Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Four Divisions of Metamorphic Grade

  • Chapter
Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks

Part of the book series: Springer Study Edition ((SSE))

Abstract

Metamorphic grade has been used as an inprecise term “to signify the degree or state of metamorphism” (Tilley, 1924). For example, lowgrade metamorphism implies formation at relatively low temperatures typical of the greenschist facies, and medium-grade metamorphism refers to conditions of the amphibolite facies. Although not necessary in principle for a classification of metamorphism, it is very practical in fieldwork and makes orientation much easier if the entire P, T range of metamorphic conditions is divided into a few large divisions of meta morphic grade:

  • Very-low-grade (sehr schwach)

  • Low-grade (schwach)

  • Medium-grade (mittel)

  • High-grade (stark)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Althaus, E. 1967. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 16: 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Althaus, E.1969a. Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abhand. 111: 74–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Althaus, E. Am. J. Sci. 267: 273–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, K. H., Karotke, E., and Winkler, H. G. F. 1970 Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mona tsh. 1970: 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, G. 1893. Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 49: 330–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, G. 1912. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 23: 268–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, E. H. and Fyfe, W. S. 1971. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 33: 227–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, D. M. 1970. J. Petrol. 11: 147–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee, N. D. and Johannes, W. 1974. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 48: 89–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinner, G. A. 1966. Earth Sci. Rev. 2: 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, H. W. 1973. Am. Mineral. 58: 255–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A., and Zussman, J. 1962. Rock-forming Minerals. Vol. 1, pp. 183ff. Longmans, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskola, P. 1920/21. Norsk. Geol. Tidsskr. 6: 143–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskola, P.1939. In Barth, Correns, and Eskola. Die Entstehung der Gesteine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, B. W. 1965. Am. J. Sci. 263: 647–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M. 1969. Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz Neue Folge 137. and Niggli, E. 1971. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. 51: 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganguly, J. 1969. Am. J. Sci. 267: 910–944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. H., Lochwood, J. P., and Kiss, E. 1968. Am. Mineral. 53: 1320–1335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschberg, A., and Winkler, H. G. F. 1968. Contr. Mineral Petrol. 18: 17–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway, M. J. 1971. Am. J. Sci. 271:97–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoschek, G. 1967. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 14: 123–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoschek, G.1969 Contr. Mineral Petrol. 22: 208–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L. C. and Burham, C. W. 1969. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 80: 2393–2408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, W. L., and Wyllie, P. J. 1974. Am. J. Sci. 274: 378–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karotke, E. and Storre, B. 1971. Fortschr. Mineral. 49, Beiheft 1: 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubler, B. 1967. Bull. Centre Recherches Pau-SNPA 1 : 259–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubler, B.1968. Bull. Centre Recherches Pau-SNPA 2: 385–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, I. B., Robertson, J. K., and Wyllie, P. J. 1969. Am. J. Sci. 267: 608–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, R. B., Robertson, J. K., and Wyllie, P. J. 1970. J. Geol. 78: 558–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashiro, A. 1972. Tectonophysics 13: 141–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, R. C. and Kennedy, G. D. 1963. J. Geophysics. Res. 68: 2967–2983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, K.-H. 1971. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 30: 240–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, K.-H.1972. Contr. Mineral Petrol. 34: 116–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, K.-H.1974. Fortschr. Mineral. 51. (Abstract), Beiheft 1, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, W. S. 1965. In W. S. Pitcher and D. Flinn, eds. Controls of Metamorphism. pp. 327–341. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S. W. 1968. J. Petrol. 9: 467–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S. W., Bell, P. M., and Gilbert, M. C. 1968. Am. J. Sci. 266: 513–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, S. W., Gilbert, M. D., and Bell, P. M. 1969. Am. J. Sci. 267: 259–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert F. 1970. J. Petrol. 11: 73–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storre, B. 1972. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 37: 87–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storre, B. and Karotke, E., 1971. Fortschr. Mineral. 49: 56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storre, B. and Karotke, E.,1972. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 37: 343–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Streck, A. 1969. Kaledonische Metamorphose. NE-Gronland, Habilitationsschrift, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streck, A.1976. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. 56: 269–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. B. 1957. Am. Mineral. 42: 842–858.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. B. and Norton, S. A. 1968. Paleozoic regional metamorphism in New England and adjacent areas. In E-An Zen et al., eds. Studies of Appalachian Geology. Interscience Publisher (John Wiley & Sons), New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, C. E. 1924. Geol. Mag. 61: 167–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F. J. 1968. Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. and

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoogen, J. 1960. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. 2nd edit., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuttle, O. F., and Bowen N. L. 1958. Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir No. 74. Weber, K. 1972. Neues Jarhb. Mineral. Monatsh.: 267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weill, D. F. 1966. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 30: 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenk, E. 1968. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. 48: 455–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenk, E. and Keller, F. 1969. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrol. Mitt. 49: 157–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H. G. F. 1965. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H. G. F. 1967. Petrogenesis,of Metamorphic Rocks. 2nd edit. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H. G. F. 1970. Fortschr. Mineral. 47: 84–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H. G. F. 1974. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. 3rd edit. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany

    Helmut G. F. Winkler (Professor Emeritus)

Authors
  1. Helmut G. F. Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winkler, H.G.F. (1979). The Four Divisions of Metamorphic Grade. In: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer Study Edition. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4215-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4215-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-90413-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4215-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation