria, 1933, pp. 74–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, L., Johnson, W.B., and Rawson, P., 1927, Experiments in the control of tsetse fly, Bull. Ent. Res. 17: 423–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, M., 1984, Structure of insect cuticle, in: Infection Process of Fungi, D.W. Roberts and J.R. Aist, eds., Pubis. Rockfeller Fdn., pp. 38–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfie, J.W.S., 1916, The results of dissection of tsetse-flies at Accra, Report of the Accra Laboratory, for 1915, pp. 49–54, 98–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., 1994, A laboratory technique for infecting adult tsetse with a fungal pathogen, Insect Sci. Applic. 15: 421–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., 1998, A device for infecting adult tsetse flies, Glossina spp., with an entomopathogenic fungus in the field, Biol. Control 11:248254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., 2002, A low-cost contamination device for infecting adult tsetse, Glossina spp., with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in the field, Biocontr. Sci. Technol. (In press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., and Fargues, J., 1984, Spécificité des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes pour les larves de lépidoptères Noctuidae, Entomophaga 29: 451–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., and Fargues, J., 1992, Susceptibility ofMamestra brassicae (L.) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae (Lep., Noctuidae) to hyphomycetes Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Brown and Smith) and Nomuraea rileyi (Samson) at two temperatures, J. Appl. Entomol. 113:518524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniania, N.K., and Odulaja, A, 1998, Effect of species, age, and sex of tsetse on response to infection by Metarhizium anisopliae, BioControl 43:311323.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClatchie, G., Moore, D., Bateman, R.P., and Prior, C., 1994, Effect of temperature on the viability of the conidia of Metarhizium flavoviride in oil formulations, Mycol. Res. 98: 749–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel, B., 1981, Thèse 3ème cycle Recherches expérimentales sur la Pénétration des Champignons Pathogènes chez les Insectes, Université Sciences et Technique Languedoc, Montpellier, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miranpuri, G.S., Bidochka, M.J., and Khachatourians, G.G., 1991, Morphology and cytochemistry ofhemocytes and analysis of hemolymph from Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae), J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 371–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moggridge, J.Y., 1936, Some observations on the seasonal spread of Glossina pallidipes in Italian Somaliland with notes on G. brevipalpis and G. austeni, Bull. Entomol. Res. 27: 449–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, D., Bridge, P.D., Higgins, P.M., Bateman, R.P., and Prior, P.C., 1993, Ultraviolet radiation damage to Metarhizium flavoviride conidia and protection given by vegetable and mineral oils and chemical sunscreens, Ann. Appl. Biol. 122: 605–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, T.A.M., 1933, The ecology of Glossina morsitans Westw., and two possible methods for its destruction, Bull, Entomol. Res. Part I. 24: 107–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, T.A.M., 1969, Africa’s bane: the tsetse fly, Collins, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, T.A.M., 1970, Control by parasites and predators of Glossina, in The African Trypanosomiases, H.W. Mulligan, ed., Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, pp. 521–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nogge, C., 1974, Investigations on the role of symbionts in tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans), Proc. 3rd Cong. Parasitol., Munich 2: 947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, R.A., 1977, Pathogens of Glossina (Tsetse flies), in: Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods, D.W. Roberts and M.A. Strand, eds., WHO, Geneva, pp. 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, R.A., and Daoust, R.A., 1981, Pathogens of Glossina (Tsetse flies), in: Bibliography on Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods: 1981, D.W. Roberts, R.A. Daoust and S.P. Wraight, eds., WHO, Geneva, pp. 241–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offori, E.D., 1981, The scourge of the tsetse, IAEA Bulletin 23: 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oladunmade, M.A., Feldmann, U., Takken, W.,Tenabe, S.O., Hamman, H.J.; Onah, J., Dengwat, L., van der Vloedt, A.M., and Gingrich, R.E., 1990, Eradication of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R-D) (Diptera: Glossinidae) from agropastoral land in central Nigeria by means os Sterile Insect Technique, IAEA Proc. of Meet. in Nigeria, 1988,pp.5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, J.C., and Nobre, G., 1970, Bacteriological and mycological study of a laboratory-bred Glossina colony, Proc. P’ Int. Symp. on Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and its Practical Application, Lisbon, 22–23 April, 1969, pp. 341–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • OMS, 1996, Trypanosomiase humaine africaine, Rapport annuel OMS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S., and Ferron, P., 1979, Study of the virulence of some mutants of Beauveria brongiartii (=B. tenella), J. Invertebr. Pathol. 34:7177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendland, J.C., and Boucias, D.G., 1984, Ultrastructure of conidial germination in the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi, J Invertebr. Pathol. 43:432434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pell, J.K., Macaulay, E.D.M., and Wilding, N., 1993, A pheromone trap for dispersal of the pathogen Zoophthora radicans Brefeld. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) amongst populations of the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 3: 315–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poinar, G.O., Van der Geest, L., Helle, W., and Wassink, H., 1977, Experiments with organisms from hosts other than Glossina, in: The Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control, M. Laird, ed., IDRC-077E, Canada, pp.88–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Politzar, H., and Cuisance, D., 1982, SIT in the control and eradication of Glossina palpalis gambiensis, in: IAEA Proc. of a Conf on Sterile Male Insect Release for Insect Pest Control, pp.109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puttler, B., Ignoffo, C.M., and Hostetter, D.L., 1976, Relative susceptibility of nine caterpillar species to the fungus Nomuraea rileyi, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 27: 269–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remaudière, G., Latgé, J.-P., and Michel, M.F., 1981, Ecologie comparée des Entomophthoracées pathogènes de pucerons en France littorale et continentale, Entomophaga 26: 323–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, A.G., 1978, The chemistry of insect cuticle, in: Biochemistry of Insects, M. Rockestein, ed., Academic Press, pp. 649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, D.C., 1977, Age of three dipteran hosts as a factor governing the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 30: 127–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D.W., and Campbell, A.S., 1977, Stability of entomopathogenic fungi, Miscel. Publ. Enntomol. Soc. America 10: 1–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D.W., and Humber, R.A., 1981, Entomopathogenic fungi, in: Infection Processes of Fungi, D.W. Roberts and J.R. Aist, eds., Pubs. Rockfeller Fdn, pp. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D.W., and Strand, M.A., 1977, Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D.W., Daoust, R.A., and Wraight, S.P., 1981, Bibliography on Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods: 1981, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D.W., Gupta, S., and St Leger, R.J., 1992, Metabolic production by entomopathogenic fungi, Pesq. Agrop. Brasil., Brasilia 27: 325–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D.J., and Randolph, S.E., 1988, Tsetse flies in Africa, bane or boon? Conservation Biology 2: 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roubaud, E., 1911, Etudes sur les Stomoxydes du Dahomey, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotic 4: 122–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roubaud, E., 1919, Les particularités de la nutrition et la vie symbiotique chez les mouches tsétsés, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 33: 489–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, H.E., and Pell, J.K., 2000, Interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and other natural enemies: Implications for biological control, Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 10:737752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saik, J.E., Lacey, L.A., and Lacey, C.M., 1990, Safety of microbial insecticides to vertebrates-domestic animals and wildlife, in: Safety of Microbial Insecticides, M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, eds., CRS Press, Florida, pp. 116–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J.P., and Shadduck, J.A., 1990, Safety of microbial insecticides to vertebrate-humans, in: Safety of Microbial Insecticides, M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, eds., CRS Press, Florida, pp. 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.J., and Grula, E.A., 1982, Toxic components on the larval surface of the earworm (Heliothis zea) and their

    Google Scholar 

  • effects on germination of Beauveria bassiana, J. Inveretebr. Pathol. 39:15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smits, N., Rougier, M., Fargues, J., Goujet, R., and Bonhomme, R., 1996, Inactivation of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus conidia by diffuse and total solar radiation, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 21: 167–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares, G.G., Marchai, M., and Ferron, P., 1983, Susceptibility of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae to Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium flavoviride (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) at two different temperatures, Environ. Entomol. 12: 1887–1891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springate, N.D., Nadel, D.J., and Maniania, N.K., 2000, On the non-target effects of the application of a fungal pathogen to control tsetse flies (Insecta: Diptera, Glossinidae) in southern Kenya. Il Post-application studies of hymenopteran (Insecta: Hymenoptera) diversity, Report on consultancy: S8/ADM/CONSULT/1/SD.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Charnley, A.K., and Cooper, R.M., 1986a, Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi: synthesis in culture on cuticle, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 47: 85–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Cooper, R.M., and Charnley, A.K., 1986b, Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi: cuticle degradation in vitro by enzymes from entomopathogen, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 47: 167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Charnley, A.K., and Cooper, R.M., 1986c, Mechanisms of interaction with insect cuticle, J. Invertebr. Pathol 47: 295–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Leger, R.J., Charnley, A.K., and Cooper, R.M., 1986d, Proteases as pathogenicity determinants of entomopathogenic fungi, in: Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology, R.A. Samson, J.M. Vlak and D. Peters, eds., Foundat. Fourth Int. Colloquium Invertebr. Pathol., Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 428–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swynnerton, C.F.M., 1936, The tsetse flies of East Africa: a first study of their ecology, with a view to their control, Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 84: 1–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y., and Fuxa, J.R., 1987, The pathogen population, in: Epizootiology of Insect Diseases, J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, eds., John Wiley, New York, pp. 113–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tevini, M., 1993, Molecular biological effects of ultraviolet radiation, in: UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion: Effects on Humans, Animals, Plants, Microorganisms and Materials, M. Tevini, ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Rton, FL, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Travland, L.B., 1979, Structure of the motile cells of Coelomyces porophorae and function of the zygote in encystment on a host, Can. J. Bot. 57: 1021–1035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, K.L., Jackson, C.W., Howse, P.E., Saini, R.K., and Maniania, N.K., 1999, The potential of electrostatic powder formulations for the microbial control of tsetse fly and other invertebrate pests. 32nd Annual Meeting Program and Abstract. Irvine, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandersyt, P.H., 1923, La prophylaxie contre la trypanose humaine, Rev. Mid. Angola 4: 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hoof, L., and Henrard, C., and Peel, E., 1938, The mechanical prevention of sleeping sickness. Work against Glossina in the Belgian Congo, Acta Cony. Ter. Trop. Malar. Morb. 1: 641–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaupel, V.O., and Zimmermann, G., 1996, Preliminary trials on the combination of pheromone traps with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Against the bark beetle species Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae), Anz. Schädlingskde., Pflanzenshutz, Umweltschutz 69: 175–179. (In German).

    Google Scholar 

  • Veen, K.H., 1968, Recherches sur la maladie due à Metarhizium anisopliae chez le criquet pélerin, Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen, Nederland 68: 1–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F.E., Dow, P.F., and Bartelt, R.J., 1995, Dissemination ofmicrobial agents using an autoinoculating device and several insect species as vectors, Biol. Control 5: 545–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, F.E., Dowd, P.F., Lacey, L.A., Pell, J.K., Jackson, D.M., and Klein, M.G., 2000, Dissemination of beneficial microbial agents by insects, in: Field Manuel of Technique in Invertebrate Pathology, L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 153–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vey, A., 1971, Recherches sur les champignons pathogènes pour les glossines. Etudes sur Glossina fusca congolensis Newst. et Evans. en République Centrafricaine, Rev. Elev. Vét. Pays Trop. (ns) 24: 577–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vey, A., and Gotz, P., 1986, Antifungal cellular defense mechanisms in insects, in: Hemocytic and Humoral Immunity in Arthropods, A.P. Gupta, ed., John Wiley, New York, pp. 89–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, S.B., 1990, Potential impact ofmicrobial insecticides on beneficial arthropods in the terrestrial environment, in: Safety of Microbial Insecticides, M. Laird, L.A. Lacey and E.W. Davidson, eds., CRS Press, Florida, pp. 43–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R., and Langley, P.A., 1991, From behaviour to control: The development of trap and target techniques for tsetse fly population management, Agric. Zool. Rev. 4: 137–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.M., 1931, Micro-organisms in the gut of Glossinapalpalis, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 25: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walstad, J.D., Anderson, R.F., and Stambaugh, W.J., 1970, Effect of environmental conditions on two species of muscardine fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae), J Invertebr, Pathol. 16: 221–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, H., 1987, The host popualtion, in: Epizootiology of Insect Diseases, J.R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, eds., John Wiley, New York, pp. 71–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, D.L., Dame, D.A., Gates, D.B., Cobb, P.E., Bakili, B., and Warner, RV, 1983, Integration of insect sterile and insecticides for control of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania. V. The impact of sequential releases of sterilised tsetse flies, Bull. Ent. Res. 73: 391–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, 1999, World development Report 1998/99, Knowledge for Development, Washington DC, World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacharuk, R.Y., 1970, Fine structure of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae infecting three species of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera) Il. Conidial germ tubes and appressoria, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 15: 81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maniania, N.K., Laveissiere, C., Odulaja, A., Ekesi, S., Herren, H.R. (2002). Entomopathogenic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents for Tsetse Flies. In: Upadhyay, R.K. (eds) Advances in Microbial Control of Insect Pests. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4437-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4437-8_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3395-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4437-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics