Abstract
Apomorphine was synthesized from morphine over one hundred years ago and was soon recognized as a powerful emetic agent. Its ability to induce Stereotypie behavior in experimental animals—a repetitious pattern involving chewing, licking, and gnawing movements—was noted in the earliest pharmacotoxicological research with the alkaloid (Harnack, 1874). Whereas its emetic activity brought apomorphine into therapeutics as one of the earliest synthetic medicinal agents, until recently little attention was paid to its stereotypic properties with the exception of the work of Morita (1915) and Amsler (1923). However, a number of developments have brought it into focus. In 1948, Dordoni in Italy found that apomorphine decreased decerebrate rigidity in dogs. Similar observations led Schwab et al (1951) to use subemetic doses of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson’s disease, a condition in which rigidity is one of the cardinal symptoms. Improvement in rigidity and tremor was definite but transient. Further investigators confirmed these findings (Struppler and von Uexküll, 1953; von Uexküll, 1953). However, the requirements for parenteral administration, the short duration of action of apomorphine, and the problem of its stability limited therapeutic application ; thus interest quickly waned. Schwab and his associates (1951) did describe an oral mixture containing apomorphine which was stable and which produced improvement, but it was less effective than injected apomorphine. In 1970, the anti-Parkinsonian effect was restudied by Cotzias and his colleagues.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahlers, R. H., and Best, P. J., 1972, Retrograde amnesia for discriminated taste aversions—a memory deficit, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 79: 371–376.
Amsler, C, 1923, Beiträge zur Pharmakologie des Gehirns, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exptl. Path. Pharmakol. 97: 1–14.
Anden, N. E., and Bédard, P., 1971, Influence of cholinergic mechanisms on the function and turnover of brain dopamine, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23: 460–462.
Andén, N. E., Rubenson, A., Fuxe, K., and Hökfelt, T., 1967, Evidence for dopamine receptor stimulation by apomorphine, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 19: 627–629.
Andén, N. E., Carlsson, A., and Häggendahl, J., Adrenergic mechanisms, 1969, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 9: 119–134.
Andén, N. E., Strömbom, U., and Svensson, T. H., 1973, Dopamine and noradrenaline receptor stimulation : Reversal of reserpine-induced suppression of motor activity, Psychopharma-cologia (Berlin) 29: 289–298.
Asper, H., Baggiolini, M., Burki, H. R., Lauener, H., Ruch, W., and Stille, G., 1973, Tolerance phenomena with neuroleptics, catalepsy, apomorphine stereotypies, and striatal dopamine metabolism in the rat after single and repeated administration of loxapine and haloperidol, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 22: 287–294.
Balakleevsky, A. I., 1971, Neurohormonal mechanism of apomorphine and γ-hydroxybutyrate activity in the brain, Proceedings of the Third International Meeting of the International Neurochemical Society, Budapest.
Barnett, A., and Fiore, J. W., 1971, Hypotensive effects of apomorphine in anesthetized cats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 14: 206–208.
Barnett, A., and Fiore, J. W., 1973, The effect of antiparkinson drugs on the linguomandibular reflex in cats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 21: 178–182.
Barnett, A., Goldstein, J., and Taber, R. I., 1972, Apomorphine-induced hypothermia in mice: A possible dopaminergic effect, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 198: 242–247.
Barton, D. H. R., and Cohen, T., 1957, Some biogenic aspects of phenol oxidation, inFestschrift Professor Dr. Arthur Stoll, pp. 117–141, Birkhäuser, Basel.
Bédard, P., Larochelle, L., Poirier, L. J., and Sourkes, T. L., 1970, Reversible effect of L-dopa on tremor and catatonia induced by α-methyl-β-tyrosine, Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 48: 82–84.
Belenky, M. L., Vitolinya, M. A., and Baumanis, E. A., 1966, The influence of apomorphine on adrenaline inactivation in cats, Bull. Eksper. Biol. Med. 61: 54–55.
Bell, C, and Lang, W. J., 1973, Neural dopaminergic vasodilator control in the kidney, Nature New Biol. 246: 27–29.
Benesova, O., and Benes, V., 1970, Apomorphine and monoamines in the brain of rats, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 12: 238–239.
Best, P. J., and Zuckerman, K., 1971, Subcortical mediation of learned taste aversion, Physiol. and Behavior 7: 317–320.
Bhargava, K. P., and Chandra, O., 1963, Antiemetic activity of phenothiazines in relation to their chemical structure, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 21: 436–440.
Bhargava, K. P., Gupta, P. C, and Chandra, O., 1961, Effect of ablation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone) on the emetic response to intraventricular injection of apomorphine and emetine in the dog, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 134: 329–331.
Bieger, D., Larochelle, L., and Hornykiewicz, O., 1972, A model for the quantitative study of central dopaminergic and serotoninergic activity, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 18: 128–136.
Boissier, J. R., Simon, P., and Guidicelli, J. F., 1968, Effets centraux de quelques substances adréno- et/ou sympatholytiques. III. Ptosis, catalepsie, antagonisme vis-à-vis de l’apomor-phine et de l’amphétamine, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 171: 68–80.
Boissier, J. R., Etevenon, P., Piarroux, M. C, and Simon, P., 1971, Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine in rats with a permanent catalepsy induced by diencephalic lesion, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2: 829–836.
Borison, H. L., and Wang, S. C, 1953, Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting, Pharmacol. Rev. 5: 193–230.
Borison, H. L., Rosenstein, R., and Clark, W. G., 1960, Emetic effect of intraventricular apomorphine after ultrasonic decerebration in the cat, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 130: 427–430.
Boyd, A. E., Lebovitz, H. E., and Pfeiffer, J. B., 1970, Stimulation of growth hormone secretion by L-dopa, New Engl. J. Med 283: 1425–1429.
Braham, J., and Sarova-Pinhas, I., 1973, Apomorphine in dystonia musculorum deformans, Lancet 1: 432–433.
Braham, J., Sarova-Pinhas, I., and Goldhammer, Y., 1970, Apomorphine in Parkinsonian tremor, Brit. Med. J. 3: 768.
Brossi, A., Ramel, A., O’Brien, J., and Teitel, S., 1973, Enzymatic oxidative coupling of optically active laudanosoline and its methiodide, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 21: 1839–1840.
Brown, W. A., van Woert, M. H., and Ambani, L. M., 1973, Effect of apomorphine on growth hormone release in humans, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 37: 463–465.
Burkman, A. M., 1960, The characteristics of an apomorphine response, J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 49: 558–559.
Burkman, A. M., 1961, Antagonism of apomorphine by chlorinated phenothiazines, J. Pharm. Sci. 50: 156–160.
Burkman, A. M., 1962, Potent anti-apomorphine action of fluphenazine in pigeons, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 137: 396–403.
Burkman, A. M., 1963a, Loss of biological activity of apomorphine from auto-oxidation, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 15: 461–465.
Burkman, A. M., 1963b, Some kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of apomorphine degradation, J. Pharm. Sci. 54: 325–326.
Burkman, A. M., Tye, A., and Nelson, J. W., 1957, Antiemetics in the pigeon, J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 46: 140–144.
Butcher, L. L., 1968, Effects of apomorphine on free operant-avoidance behavior in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 3: 163–166.
Butcher, L. L., and Andén, N. E., 1969, Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine on schedule- controlled behavior reversal of tetrabenazine suppression and dopaminergic correlates, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 6: 255–264.
Cannon, J. G., 1974, Chemistry of apomorphine and closely related systems, Proc. Am. Chem. Soc., 167th National Meeting, Los Angeles, California, April, 1974.
Cannon, J. G., Smith, R. V., Modiri, A., Sood, S. P., Borgman, R. J., Aleem, M. A., and Long, J. P., 1972, Centrally acting emetics. 5. Preparation and pharmacology of 10-hydroxy-11- methoxyaporphine (isoapocodeine). In vitro enzymatic methylation of apomorphine, J. Med. Chem. 15: 273–276.
Carlsson, S. G., 1972, Effects of apomorphine on exploration, Physiol, and Behavior 9: 127–129.
Castaigne, P., Laplane, D., and Dordain, G., 1971, Clinical experimentation with apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2: 154–158.
Chaney, S. G., and Kare, M. R., 1966, Emesis in birds, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 149: 938–943.
Chiodini, P. G., Liuzzi, A., Botalla, L., Cremascoli, G., and Silvestrini, F., 1974, Inhibitory effect of dopaminergic stimulation on growth hormone release in acromegaly, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38: 200–206.
Clement-Cormier, Y. C, Kebabian, J. W., Petzold, G. L., and Greengard, P., 1974, Dopamine- sensitive adenylate cyclase in mammalian brain: A possible site of action of antipsychotic drugs, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 71: 1113–1117.
Cohen, G., and Collins, M., 1970, Alkaloids from catecholamines in adrenal tissue: Possible role in alcoholism, Science 167: 1749–1751.
Constantinidis, J., and De Ajuriaguerra, J., 1970, Syndrome familial avec tremblement parkin-sonien et anosmie et sa thérapeutique par la L-dopa associée à un inhibiteur de la decarboxylase, Thérapeutique (Semaine des Hôpitaux) 46: 263–269.
Cools, A. R., 1971, The function of dopamine and its antagonism in the caudate nucleus of cats in relation to the stereotyped.behavior, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 194: 259–269.
Corrodi, H., Fuxe, K., and Ungerstedt, U., 1971, Evidence for a new type of dopamine receptor stimulating agent, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23: 989–991.
Corrodi, H., Farnebo, L. O., Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., Ungerstedt, U., 1972, ET495 and brain catecholamine mechanisms: Evidence for stimulation of dopamine receptors, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 20: 195–204.
Costall, B., and Naylor, R. J., 1973, On the mode of action of apomorphine, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 21: 350–361.
Costall, B., Naylor, R. J., and Olley, J. E., 1972, The substantia nigra and stereotyped behavior, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 18: 95–106.
Cotman, C. W., and Taylor, D., 1972, Isolation and structural studies on synaptic complex from rat brain, J. Cell Biol. 55: 696–711.
Cotzias, G. C, 1971, Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinsonism, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 218: 1903–1908.
Cotzias, G. C, Papavasiliou, P. S., Fehling, C, Kaufman, B., and Mena, I., 1970, Similarities between neurologic effects of L-dopa and of apomorphine, New Engl. J. Med. 282: 31–33.
Cotzias, G. C, Tang, L., Ginos, J. Z., Nicholson, A. R., Jr., Papavasiliou, P. S., 1971a, Block of cerebral actions of L-dopa with methyl receptor substances, Nature 231: 533–535.
Cotzias, G. C, Tang, L. C, Miller, S. T., and Ginos, J. Z., 19716, Melatonin and abnormal movements induced by L-dopa in mice, Science 173: 450–452.
Cotzias, G. C, Lawrence, W. H., Papavasiliou, P. S., Düby, S. E., Ginos, J. Z., and Mena, I., 1972a, Apomorphine and Parkinsonism, Trans. Amer. Neurol. Assoc. 97: 156–159.
Cotzias, G. C, Papavasiliou, P. S., Düby, S. E., Steck, A. J., and Ginos, J. Z., 1976, Some newer metabolic concepts in the treatment of Parkinsonism, Neurology 22(5): Part 2, 82–85.
Creveling, C. R., Morris, N., Shimizu, H., Ong, H. H, and Daly, J., 1972, Catechol O-methyl- transferase. IV. Factors affecting the m- and p-methylation of substituted catechols, Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 398–409.
Crow, T. J., and Arbuthnott, G. W., 1972, Function of catecholamine-containing neurones in mammalian central nervous system, Nature New Biol. 238: 245–246.
Dahlström, A., and Fuxe, K., 1964a, Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand. 62: Suppl. 232, 55 pp.
Dahlström, A., and Fuxe, K., 1966, The adrenergic innervation of the nasal mucosa of certain mammalians, Acta Otolaryngologic 59: 65–72.
Davis, V. E., and Walsh, M. J., 1970, Alcohol, amines and alkaloids: A possible biochemical basis for alcohol addiction, Science 167: 1005–1007.
Dent, J. Y., 1934, Apomorphine in the treatment of anxiety states, with especial reference to alcoholism, Brit. J. Inebriety 32: 65–88.
Dent, J. Y., 1953, Apomorphine in the treatment of addiction to “other drugs,” Brit. J. Addiction 50: 43–46.
DeJong, H. H., 1945, Experimental catatonia, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
DeRobertis, E., 1967, Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the synaptic region, Science 156: 907–914.
DeRobertis, E., 1971, Molecular biology of synaptic receptors, Science 171: 963–971.
Deshpande, V. R., Sharma, M. L., Kherdikar, P. R., and Grewal, R. S., 1961, Some observations on pecking in pigeons, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 17: 7–11.
Dhasmana, K. M., Dixit, K. S., Dhawan, K. N., and Gupta, G. P, 1969, Blockade of depressor response of dopamine, Japan J. Pharmacol. 19: 168–169.
Dhasmana, K. M., Dixit, K. S., Jaju, B. P., and Gupta, M. L., 1972, Role of central dopaminergic receptors in manic response of cats to morphine, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 24: 380–383.
Dhawan, B. N., and Saxena, P. N., 1960, Apomorphine-induced pecking in pigeons, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 15: 285–289.
Dhawan, B. N., Saxena, P. N., and Gupta, G. P., 1961, Antagonism of apomorphine-induced pecking in pigeons, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 16: 137–145.
Divac, I., 1972, Drug-induced syndromes in rats with large, chronic lesions in the corpus striatum, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 27: 171–178.
Dlabać, A., 1973, Apomorphine-induced aggressivity in rats and its alterations, Activ. Nerv. Suppl. (Prague) 15: 2.
Dordoni, F., 1948, Sugli effeti dell’associazione morfina-apomorfina nel cane. I. Vomito, depressione del sistema nervoso e ipotonia muscolare, Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 24: 228–231.
Dorris, R. L., and Shore, P. A., 1971, Localization and persistence of metaraminol and α-methyl-m-tyramine in rat and rabbit brain, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 179: 10–14.
Dorris, R. L., and Shore, P. A., 1974, Interaction of apomorphine, neuroleptics and stimulants with α-methyl-m-tyramine, a false dopaminergic transmitter, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 867–872.
Douglas, C. J., 1899, Alcoholism, N.Y. Med. J. 70: 626–628.
Douglas, W. W., 1968, Stimulus-secretion coupling: The concept and clues from chromaffin and other cells, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 134: 451–474.
Dresse, A., 1972, Topographie des systèmes catécholaminergiques et tryptaminergiques cérébraux, Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 127: 241–251.
Dresse, A., and Niemegeers, C, 1961, La stimulation par l’apomorphine de certains centres nerveux: Est-elle sujette à tachyphylaxie? Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 155: 1713–1715.
Düby, S. E., Cotzias, G. C, Papavasiliou, P. S., and Lawrence, W. H., 1972, Injected apomorphine and orally administered levodopa in Parkinsonism, Arch. Neurol. 27: 474–480.
Ernst, AM., 1965, Relation between the action of dopamine and apomorphine and their O-methylated derivatives upon the CNS, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 7: 391–399.
Ernst, A. M., 1967, Mode of action of apomorphine and dexamphetamine on gnawing compulsion in rats, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 10: 316–323.
Ernst, A. M., 1972, Relationship of the central effect of dopamine on gnawing compulsion syndrome in rats and the release of serotonin, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. 199: 219–225.
Ernst, A. M., and Smelik, P. G., 1966, Site of action of dopamine and apomorphine on compulsive gnawing behavior in rats, Experientia 22: 837.
Etevenon, P. R., Simon, P., Gabilly, E., and Boissier, J. R., 1970, Antagonism by apomorphine of the permanent catalepsy induced by bilateral diencephalic lesions in rats, Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 1: 115–120.
Ettigi, P., Lal, S., Martin, J. B., and Friesen, H. G., 1974, Effect of sex, oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle and glucose loading on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion, Proceedings of the Canadian Psychiatric Association, 24th Meeting, Ottawa, October, 1974.
Everett, G. M., Morse, P., and Borcherding, J., 1971, Antagonism of oxotremorine symptoms by L-dopa and apomorphine, Federation Proc. 30: 677.
Farnebo, L. O., and Hamberger, B., 1971, Drug-induced changes in the release of 3H-monoamines from field-stimulated rat brain slices, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 371: 35–44.
Fekete, M., Kurti, A. M., and Pribusz, I., 1970, On the dopaminergic nature of the gnawing compulsion induced by apomorphine in mice, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22: 377–379.
Feldman, F., Susselman, S., and Barrera, S. E., 1945, A note on apomorphine as a sedative, Amer. J. Psychiat. 102: 403–405.
Fenger, H. J., Gudmand-Höyer, E., and Rasmussen, K., 1972, A modification of the apomorphine dumping test, Scand. J. Gastroent. 1: 143–146.
Ferrini, R., and Miragoli, G., 1972, Selective antagonism of dopamine by apomorphine, Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 4: 347–352.
Feser, A., 1873, Die in neuester Zeit in Anwendung gekommenen Arzneimittel, Zschr. Prakt. Vet.-Wiss. 1: 302–306.
Finch, L., and Haeusler, G., 1973, The cardiovascular effects of apomorphine in the anaesthetized rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 21: 264–270.
Frommel, E., 1965, The cholinergic mechanism of psychomotor agitation in apomorphineinjected mice, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 154: 231–234.
Frommel, E., Ledebur, I.V., and Seydoux, J., 1965, Is apomorphine’s vomiting action in man and dog equivalent to its chewing effect in guinea pig? Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 154: 227–230.
Fuxe, K., and Hökfelt, T., 1969, Catecholamines in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, in Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (W. F. Ganong and L. Martini, eds.), p. 47, Oxford University Press, New York.
Fuxe, K., and Sjöqvist, F., 1972, Hypothermic effect of apomorphine in the mouse, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24: 702–705.
Garelis, E., and Neff, N. H., 1974, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate: Selective increase in caudate nucleus after administration of L-dopa, Science 183: 532–533.
Gessa, R., Tagliamonte, A., and Gessa, G. L., 1972, Blockade by apomorphine of haloperidol- induced dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients, Lancet 2: 981–982.
Ginos, J. Z., LoMonte, A., Wolf, S., Cotzias, G. C, 1972, Apomorphine: Its dopaminergic action and its spectrofluorimetric determination, Federation Proc. 31: 269.
Gold, R. M., and Proulx, D. M., 1972, Bait-shyness acquisition is impaired by VMH lesions that produce obesity, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 79: 201–209.
Goldberg, L. I., 1972, Cardiovascular and renal actions of dopamine: Potential clinical applications, Pharmacol. Rev. 24: 1–29.
Goldberg, L. I., and Musgrave, G., 1971, Attenuation of dopamine-induced renal vasodilation by bulbocapnine and apomorphine, Pharmacologist 13: 227.
Goldberg, L. I., Sonneville, P. F., and McNay, J. L., 1968, An investigation of the structural requirements of dopamine-like renal vasodilatation: Phenylethylamines and apomorphine, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 163: 188–197.
Goldstein, M., Freedman, L. S., and Backstrom, T., 1970, The inhibition of catecholamine biosynthesis by apomorphine, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22: 715–717.
Goldstein, M., Anagnoste, B., and Shirron, C, 1973, The effect of trivastal, haloperidol and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on [14C] dopamine synthesis in rat striatum, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25: 348–351.
Goodwin, F. K., Dunner, D. L., and Gershon, E. S., 1971, Effect of L-dopa treatment on brain serotonin metabolism in depressed patients, Life Sci. 10: 751–759.
Gouret, C, 1973, L’épreuve des redressements à l’apomorphine chez la souris: son intéret comme test de sélection des psychotropes, J. Pharmacol. (Paris) 4: 341–352.
Grabowska, M., Antkiewicz, L., Maj, J., and Michaluk, J., 1973a, Apomorphine and central serotonin neurons, Polish J. Pharmacol. Pharm. 25: 29–39.
Grabowska, M., Michaluk, J., and Antkiewicz, L., 19736, Possible involvement of brain serotonin in apomorphine-induced hypothermia, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 23: 82–89.
Granchelli, F. E., Neumeyer, J. L., Fuxe, K., Ungerstedt, U., and Corrodi, H., 1971, Synthesis of hydroxyaporphines and a study of their possible dopamine receptor stimulating properties, Pharmacologist 13: 252.
Green, K. F., and Garcia, J., 1971, Recuperation from illness: Flavor enhancement for rats, Science 173: 749–751.
Gupta, G. P., and Dhawan, B. N., 1965, Blockade of apomorphine pecking with phenothiazines, Psychopharmacologia [Berlin) 8: 120–130.
Gupta, G. P., Saxena, R. C, Chandra, O., and Dhawan, K. N., 1969, Assessment of anti-reserpine and anti-apomorphine activities of some psychic energizers in pigeons, Psycho-pharmacologia (Berlin) 15: 255–259.
Harnack, E., 1874, Über die Wirkungen des Apomorphine am Säugethier und am Frosch, Arch. Exptl. Path. Pharmakol. 2: 254–306.
Hensiak, J. F., Cannon, J. G., and Burkman, A. M., 1965, N-Allylnorapomorphine, J. Med. Chem. 8: 557–558.
Hester, J. B., Rudzik, A. D., Keasling, H. H, and Veldkamp, W., 1970, 4’-Fluoro-4-(1,4,5,6- tetrahydroazepino(4,5-b)indol-3(2H)-yl)butyrophenones, J. Med. Chem. 13: 23–26.
Heykants, J. J. P., Lewi, P. J., and Janssen, P. A. J., 1970, On the distribution and metabolism of neuroleptic drugs. Part II. Pharmacokinetics of moperone, Arzneim.-Forsch. 20: 1238–1241.
Hill, H. F., and Horita, A., 1972, A pimozide-sensitive effect of apomorphine on body temperature of the rabbit, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24: 490–491.
Hökfelt, T., and Fuxe, K., 1972, Effects of prolactin and ergot alkaloids on the tuberoinfundi- bular dopamine (DA) neurons, Neuroendocrinology 9: 100–122.
Hökfelt, T., Fuxe, K., Johansson, O., and Ljungdahl, Å., 1974a, Pharmacohistochemical evidence of the existence of dopamine nerve terminals in the limbic cortex, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 25: 108–112.
Hökfelt, T., Ljungdahl, υ., Fuxe, K., Johansson, O., 1976, Dopamine nerve terminals in the rat limbic cortex: Aspects of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, Science 184: 177–179.
Holtz, P., Stock, K., and Westerman, E., 1964, Pharmakologie des Tetrahydropapaverolins und seine Entstehung aus Dopamin, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Pharmakol. 248: 387–405.
Horn, A. S., Cuello, A. C, and Miller, R. J., 1974, Dopamine in the mesolimbic system of the rat brain </b>: Endogenous levels and the effects of drugs on the uptake mechanism and stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, J. Neurochem. 22: 265–270.
Hornykiewicz, O., 1971, Pharmacology and pathophysiology of dopaminergic neurons, Adv. Cytopharmacol. 1: 369–377.
Janssen, P. A., Niemegeers, C. J. C, and Jageneau, A. H. M., 1960, Apomorphine-antagonism in rats, Arzneimittel-Forsch. 10: 1003–1005.
Janssen, P. A., Niemegeers, C. J. E., Schellekens, K. H. L., and Lenaerts, F. M., 1967, Is it possible to predict the clinical effects of neuroleptic drugs (major tranquillizers) from animal data? IV., Arzneim.-Forsch. 17: 841–854.
Kamberi, I. A., Mical, R. S., and Porter, J. C, 1971a, Effect of anterior pituitary perfusion and intraventricular injection of catecholamines on FSH release, Endocrinology 88: 1003–1011.
Kamberi, I. A., Mical, R. S., and Porter, J. C, 1976, Effect of anterior pituitary perfusion and intraventricular injection of catecholamines on prolactin release, Endocrinology 88: 1012–1020.
Kaul, P. N., and Brochmann-Hanssen, E., 1961, Auto-oxidation of apomorphine, J. Pharmac. Sci. 50: 266–267.
Kaul, P. N., and Conway, M. W., 1971, Induction and inhibition of in vivo glucuronidation of apomorphine in mice, J. Pharmac. Sci. 60: 93–95.
Kaul, P. N., Brochmann-Hanssen, E., and Way, E. L., 1961a, Biological disposition of apomorphine. II. Urinary excretion and organ distribution of apomorphine, J. Pharmac. Sci. 50: 244–247.
Kaul, P. N., Brochmann-Hanssen, E., and Way, E. L., 1966, Biological disposition of apomorphine. IV. Isolation and characterization of “bound” apomorphine, J. Pharmac. Sci. 50: 840–842.
Kazdova, E., Dlabać, A., Metysova, J., 1972, Methods for evaluation of long acting neuroleptic drugs in animals, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 14: 126–127.
Kebabian, J. W., and Greengard, P., 1971, Dopamine-sensitive adenylcyclase: Possible role in synaptic transmission, Science 174: 1346–1349.
Kebabian, J. W., Petzold, G. L., and Greengard, P., 1972, Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in caudate nucleus of rat brain, and its similarity to the “dopamine receptor,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 69: 2145–2149.
Kehr, W., Carlsson, A., Lindqvist, M., Magnusson, T., and Atack, C, 1972, Evidence for a receptor-mediated feedback control of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24: 744–747.
Kellogg, C, and Lundborg, P., 1972, Ontogenic variations in responses to L-dopa and monoamine receptor-stimulating agents, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 23: 187–200.
Kier, L. B., and Truitt, E. B., Jr., 1970, The preferred conformation of dopamine from molecular orbital theory, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 174: 94–98.
Klawans, H. L., 1970, A pharmacologic analysis of Huntington’s chorea, Eur. J. Neurol. 4: 148–163.
Klawans, H. L., Jr., and Rubovits, R., 1972, An experimental model of tardive dyskinesia, J. Neural Transmission 33: 235–246.
Klawans, H. L., Goetz, C, and Westheimer, M. A., 1972, Pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the striatum, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 33: 711–719.
Klawans, H. L., Goetz, C, and Weiner, W. J., 1973, Dopamine receptor site sensitivity in hyperthyroid guinea pigs: A possible model of hyperthyroid chorea, J. Neural Transm. 34: 187–193.
Kleinberg, D. L., Noel, G. L., and Frantz, A. G., 1971, Chlorpromazine stimulation and L-dopa suppression of plasma prolactin in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33: 873–876.
Koch, M. V., Cannon, J. G., and Burkman, A. M., 1968, Centrally acting emetics. II. Norapo-morphine and derivatives, J. Med. Chem. 11: 977–981.
Koster, R., 1957, Comparative studies of emesis in pigeons and dogs, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 119: 406–417.
Koster, R., 1964, Emetic and anti-emetic actions of glycine in dogs, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 150: 384–400.
Kramer, S. G., 1971, Dopamine: A retinal neurotransmitter. I. Retinal uptake, storage and light-stimulated release of 3H-dopamine in vivo, Invest.Ophthalmol. 10: 438–452.
Kramer, S. G., Potts, A. M., and Mangnall, Y., 1971, Dopamine: A retinal neurotransmitter. II. Autoradiographic localization of 3H-dopamine in the retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. 10: 617–624.
Kunz, K., Benešova, and Tikai, K., 1971, Tryptophan-pyrrolase activity after chronic administration of reserpine and apomorphine in rats, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 13: 225–227.
Kuschinsky, K., and Hornykiewicz, O., 1972, Morphine catalepsy in the rat</b>: Relation to striatal dopamine metabolism, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 19: 119–122.
Lahti, R. A., McAllister, B., and Wozniak, J., 1972, Apomorphine antagonism of the elevation of homovanillic acid induced by antipsychotic drugs, Life Sci. 11, Part 1: 605–613.
Lal, S., 1974, Clinical orientations in the use of apomorphine and related compounds, Proc. Am. Chem. Soc, 167th National Meeting, Los Angeles, California, April, 1974.
Lal, S., and Sourkes, T. L., 1972, Effect of various chlorpromazine metabolites on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 17: 283–286.
Lal, S., and Sourkes, T. L., 1973. Ontogeny of stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine and amphetamine in the rat, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 202: 171–182.
Lal, S., Sourkes, T. L., Missala, K., and Belendiuk, G., 1972a, Effects of aporphine and emetine alkaloids on central dopaminergic mechanisms in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 20: 71–79.
Lal, S., de la Vega, C. E., Sourkes, T. L., and Friesen, H. G., 1976, Effect of apomorphine on human growth hormone secretion, Lancet 2: 661.
Lal, S., de la Vega, C. E., Sourkes, T. L., and Friesen, H. G., 1973a, Effect of apomorphine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels in human serum, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 37: 719–724.
Lal, S., Martin, J. B., and Friesen, H. G., 1976, Effect of apomorphine (Apo) and L-dopa on growth hormone (HGH) and prolactin (HPRL) secretion in man, Clin. Res. 21: 1025.
Lal, S., de la Vega, C. E., Garelis, E., and Sourkes, T. L., 1973c, Apomorphine, pimozide, L-dopa and the probenecid test in Huntington’s chorea, Psychiat. Neurol. Neurochir. 76: 113–117.
Lal, S., Martin, J. B., de la Vega, C. E., and Friesen, H. G., 1975, Comparison of the effect of apomorphine and L-dopa on serum growth hormone levels in normal men, Clinical Endocrinology (in press).
Lamarre, Y., and Puil, E., 1974, Induction of rhythmic activity by harmaline, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52: 905–908.
Larochelle, L., Bédard, P., Poirier, L. J., and Sourkes, T. L., 1971, Correlative neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological study of tremor and catatonia in the monkey, Neuropharmacol. 10: 273–288.
Laville, C, and Margarit, J., 1964, Métaclopramide et épreuve à l’apomorphine chez le rat, Path.Biol. 12: 726–727.
Lewi, P. J., Heykants, J. J. P., Allewijin, F. T. N., Dony, J. G. H., and Janssen, P. A. J., 1970, Distribution and metabolism of neuroleptic drugs. I. Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol, Arzneim.-Forsch. 20: 943–948.
Lieberman, A. N., Goodgold, A. L., and Goldstein, M., 1972, Treatment failures with levodopa in parkinsonism, Neurology 22: 1205–1210.
Liebman, J. M., and Butcher, L. L., 1973, Effects on self-stimulation behavior of drugs influencing dopaminergic neurotransmission mechanisms, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 277: 305–318.
Lorenzetti, O. J., and Sancilio, L. F., 1970, Morphine dependent rats as a model for evaluating potential addiction liability of analgesic compounds, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 183: 391–402.
Lotti, V. J., 1971, Actions of various centrally acting agents in mice with unilateral caudate brain lesions, Life Sci. 10, Part 1: 781–789.
Maj, J., Grabowska, M., and Gajda, L., 1972, Effect of apomorphine on motility in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 17: 208–214.
Malmfors, T., and Thoenen, H. (eds.), 6-Hydroxydopamine and catecholamine neurons, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971.
Manske, R. H. F., 1954, The aporphine alkaloids, in The Alkaloids, Chemistry and Physiology (R. H. F. Manske and H. L. Holmes, eds.), pp. 119–145, Academic Press, New York.
Martin, J. B., Lal, S., Tolis, G., and Friesen, H. G., 1974, Inhibition by apomorphine of prolactin secretion in patients with elevated serum prolactin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 180–182.
McConaghy, N., 1969, Subjective and penile Plethysmograph responses following aversion- relief and apomorphine aversion therapy for homosexual impulses, Brit. J. Psychiat. 115: 723–730.
McConaghy, N., 1970, Subjective and penile Plethysmograph responses to aversion therapy for homosexuality: A follow-up study, Brit. J. Psychiat. 117: 555–560.
McDowell, F. H., Markham, C. H., Lee, J. E., Treiiokas, L. J., and Ansel, R. D., 1971, The clinical use of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, in Recent Advances in Parkinson’s Disease (F. H. M. McDowell and C. H. Markham, eds.), pp. 175–201, Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
McKenzie, G. M., 1971, Apomorphine-induced aggression in the rat, Brain Res. 34: 323–330.
McKenzie, G. M., 1972, Role of the tuberculum olfactorium in stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine in the rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 23: 212–219.
McKenzie, G. M., and Boyer, C. E., 1974, Dissociation of the behavioral and biochemical changes currently attributed to postsynaptic dopaminergic receptor activation, Proceedings of the Canadian Federation of Biological Sciences, Hamilton, Ont.
McKenzie, G. M., and White, H. L., 1973, Evidence for the methylation of apomorphine by catechol-O-methytransferase in vivo and in vitro, Biochem. Pharmacol. 22: 2329–2336.
McKenzie, G. M., Viik, K., and Boyer, C. E., 1973, Selective blockade of apomorphine-induced aggression and gnawing following fenfluramine or raphe-lesions in the rat, Federation Proc. 32: 248.
Menon, M. K., Clark, W. G., and Aures, C, 1972, The central stimulant and potential anti-parkinsonism effects of 2(p-nitrobenzylthio)-imidazoline-(3H). HCl, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 19: 43–51.
Mims, R. B., Scott, C. L., Modebe, O. M., and Bethune, J. E., 1973, Prevention of L-dopa induced growth hormone stimulation by hyperglycemia, J. Endocrinol. Metab. 37: 660–663.
Missala, K., Lal, S., and Sourkes, T. L., 1973,O-Methylation of apomorphine and the metabolic prolongation of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 22: 54–58.
Morita, S., 1915, Untersuchungen an grosshirnlosen Kaninchen. II. Die Wirkung verschiedener Krampfgifte, Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 78: 188–217.
Müller, E. E., Pecile, A., Felici, N., and Cocchi, D., 1970, Norepinephrine and dopamine injection into the lateral ventricle of the rat and growth hormone releasing activity in the hypothalamus and plasma, Endocrinology 86: 1376–1382.
Murphy, D., 1973, Mental effects of L-dopa, Ann. Rev. Med. 24: 209–216.
Nahorshki, S. R., Rogers, K. J., and Binns, J., 1973, Cerebral phosphodiesterase and the dopamine receptor, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25: 912–913.
Neumeyer, J. L., Neustadt, B. R., and Weinhardt, K. K., 1970, Aporphines V: Total synthesis of (±)-apomorphine, J. Pharmac. Sci. 59: 1850–1852.
Neumeyer, J. L., Neustadt, B. R., Oh, K. H., Weinhardt, K. K., Boyce, C. B., Rosenberg, F. J., and Teiger, D. G., 1973a, Aporphines. 8. Total synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (±)-apomorphine, (±)-apocodeine, (±)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine, and (±)-N-n- propylnorapocodeine, J. Med. Chem. 16: 1223–1228.
Neumeyer, J. L., McCarthy, M., Battista, S. P., Rosenberg, F. J., Teiger, D. G., 1976, Aporphines. 9. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (±)-9, 10-dihydroxyaporphine [(±)-isoapomorphine], (+)-, (—) and (±)-l,2-dihydroxyaporphine, and (+)-l,2,9,10-tetrahydroxyaporphine, J. Med. Chem. 16: 1228–1233.
Nielsen, E. B., and Lyon, M., 1973, Drinking behavior and brain dopamine</b>: Antagonisticeffect of two neuroleptic drugs (pimozide and spiramide) upon amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced hypodipsia, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 33: 299–308.
Niemegeers, C. J. E., 1971, The apomorphine antagonism test in dogs, Pharmacology 6: 353–364.
Niemegeers, C. J. E., and Janssen, P. A. J., 1965, A comparative study of the inhibitory effects of haloperidol and trifluperidol on learned shock-avoidance behavioral habits and on apomorphine-induced emesis in mongrel dogs and in beagles, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 8: 263–270.
Nikki, P., 1969, Biogenic amines, cold-adaptation and halothane shivering in mice, Ann. Med. Exptl. Fenn. 47: 129–140.
Nybäck, H., Schubert, J., and Sedvall, G., 1970, Effect of apomorphine and pimozide on synthesis and turnover of labelled catecholamines in mouse brain, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 22: 622–624.
Nymark, M., 1972, Apomorphine provoked stereotypy in the dog, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 26: 361–368.
Pedersen, V., 1967, Potentiation of apomorphine effect (compulsive gnawing behavior) in mice, Acta. Pharmacol. (Kbnh.) 25: Suppl. 4, 63.
Peng, M. T., and Wang, S. C., 1962, Emetic responses of monkeys to apomorphine, hydergine, deslanoside and protoveratrine, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 110: 211–215.
Persson, T., and Waldeck, B., 1970, Is there an interaction between dopamine and noradrenaline containing neurons in the brain? Acta Physiol. Scand. 78: 142–144.
Pi, W. P., and Peng, M. T., 1971, Functional development of the central emetic mechanism in the puppy dog, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 136: 802–804.
Pinder, R. M., Buxton, D. A., and Green, D. M., 1971, On the dopamine-like action of apomorphine, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23: 995–996.
Pinder, R. M., Buxton, D. A., and Woodruff, G. N., 1972, On apomorphine and dopamine receptors, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24: 903–904.
Poirier, L. T.. and Sourkes, T. L., 1972, Experimentally induced Parkinsonism, in Neurotransmitters (I.J. Kopin, ed.), Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases, New York.
Puri, S. K., and Lai, H., 1973, Effect of dopaminergic stimulation or blockade on morphine-withdrawal aggression, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 32: 113–120.
Quik, M., and Sourkes, T. L., 1974, Inhibition of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by apomorphine, Pharmacologist 16: 213.
Quinn, J. T., and Kerr, W. S., 1963, The treatment of poor prognosis alcoholics by prolonged apomorphine aversion therapy, J. Irish Med. Assoc. 53: 50–54.
Rajput, A. H., 1973, Levodopa in dystonia musculorum deformans, Lancet 1: 432.
Randrup, A., and Munkvad, I., 1970, Biochemical, anatomical and psychological investigations of stereotyped behavior induced by amphetamines, in International Symposium on Amphetamines and Related Compounds, pp. 695–713, Raven Press, New York.
Rekker, R. F., Engel, D. J. C, and Nys, G. G., 1972, Apomorphine and its dopamine-like action, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24: 589–591.
Richter, W., 1964, Estimation of vasodilator drug effects in mice by measurements of paw skin temperature, Acta Pharmacol. (Kbnh.) 21: 91–104.
Roos, B. E., 1969, Decrease in homovanillic acid as evidence for dopamine receptor stimulation by apomorphine in the neostriatum of the rat, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 21: 263–264.
Rotrosen, J., Wallach, M. B., Angrist, B., and Gershon, S., 1972a, Antagonism of apomorphine-induced stereotypy and emesis in dogs by thioridazine, haloperidol and pimozide, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 26: 185–194.
Rotrosen, J., Angrist, B. M., Wallach, M. B., and Gershon, S., 1972b, Absence of serotonergic influence on apomorphine-induced stereotypy, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 20: 133–135.
Rozin, P., 1969, Central or peripheral mediation of learning with long CS-US intervals in the feeding system, /. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 67: 421–429.
Saari, W. S., King, S. W., and Lotti, V. J., 1973, Synthesis and biological activity of (6aS)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine, the optical antipode of apomorphine, J. Med. Chem. 16: 171 – 172.
Sandler, M., Carter, S. B., Hunter, K. R., and Stern, G. M., 1973, Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: in vivo metabolites of L-dopa in man, Nature 241: 439–443.
Sasame, H. A., Perez-Cruet, J., DiChiara, G., Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., and Gessa, G. L., 1972, Evidence that methadone blocks dopamine receptors in the rain, J. Neuro-chem. 19: 1953–1957.
Sassin, J. F., Taub, S., and Weitzman, E. D., 1972, Hyperkinesia and changes in behavior produced in normal monkeys by L-dopa, Neurology 22: 1123–1125.
Scheel-Krüger, J., 1970, Central effects of anticholinergic drugs measured by the apomorphine gnawing test in mice, Acta Pharmacol. (Kbnh.) 28: 1–16.
Schelkunov, E. L., and Stabrovskii, E. M., 1971, Relationship between depletion of norepinephrine in the brain and the hypothermic effect of apomorphine in mice, Farmakol. Toksikol. 34: 653–657.
Schlatter, E. K. E., and Lal, S., 1972, Treatment of alcoholism with Dent’s oral apomorphine method, Quart. J. Studies Alcohol. 33: 430–436.
Schlosser, W., Horst, W. D., Spiegel, H. E., and Sigg, E. B., 1972, Apomorphine and its effects on the spinal cord, Neuropharmacol. 11: 417–426.
Schneider, H. P. G., and McCann, S. M., 1970, Release of LH-releasing factor (LRF) into the peripheral circulation of hypophysectomised rats by dopamine and its blockage by estradiol, Endocrinology 87: 249–253.
Schoenfeld, R., and Uretsky, N., 1972, Altered response to apomorphine in 6-hydroxydopa-mine-treated rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 19: 115–118.
Schwab, R. S., Amador, L. V., and Lettvin, J. Y., 1951, Apomorphine in Parkinson’s disease, Trans. Amer. Neurol. Assoc. 76: 251–253.
Senault, B., 1968, Syndrome agressif induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, J. Physiol. (Paris) 60: Suppl. 2: 543–544.
Senault, B., 1970, Comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 18: 271–287.
Senault, B., 1971, Influence de l’isolement sur le comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 20: 389–394.
Senault, B., 1972, Influence de la surrénalectomie, de l’hypophysectomie, de la thyroidectomie, de la castration ainsi que de la testosterone sur le comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 24: 476–484.
Senault, B., 1973, Effets de lésions du septum, de l’amygdale, du striatum, de la substantia nigra et de l’ablation des bulbes olfactifs sur le comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 28: 13–25.
Senault, B., 1974, Amines cérébrales et comportement d’agressivité intraspécifique induit par l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 34: 143–154.
Sethy, V. H., and Van Woert, M. H., 1974, Modification of striatal acetylcholine concentration by dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 8: 13–28.
Shaar, C. J., Smalsig, E. B., and Clemens, J. A., 1973, The effect of catecholamines, apomorphine and monoamine oxidase on rat pituitary prolactin release in vitro, Pharmacologist 15: 256.
Shamma, M., and Slusarchyk, W. A., 1964, The aporphine alkaloids, Chem. Rev. 64: 59–79.
Share, N. N., Chai, C. Y., and Wang, S. C, 1965, Emesis induced by intracerebroventricular injections of apomorphine and deslanoside in normal and chemoreceptive trigger zone ablated dogs,J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 147: 416–421.
Sheard, M. H., 1969, The effect of/?-chlorophenylalanine on behavior in rats: Relation to brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Brain Res. 15: 524–528.
Shemano, I., and Wendel, H., 1964, A rapid screening test for potential addiction liability of new analgesic agents, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 6: 334–339.
Sheppard, H., and Burghardt, C. R., 1971, The effect of a, β, and dopamine receptor-blocking agents on the stimulation of rat erythrocyte adenyl cyclase by dihydroxyphenethylamines and their β-hydroxylated derivatives, Mol. Pharmacol. 7: 1–7.
Shields, K. G., Ballinger, C. M., and Hathaway, B. N., 1971, Antiemetic effectiveness of haloperidol in human volunteers challenged with apomorphine, Anesth. Analg. 50: 1017–1027.
Simon, A., and van Maanen, E. F., 1971, Apomorphine and phentolamine antagonism of dopamine and epinephrine, Federation Proc. 30: 624.
Simon, P., Chermat, R., Fosset, M. Th., and Boissier, J. R., 1972, Inhibiteurs beta-adrénergiques et stéréotypies provoquées par l’amphétamine ou l’apomorphine chez le rat, Psycho- pharmacologia (Berlin) 23: 357–364.
Smelik, P. G., and Ernst, A. M., 1966, Role of nigro-neostriatal dopaminergic fibers in compulsive gnawing behavior in rats, Life Sci. 5: 1485–1488.
Smith, R. V., and Sood, S. P., 1971, In vitro metabolism of certain nornuciferine derivatives, J. Pharm. Sci. 60: 1654–1658.
Smith, R. V., Cook, M. R., and Stocklinski, A. W., 1973, Analysis of apomorphine and norapo-morphine in urine by thin-layer chromatographic fluorescence quenching, J. Chromatog. 87: 294–297.
Sourkes, T. L., 1970, On the mode of action of L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease, Biochem. Med. 3: 321–325.
Sourkes, T. L., 1971, Possible new metabolites mediating actions of L-dopa, Nature (London) 229: 413–414.
Sourkes, T. L., 1972a, Parkinson’s disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia, in Basic Neurochemistry (W. Albers, G. J. Siegel, R. Katzman, and B. W. Agranoff, eds.), pp. 565–578, Little, Brown, Boston.
Sourkes, T. L., 1972b, Biochemical pharmacology, in Basic Neurochemistry (W. Albers, G. Jiegel, R. Katzman, and B. W. Agranoff, eds.), pp. 581–606, Little, Brown, Boston.
Sourkes, T. L., 1972c, The early history of dihydroxyphenylalanine, in Dimensiones de la Psiquiatria Contemporanea (C. Pérez de Francisco, ed.), pp. 295–297, La Prensa Médica Mexicana, Mexico.
Sourkes, T. L., 1973, Enzymology and sites of action of monoamines in the central nervous system, Adv. Neurol. 2: 13–36.
Sourkes, T. L., Poirier, L. J., and Lal, S., 1975, Diseases of the basal ganglia, in Molecular Pathology (S. B. Day and R. A. Good, eds.), C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, in press.
Späth, E., and Hromatka, O., 1929, Opiumalkaloids. X. Synthesis of dl-apomorphine dimethyl ether, Chem. Ber. 62B: 325–332.
Sprince, H., Parker, C.M., Smith, G. C, and Gonzales, L. J., 1972, Alcoholism: Biochemical and nutritional aspects of brain amines, aldehydes, and amino acids, Nutrition Reports Internat. 5: 185–200.
Srimal, R. C, and Dhawan, B. N., 1970, An analysis of methylphenidate induced gnawing in guinea pigs, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 18: 99–107.
Stadler, H., Lloyd, K. G., Gadea-Ciria, M., and Bartholini, G., 1973, Enhanced striatal acetylcholine release by chlorpromazine and its reversal by apomorphine, Brain Res. 55: 476–480.
St. Laurent, J., Leclerc, R. R., Mitchell, M. L., and Miliaressis, T. E., 1973, Effects of apomorphine on self-stimulation, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1: 581–585.
Strian, F., Micheler, E., Benkert, O., 1972, Tremor inhibition in Parkinson syndrome after apomorphine administration under L-dopa and decarboxylase-inhibitor basic therapy, Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuro-Psychopharmakologie 5: 198–205.
Struppler, A., and von Uexküll, Th., 1953, Untersuchungen über die Wirkungsweise des Apomorphin auf den Parkinsontremor, Zeitschr. klin. Med. 152: 46–57.
Symchowicz, S., Korduba, C. A., and Veals, J., 1971, Inhibition of dopamine uptake into synaptosomes of rat corpus striatum by chlorpheniramine and its structural analogs, Life Sci. 10, Part 1: 35–42.
Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., Perez-Cruet, J., Stern, S., and Gessa, G. L., 1971, Effect of psychotropic drugs on tryptophan concentration in the rat brain, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 177: 475–480.
Takaori, S., Nakai, Y., Matsuoka, I., Sasa, M., Fukuda, N., and Shimmamoto, K., 1968, The mechanism of antagonism between apomorphine and metoclopramide on unit discharges from nuclear structures in the brainstem of the cat, Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 7: 115–126.
Takaori, S., Fukuda, N., and Amano, Y., 1970, Mode of action of chlorpromazine on unit discharges from nuclear structures in the brainstem of cats, Japan. J. Pharmacol. 20: 424–431.
Tan, B. K., Leijnse-Ybema, H. J., and Brand, H. J. V. D., 1972, Levodopa in Huntington’s chorea, Lancet 1: 903.
Tattersall, R. N., 1971, Emetics, Practitioner 206: 111–113.
Teitel, S., O’Brien, J., and Brossi, A., 1974, Aporphines and related tetracycles by enzymatic oxidative coupling, Proceedings American Chemical Society, 167th National Meeting, Los Angeles, California, April 1974.
Tesarova, O., 1968, Mechanism of thymoleptic drug action studied in the model of apomorphine depression, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 10: 287–288.
Tesarova, O., 1972, Experimental depression caused by apomorphine and phenoharmane, Pharmakopsychiatrie 5: 13–19.
Tesarova, O., and Molcan, J., 1966, A contribution to the problem of experimental depression, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 8: 551–552.
Ther, L., and Schramm, H., 1962, Apomorphin-Synergismus (Zwangsnagen bei Mäusen) als Test zur Differenzierung psychotroper Substanzen, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 138: 302–310.
Thierry, A. M., Stinus, L., Blanc, G., and Glowinski, J., 1973a, Some evidence for the existence of dopaminergic neurons in the rat cortex, Brain Res. 50: 230–234.
Thierry, A. M., Blanc, G., Sobel, A., Stinus, L., and Glowinski, J., 1973b, Dopaminergic terminals in the rat cortex, Science 182: 499–501.
Thoa, N. B., Eichelman, B., and Ng, L. K. Y., 1972, Shock-induced aggression: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and other pharmacological agents, Brain Res. 43: 467–475.
Tiffeneau, M., and Porcher, M., 1915, The apomorphine series, Diacetyl and triacetylmorphine, Bull.Soc. Chim. 17: 114–119.
Toldy, M., 1962, The effect of adrenergic agents on the excitability of the emetic center, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 4: 402–404.
Tompkins, J. E., 1899, Apomorphine in acute alcoholic delirium, Med. Rec. 55: 56.
Tseng, L. F., and Walaszek, E. J., 1970a, Blockade of the dopamine depressor response by bulbocapnine, Federation Proc. 29: 741.
Tseng, L. F., and Walaszek, E. J., 1970b, Influence of alteration of catecholamine and serotonin levels on bulbocapnine-induced catatonia, Pharmacologist 12: 198.
Tseng, L. F., Wei, E., and Loh, H.H., 1973, Brain areas associated with bulbocapnine catalepsy, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 22: 363–366.
Turner, A. J., Baker, K. M., Algeri, S., Frigerio, A., and Garattini, S., 1974, Tetrahydropapaver-oline: formation in vivo and in vitro in rat brain, Life Sci. 14: 2247–2257.
Ungerstedt, U., 1971a, Stereotoxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367: 1–48.
Ungerstedt, U., 1971b, Striatal dopamine release after amphetamine or nerve degeneration revealed by rotational behavior, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367: 50–67.
Ungerstedt, U., 1971c, Postsynaptic supersensitivity after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367: 69–92.
Ungerstedt, U., 1971d, Adipsia and aphagia after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 367: 95–121.
Ungerstedt, U., 1973, Selective lesions of central catecholamine pathways: Application in functional studies, in Neurosciences Research, Vol. 5 (S. Ehrenpreis and I.J. Kopin, eds.), pp. 73–96, Academic Press, New York.
Ungerstedt, U., Butcher, L. L., Butcher, S. G., Andén, N. E., and Fuxe, K., 1969, Direct chemical stimulation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the neostriatum of the rat, Brain Res. 14: 461–471.
VanderWende, C, and Spoerlein, M. T., 1973, Role of dopaminergic receptors in morphine analgesia and tolerance, Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmacol. 5: 35–43.
Van Heyningen, W. E., 1959, Tentative identification of the tetanus toxin receptor in nervous tissue, J. Gen. Microbiol. 20: 310–320.
van Praag, H. M., and Korf, J., 1971, Retarded depressions and the dopamine metabolism, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 19: 199–203.
van Rossum, 1966, The significance of dopamine-receptor blockade for the mechanism action of neuroleptic drugs, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. 160: 492–494.
Van Tyle, W. K., and Burkman, A. M., 1970, New method for assaying antiapomorphine activity in pigeons, J. Pharm. Sci. 59: 1757–1759.
Van Tyle, W. K., and Burkman, A. M., 1971, Spectrofluorometric assay of apomorphine in brain tissue, J. Pharm. Sci. 60: 1736–1738.
Vedernikov, Y. P., 1969, Interaction of amphetamine, apomorphine and disulfiram with morphine and the role played by catecholamines in morphine analgesic action, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 182: 59–64.
Vedernikov, Y. P., 1970, The influence of single and chronic morphine administration on some central effects of amphetamine and apomorphine, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 17: 283–288.
Vogt, M., 1954, The concentration of sympathin in different parts of the central nervous system under normal conditions and after the administration of drugs, J. Physiol. 123: 451–481.
von Uexküll, T., 1953, Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie und Klinik der Bereitstellungsregulationen, Verhandl. Deutsch. Gesellsch. Inn. Med. Kong. 59: 104–107.
Von Voigtlander, P. F., and Moore, K. E., 1973, Turning behavior of mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the striatum: Effects of apomorphine, L-dopa, amantadine, amphetamine, and other psychomotor stimulants, Neuropharmacology 12: 451–462.
Waldeck, B., 1971, Some effects of caffeine and aminophylline on the turnover of catecholamines in the brain, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23: 824–830.
Weissman, A., 1966, Apomorphine elicitation of key pecking in a pigeon, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 160: 330–332.
Weissman, A., 1971, Cliff jumping in rats after intravenous treatment with apomorphine, Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 21: 60–65.
White, H. L., and McKenzie, G. M., Methylation of apomorphine by catechol-O-methyl transferase, Pharmacologist 13: 313.
White, R. R., 1952, The use of apomorphine with scopolamine in labor, Am. J. Obst. Gynec. 64: 91–100.
Wolfarth, S., Grabowska, M., Lacki, M., Dulska, E., and Antkiewicz, L., 1973, The action of apomorphine in rats with striatal lesions, Activ. Nerv. Sup. (Prague) 15: 132–133.
Woodruff, G. N., 1971, Dopamine receptors: A review, Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 2: 439–455.
Woodruff, G. N., and Walker, R. J., 1969, The effect of dopamine and other compounds on the activity of neurones of Helix aspersa; structure-activity relationships, Int. J. Neuropharma- col. 8: 279–289.
Yayura-Tobias, J. A., Diamond, B., and Merlis, S., 1970, The action of L-dopa on schizophrenic patients; a preliminary report, Curr. Ther. Res. 12: 528–531.
York, D. H., 1972, Dopamine receptor blockade—a central action of chlorpromazine on striatal neurones, Brain Res. 37: 91–99.
Zetler, G., and Thörner, R., 1973, Drug-induced catalepsy as influenced by psychostimulants, apomorphine, L-dopa and yohimbine, Pharmacology (Basel) 10: 238–251.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sourkes, T.L., Lal, S. (1975). Apomorphine and Its Relation to Dopamine in the Nervous System. In: Agranoff, B.W., Aprison, M.H. (eds) Advances in Neurochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4395-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4395-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4397-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4395-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive