Skip to main content

Placental Shape Aberrations

  • Chapter
  • 146 Accesses

Abstract

In recent years it has become practical to record and follow the location of the placenta during the course of gestation by sonography. This methodology has shown that a “dynamic placentation” occurs. That is, the original location of the implanting blastocyst may be modified during the course of its development to a term placenta. These concepts are examined in this chapter, and the various types of abnormal placental developments are discussed. The chapter also considers the morphology of placenta accreta and that of ectopic implantation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arias, F.: Cervical cerclage for temporary treatment of patients with placenta previa. Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 545548, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atrash, H.K., Friede, A., and Hogue, C.J.R.: Abdominal pregnancy in the United States: frequency and maternal mortality. Obstet. Gynecol. 69: 333 - 337, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augensen, K.: Unruptured tubal pregnancy at term with survival of mother and child. Obstet. Gynecol. 61: 259 - 261, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson, H., and Winblad, B.: Dislocated IUD and intrauterine ectopic pregnancy with uterine rupture. Obstet. Gynecol. 47: 365 - 366, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers, L.R., Drosman, S., and Saltzstein, S.L.: latrogenic paracervical implantation of fetal tissue during therapeutic abortion: a case report. Obstet. Gynecol. 37: 755 - 760, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakri, Y.N., Rifai, A., and Legarth, J.: Placenta previapercreta: magnetic resonance imaging findings and methotrexate therapy after hysterectomy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169: 213 - 214, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballas, S., Gitstein, S., Jaffa, A.J., and Peyser, M.R.: Midtrimester placenta previa: normal or pathologic finding. Obstet. Gynecol. 54: 12 - 14, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-David, J., Piura, B., Leiberman, J.R., and Kaplan, H.: Discrimination between fetal and maternal blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 148: 352, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J.H., Boehm, F.H., and Killam, A.P.: Induced abortion: a risk factor for placenta previa. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 141: 769 - 772, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, R.A., Colvin, E.D., Grimes, W.H., Fish, S.S., and Lester, W.M.: Hemorrhage in placenta previa: a new concept of its mechanism. Obstet. Gynecol. 1: 41 - 45, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, D.E.R.: Spontaneous rupture of uterus at 22 weeks pregnancy. B.M.J. 2: 844, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begneaud, W., Dougherty, C.M., and Mickal, A.: Placenta accreta in early gestation; report of 2 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 92: 267 - 268, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belfar, H.L., Kurtz, A.B., and Wagner, R.J.: Long-term follow-up after removal of an abdominal pregnancy. J. Ultrasound Med. 5: 521 - 523, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benirschke, K., and Miller, C.J.: Anatomical and functional differences in the placenta of primates. Biol. Reprod. 26: 29 - 53, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, R.C., and Fujikura, T.: Circumvallate and circummarginate placenta: unimportant clinical entities. Obstet. Gynecol. 34: 799 - 804, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berchuck, A., and Sokol, R.J.: Previous cesarean section, placenta increta, and uterine rupture in second-trimester abortion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 145: 766 - 767, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, P.: Accidental discovery of uterus bicornis on examination of placenta. Obstet. Gynecol. 17: 649, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleker, O.P., Kloosterman, G.J., Breur, W., and Mieras, D.J.: The volumetric growth of the human placenta: a longitudinal ultrasonic study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 127: 657 - 661, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, R.T., Wood, C., Beard, R.W., Gibson, J.R.M., and Pinkerton, J.H.M.: Significance of site of placental attachment in uterus. B.M.J. 1: 1732 - 1734, 1962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borell, U., Fernström, I., and Ohlson, L.: Diagnostic value of arteriography in cases of placenta previa. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 86: 535 - 547, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boronow, R.C., McElin, T.W., West, R.H., and Buckingham, J.C.: Ovarian pregnancy: report of four cases and a thirteen-year survey of the English literature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 91: 1095 - 1106, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J.D., and Hamilton, W.J.: Development and structure of the human placenta from the end of the 3rd month of gestation. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 74: 161 - 226, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breen, J.L., Neubecker, R., Gregori, C.A., and Franklin, J.E.: Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta: a survey of 40 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 49: 43 - 47, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, W.E., Edelman, D.A., and Hendricks, C.H.: Characteristics of patients with placenta previa and results of expectant management. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132: 180 - 191, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bromberg, Y.M., Salzberger, M., and Abrahamov, A.: Foetal blood in genital haemorrhage due to placenta praevia and abruptio placentae. Lancet 1: 767, 1957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright, P.S., Brown, J.E., Davis, R.J., Thieme, G.A., and Boehm, F.H.: Advanced abdominal pregnancy associated with fetal pulmonary hypoplasia: report of a case. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 155: 396 - 397, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso, L.J., Liegner, B., and Tamis, A.B.: Advanced abdominal pregnancy: report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 22: 795 - 797, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cava, E.F., and Russell, W.M.: Intramural pregnancy with uterine rupture: a case report. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131: 214 - 216, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chez, R.A., Schlesselman, J.J., Salazar, H., and Fox, R.: Single placentas in the rhesus monkey. J. Med. Primatol. 1: 230 - 240, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chokroverty, M., Caballes, R.L., and Gear, P.E.: An unruptured tubal pregnancy at term. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110: 250 - 251, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S.L., Koonings, P.P., and Phelan, J.P.: Placenta previa/accreta and prior cesarean section. Obstet. Gynecol. 66: 89 - 92, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comeau, J., Shaw, L., Marcell, C.C., and Lavery, J.P.: Early placenta previa and delivery outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 61: 577 - 580, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordero, D.R., Helfgott, A.W., Landy, H.J., Reik, R.F., Medina, C., and Sullivan, M.J.: A non-hemorrhagic manifestation of vasa previa: a clnicopathologic case report. Obstet. Gynecol. 82: 698 - 700, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, S.M., Carpenter, R.J., and Cotton, D.B.: Placenta percreta: ultrasound diagnosis and conservative surgical management. Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 454 - 456, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, S.F.: Letter to the editor: case report. Pediatr. Pathol. 7: 473 - 475, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deacon, J.S.R., Gilbert, E.F., Visekul, C., Herrmann, J., and Opitz, J.M.: Polyhydramnios and neonatal hemorrhage in three sisters: a circumvallate placenta syndrome. Birth Defects 10: 41 - 49, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Defoort, S.S., and Thiery, W.M.: Capping placenta: a new etiologic factor in midtrimester bleeding. Z. Geburtshilfe Perinatol. 192: 33 - 35, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dessouky, D.A.: Ectopic trophoblast as a complication of first-trimester induced abortion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 136: 407 - 408, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWane, J.C., and McCubbin, J.H.: Spontaneous rupture of an unscarred uterus at 19 weeks gestation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 141: 222 - 223, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fait, G., Goyert, G., Sundareson, A., and Pickens, A.: Intramural pregnancy with fetal survival: case history and discussion of etiologic factors. Obstet. Gynecol. 70: 47 2474, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finberg, H.J., and Williams, J.W.: Placenta accreta: prospective sonographic diagnosis in patients with placenta previa and prior cesarean section. J. Ultrasound Med. 11: 333 - 343, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, J.L.: Placenta membranacea. Obstet. Gynecol. 3: 438440, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H.: Placenta accreta, 1945-1969. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 27: 475 - 490, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, H., and Sen, D.K.: Placenta extrachorialis: a clinico-pathologic study. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 79: 32 - 35, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frachtman, K.G.: Unruptured tubal term pregnancy. Am. J. Surg. 86:161-168, 1. 953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, A.M.: Distribution of the bulk of the normal placenta: review and classification of 800 cases by ultrasonography. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 132: 675 - 680, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, A., deFazio, J., and deCherney, A.: Severe obstetric complications after aggressive treatment of Asherman syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 67: 864 - 867, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friesen, R.F.: Placenta previa accreta. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 84: 1247 - 1253, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujikura, T., Benson, R.C., and Driscoll, S.G.: The bipartite placenta and its clinical features. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107: 1013 - 1017, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabert, H.A.: Placenta previa and fetal growth. Obstet. Gynecol. 38: 403 - 406, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, P., Fagan, C.J., Bedi, D.G., Winsett, M.Z., and Reyes, R.N.: Potential placenta previa: definition, frequency, and significance. Am. J. Roentgenol. 149: 1013 1015, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottesfeld, K.R., Thompson, H.E., Holmes, J.H., and Taylor, E.D.: Ultrasonic placentography—a new method for placental localization. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 96: 538547, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, S.: Weitere Studien über die Entwicklung der menschlichen Placenta. Arch. Gynecol. 40: 169 - 244, 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig, C.: Central placenta previa with bulging bag of membranes. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 57:251– 252, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribble, R.K., and Fitzsimmons, J.M.: Placenta previa percreta with fetal survival. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 153: 314 - 316, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieco, A.: Rilievi clinico-statistici sulla inserzione velamentosa ed a racchetta del cordone ombellicale. Monit. Ostet.-Ginecol. Endocrin. Metabol. 8: 89 - 102, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimes, A.A., and Techman, T.: Legal abortion and placenta previa. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 149: 501 - 504, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosser, O.: Frühentwicklung, Eihautbildung und Placentation des Menschen und der Säugetiere. Bergmann, Munich, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guha-Ray, D.K., and Hamblin, M.H.: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in an abdominal pregnancy. J. Reprod. Med. 18: 109 - 112, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, G.W., Bowman, H.E., and Stout, F.E.: Extrauterine pregnancy at term. Obstet. Gynecol. 2: 17 - 21, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, H., Nordlander, S., Westin, B., and Asard, P.-E.: Placenta praevia and abruptio placentae. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 53: 235 - 241, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, G.P., Peisner, D.P., and Timor-Tritsch, I.E.: Ultrasonographic evaluation of uteroplacental blood flow patterns of abnormally located and adherent placentas. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163: 723 - 727, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallatt, J.G., and Grove, J.A.: Abdominal pregnancy: a study of twenty-one consecutive cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 152: 444 - 449, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbert, G.M., Martin, C.B., and Ramsey, E.M.: Extrachorial (circumvallate) placentas in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 108: 98 - 104, 1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harden, M.A., Walters, M.D., and Valente, P.T.: Postabortal hemorrhage due to placenta increta: a case report. Obstet. Gynecol. 75: 523 - 526, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, V.G.: Relation between placental site and length of gestation. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 82: 581 - 584, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartemann, J., Dellestable, P., and Pierce, A.: Lanémie des enfants de placenta praevia. Bull. Fed. Soc. Gynecol. Fr. 14: 422 - 424, 1962.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassim, A.M., Lucas, C., and Elkabbani, S.A.M.: Spontaneous uterine rupture caused by placenta percreta. B.M.J. 2: 97 - 98, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hata, K., Hata, T., Aoki, S., Takamori, H., Takamiya, O., and Kitao, M.: Succenturiate placenta diagnosed by ultrasound. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 25: 273 - 276, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertig, A.T., and Gore, H.: Die Implantation, die Frühentwicklung des befruchteten Eies und ihre Störungen. In, Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. Vol. I. O. Käser, V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedberg, K.G. Ober, K. Thomsen, and J. Zander, eds., pp. 565-584. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertig, A.T., and Rock, J.: Searching for early fertilized human ova. Gynecol. Invest. 4: 121 - 139, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, C.H., and Streeter, G.L.: Development of the macaque embryo. Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst. 29: 1555, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginbottom, J., Slater, J., and Porter, G.: The low-lying placenta and dysmaturity. Lancet 1: 859, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman-Tretin, J.C., Koenigsberg, M., Rabin, A., and Anyaegbunam, A.: Placenta accreta: additional sono-graphic observations. J. Ultrasound Med. 11: 29 - 34, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, E., and Pickel, H.: Ausgetragene ektopische Schwangerschaft mit lebendem Kind. Zentralbi. Gynäkol. 98: 52 - 55, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogland, H.J., deHaan, J., and Martin, C.B.: Placental size during early pregnancy and fetal outcome: A preliminary report of a sequential ultrasonographic study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138: 441 - 443, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornstein, M.D., Niloff, J.M., Snyder, P.F., and Frigoletto, F.D.: Placenta percreta associated with a second-trimester pregnancy termination. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 150: 1002 1003, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hreshchyshyn, M.M., Bogen, B., and Loughran, C.H.: What is the actual present-day management of the placenta in late abdominal pregnancy ? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 81: 30 2317, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, K.M.: Foetal cells in antepartum haemorrhage. Lancet 2: 682, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, V.A., and Beischer, N.A.: Placenta membranacea: case reports. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 94:798-802, 1987. Iffy, L.: Contribution to the etiology of placenta previa. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 83: 969 - 975, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, F.C., and Hertig, A.T.: A study of placenta accreta. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 64: 178 - 200, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyasu, S., Saftlas, A.K., Rowley, D.L., Koonin, L.M., Lawson, H.W., and Atrash, H.K.: The epidemiology of placenta previa in the United States, 1979 through 1987. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168: 1424 - 1429, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janovski, N.A., and Granowitz, E.T.: Placenta membranacea: report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 18: 206 - 212, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W.D., Hughes, H.C., and Stenger, V.G.: Placenta extrachorialis in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Lab. Anim Sci. 28: 81 - 84, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jopp, H., and Krone, H.: Das Verhältnis zwischen Kindesgewicht und Plazentagewicht bei Placenta praevia. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 26: 403 - 408, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalchman, G.G., and Meltzer, R.M.: Interstitial pregnancy following homolateral salpingectomy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 96: 1139 - 1143, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmus, H.: The incidence of placenta praevia and antepartum haemorrhage according to maternal age and parity. Ann. Eugen. 13: 283 - 290, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keeler, F.J., and Cope, P.H.: Placenta of unusual shape. Obstet. Gynecol. 22: 679, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, F.S.: Eight years of placenta previa at the Boston Lying-in Hospital. Med. Rec. Ann. Houston 37: 502 - 507, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khong, T.Y., and Robertson, W.B.: Placenta creta and placenta praevia creta. Placenta 8: 399 - 409, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, D.L.: Placental migration demonstrated by ultrasonography. Radiology 109: 167 - 170, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley, S.R., and Martin, R.D.: A case of placenta praevia in an orang-utan. Vet. Rec. 104: 56 - 57, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner, R.W., Hertig, A.T., and Reid, D.E.: Simultaneously occurring placenta previa and placenta accreta. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 94: 141 - 151, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivikoski, A.I., Martin, C., Weyman, P., Picus, D., and Giudice, L.: Angiographic arterial embolization to control hemorrhage in abdominal pregnancy: A case report. Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 456 - 457, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koren, Z., Zuckerman, H., and Brzezinski, A.: Placenta previa accreta with afibrinogenemia: report of 3 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 18: 138 - 145, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornblatt, M.B.: Abdominal pregnancy following a total hysterectomy: report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 32: 488489, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupferminc, M.J., Tamura, R.K., Wigton, T.R., Glassenberg, R., and Socol, M.L.: Placenta accreta is associated with elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Obstet. Gynecol. 82: 266 - 269, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lademacher, D.S., Vermeulen, R.C.W., Harten, J.J.v.d., and Arts, N.F.: Circumvallate placenta and congenital anomalies. Lancet 1: 732, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larks, S.D., Dasgupta, K., Assali, N.S., and Morton, D.G.: The human electrohysterogram: electrical evidence for the existence of pacemaker function in the parturient uterus. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 66: 229 - 238, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Las Heras, J.L., Harding, P.G., and Haust, M.D.: Recurrent bleeding associated with placenta membranacea partialis: report of a case. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 144: 480 - 482, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laufer, A., Sadovsky, A., and Sadovsky, E.: Histologic appearance of the placenta in ectopic pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 20: 350 - 353, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, W.M., Bartholomew, R.A., Colvin, E.D., Grimes, W.H., Fish, J.S., and Galloway, W.H.: Role of retained placental fragments in immediate and delayed postpartum hemorrhage. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 72: 1214 - 1226, 1956.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liepmann, W.: Beitrag der Placenta circumvallata. Arch. Gynecol. 80: 439 - 454, 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, B.H., Tan, C.E., Smith, A.P.M., and Smith, N.C.: Transvaginal ultrasonography for diagnosis of placenta praevia. Lancet 1: 444, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, W.A.: Toxaemia and placental attachment. B.M.J. 2: 387, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, W.A., and Friedman, E.A.: Significance of the placental position: A report from the collaborative study of cerebral palsy. Obstet. Gynecol. 23: 804 - 809, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luke, R.K., Sharpe, J.W., and Greene, R.R.: Placenta accreta: the adherence or invasive placenta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 95: 660 - 668, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manyonda, I.T., and Varma, T.R.: Massive obstetric hemorrhage due to placenta previa/accreta with prior cesarean section. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 34, 183 - 186, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J.N., Sessums, J.K., Martin, R.W., Pryor, J.A., and Morrison, J.C.: Abdominal pregnancy: current concepts of management. Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 549 - 557, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, J.: Placenta membranacea. Aust. N.Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 14: 45 - 47, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElin, T.W., and Randall, L.M.: Intratubal term pregnancy without rupture: review of the literature and presentation of diagnostic criteria. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 61: 130 - 137, 1951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, L.: Intramural pregnancy. J.A.M.A. 192: 637639, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • McShane, P.M., Heyl, P.S., and Epstein, M.F.: Maternal and perinatal morbidity resulting from placenta previa. Obstet. Gynecol. 65: 176 - 182, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyenburg, M.: Gibt es Veränderungen des Plazentasitzes im Bereich kaudaler Uterusabschnitte während der Schwangerschaft? Eine echographische Verlaufsstudie. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 36: 715 - 721, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R.: Zur Anatomie und Entstehung der Placenta marginata s. partim extrachorialis. Arch. Gynecol. 89: 54 2573, 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar, W.G.: A clinical and pathological study of placenta accreta. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 66: 353 - 364, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E.D.: A 2,000 gm tubal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 156: 1152 - 1153, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, A.P.B., Anderson, G.S., and Russell, J.K.: Perinatal death from foetal exsanguination. B.M.J. 1: 61 1614, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J.: Circumvallate placenta. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 62: 899 - 900, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morison, J.E.: Placenta accreta: A clinicopathologic review of 67 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. Annu. 7: 107 - 123, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, A.R., and Douglass, M.: A study of uterine and tubal decidual reaction in tubal pregnancy: based on the histological examination of the tubes and endometria of fifty-three cases of ectopic gestation. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 47: 785 - 790, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naeye, R.L.: Placenta previa: predisposing factors and effects on the fetus and surviving infants. Obstet. Gynecol. 52: 521 - 525, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naftolin, F., Khudr, G., Benirschke, K., and Hutchinson, D.L.: The syndrome of chronic abruptio placentae, hydrorrhea, and circumvallate placenta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 116: 347 - 350, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, P.S.: Placenta percreta induced uterine rupture and resulted in intraabdominal abortion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161: 1185 - 1186, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nehra, P.C., and Loginsky, S.J.: Pregnancy after vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet. Gynecol. 64: 735 - 737, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelp, W.B., and Larson, S.M.: Diagnosis of placenta praevia by photoscanning with albumin labeled with technetium Tc 99m. J.A.M.A. 200: 158 - 162, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niebyl, J.R.: Pregnancy following total hysterectomy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 119: 512 - 515, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, T.F., Hagberg, H., and Ljungblad, U.: Placenta previa and antepartum hemorrhage after previous cesarean section. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 27: 88 - 90, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieminen, U., and Klinge, E.: Placenta praevia and low implantation of the placenta. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 42: 339 - 357, 1963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlander, S., Sundberg, B., Westin, B., and Asard, P.-E.: Scintigraphic studies of uterine and placental growth and placental migration during pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 56: 483 - 486, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norén, H., and Lindblom, B.: A unique case of abdominal pregnancy: what are the minimal requirements for placental contact with the maternal vascular bed ? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 155: 394 - 396, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, C.P.: Full-term tubal pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 63: 1305 - 1311, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppenheimer, L.W., Mackenzie, F., Girard, J., Dabrowski, A., and Yossef, E.: Migration rate of low lying placenta in the third trimester—can it predict outcome? [abstract 309]. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170: 361, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsini, A.: La sede della placenta nella specie umana. Riv. Ital. Ginecol. 8: 19 - 63, 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyer, R., Tarakjian, D., Lev-Toaff, A., Friedman, A., and Chatwani, A.: Treatment of cervical pregnancy with methotrexate. Obstet. Gynecol. 71: 469 - 471, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paintin, D.B.: Abdominal pregnancy carried to term following the treatment of pelvic tuberculosis. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 63: 54 - 55, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palti, Z., Rosenn, B., Goshen, R., Ben-Chitrit, A., and Yagel, S.: Successful treatment of a viable cervical pregnancy with methotrexate. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 161: 1147 - 1148, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauerstein, C.J., Croxatto, H.B., Eddy, C.A., Ramzy, I., and Walters, M.D.: Anatomy and pathology of tubal pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 67: 301 - 308, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, L.S.: Maternal age, order of birth and developmental abnormalities. J. Ment. Sci. 85: 1141 - 1150, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippe, E., Ritter, J., Lefakis, P., Laedlein-Greilsammer, D., Itten, S., and Foussereau, S.: Grossesse tubaire, ovulation tardive et anomalie de nidation. Gynecol. Obstet. (Paris) 69: 617 - 628, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe, P.A., Sindelair, P.J., and Zeit, P.R.: Vasa previa with marginal placenta previa of an accessory lobe: report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 16: 472 - 475, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M.S., Al-Suleiman, S.A., Rahman, J., and AlSibai, M.H.: Advanced abdominal pregnancy: observations in 10 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 59: 366 - 372, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J.A., Cotton, D.B., and Miller, F.C.: Placenta accreta: changing clinical aspects and outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 56: 31 - 33, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, J.P., Kay, H.H., and Mahony, B.S.: The clinical significance of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 160: 1212 - 1216, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ries, K.J., and Middleton, E.B.: Rupture of septate uterus due to placenta percreta. Obstet. Gynecol. 39: 705 - 712, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, C.A.: Placenta previa in association with an incompetent cervix. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124: 659, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizos, N., Doran, T.A., Miskin, M., Benzie, R.J., and Ford, J.A.: Natural history of placenta previa ascertained by diagnostic ultrasound. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 133: 287291, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolschau, J.: Circumvallate placenta and intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl. 72: 1114, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosa, P., Ghilain, A., and Dumont, A.: Placenta praevia accreta et afibrinogénémie secondaire. Bull. Soc. R. Belge Gynecol. Obstet. 26: 588 - 594, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, L.G.: Central placenta previa due to a succenturiate lobe. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 74: 447 - 449, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstone, A.I., and Lash, S.R.: Placenta previa accreta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 87: 198 - 202, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, O.: Familial occurrence of abnormal placentation and fetal malformations, observed in Baffin Island Eskimos. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 83: 437 - 438, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schatz, F.: Die Gefässverbindungen der Placentarkreisläufe eineiiger Zwillinge, ihre Entwicklung und ihre Folgen. Arch. Gynecol. 27: 1 - 72, 1886.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schellong, G.: Anämie und Schock beim Neugeborenen durch fetalen Blutverlust. Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd. 117: 578 - 579, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, R., and Dittrich, A.: Ausgetragene Extrauteringravidität bei lebendem Kind. Zentralbl. Gynakol. 95: 2831, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H.E., Dea, N.J., and Isaacs, J.H.: Placenta previa: A survey at the Lewis Memorial Maternity Hospital. Obstet. Gynecol. 3: 3 - 10, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scipiades, E., and Burg, E.: Ober die Morphologie der menschlichen Placenta mit besonderer Rücksicht auf unsere eigenen Studien. Arch. Gynecol. 141: 577 - 619, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J.S.: Placenta extra-chorialis (placenta marginata and circumvallata): a factor in antepartum haemorrhage. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Emp. 67: 904 - 918, 1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J.: Ante-partum haemorrhage-2. B.M.J. 1: 1231 - 1234, 1964.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanklin, D.R.: The human placenta: a clinicopathologic study. Obstet. Gynecol. 11: 129 - 138, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J.L., Sherer, D.M., Hurley, J.T., Metlay, L.A., and Amstey, M.S.: Postpartum ultrasonographic findings associated with placenta accreta. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 167: 601 - 601, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shott, R.J., Cook, L.N., and Andrews, B.F.: Intra-abdominal pregnancy: an unusual cause of fetal growth retardation. Am. J. Dis. Child. 126: 361 - 362, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silber, S.J., Breakey, B., Campbell, D., Williams, H., and Fellman, S.: Placenta percreta invading bladder. J. Urol. 109: 615 - 618, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spanta, R., Roffman, L.E., Grissom, T.J., Newland, J.R., and McManus, B.M.: Abdominal pregnancy: magnetic resonance identification with ultrasonographic follow-up of placental involution. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 157: 887 - 889, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelberg, O.: Zur Casuistik der Ovarialschwangerschaft. Arch. Gynecol. 13: 73 - 79, 1878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinnato, J.A., Aksel, S., and Mendenhall, H.W.: Postpartum polyhydramnios: a unique complication of advanced pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 70: 490 - 492, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St. Clair, J.T., Wheeler, D.A., and Fish, S.A.: Methotrexate in abdominal pregnancy. J.A.M.A. 208: 529 - 531, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strassmann, P.: Placenta praevia. Arch. Gynecol. 67: 112 - 275, 1902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stromme, W.B.: Placenta increta: report of a case with unusual etiology. Obstet. Gynecol. 21: 133 - 135, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sumawong, V., Nondasuta, A., Thanapath, S., and Budthimedhee, V.: Placenta accreta: a review of the literature and a summary of 10 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 27: 511 - 516, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunde, A.: Advanced extrauterine pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 44: 159 - 162, 1965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, K.: Concomitant occurrence of circumvallate placenta with single disc and bidiscoid placentas. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 110: 1147 - 1148, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taefi, P., Kaiser, T.F., Sheffer, J.B., Courey, N.G., and Hodson, J.M.: Placenta percreta with bladder invasion and massive hemorrhage: report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol. 36: 686 - 687, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatum, H.J., and Mulé, J.G.: Placenta previa: a functional classification and a report on 408 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 93: 767 - 774, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J.: Der gestielte Plazentarkotyledo—eine Bauanomalie der Nachgeburt. Zentralbi. Gynäkol. 84: 684690, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorp, J.M., Councell, B., Sandridge, D.A., and Wiest, H.H.: Antepartum diagnosis of placenta previa percreta by magnetic resonance imaging. Obstet. Gynecol. 80: 506 - 508, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tisdall, L., Nichols, R.A., and Sicuranza, B.J.: Abdominal pregnancy associated with an intrauterine contraceptive device. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 106: 937 - 939, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: Classification of human pregnancy based on depth of intrauterine implantation of the ovum. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 66: 791 - 800, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: Placenta circumvallata and placenta marginata. Obstet. Gynecol. 6: 277 - 284, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: Human placental anomalies: etiology, evolution and historical background. Mo. Med. 55: 353 - 357, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: An explanation of placental marginal infarct rings: a significant summary of a life-long evaluation of a concept of placental formation. J. Med. Assoc. Ga. 54: 274276, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: Evolution of a placenta circumvallata. Obstet. Gynecol. 27: 98 - 101, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: Placentation in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Obstet. Gynecol. 34: 410 - 413, 1969a.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R.: The Human Placenta. Its Shape, Form, Origin and Development. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1969b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R., and Barfield, W.E.: Placenta duplex. J. Med. Assoc. Ga. 57: 78 - 80, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torpin, R., and Hart, B.F.: Placenta bilobata. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 42: 38 - 49, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Huysen, W.T.: Placenta previa of a succenturiate lobe. N. Engl. J. Med. 265: 284 - 286, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vierhout, M.E., and Wallenburg, H.C.S.: Intraligamentary pregnancy resulting in a live infant. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 152: 878 - 879, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weckstein, L.N., Masserman, J.S.H., and Garite, T.J.: Placenta accreta: a problem of increasing clinical significance. Obstet. Gynecol. 69: 480 - 482, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wentworth, P.: Circumvallate and circummarginate placentas. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 102: 44 - 47, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wewer, U.W., Faber, M., Liotta, L.A., and Albrechtsen, R.: Immunochemical and ultrastructural assessment of the nature of the pericellular basement membrane of human decidual cells. Lab. Invest. 53: 624 - 633, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wexler, P., and Gottesfeld, K.R.: Second trimester placenta previa: an apparently normal placentation. Obstet. Gynecol. 50: 706 - 709, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wexler, P., and Gottesfeld, K.R.: Early diagnosis of placenta previa. Obstet. Gynecol. 54: 231 - 234, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickster, G.Z.: Posthemorrhagic shock in the newborn. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 63: 524 - 537, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, A.S.: Diagnosis and treatment of anemia of the newborn caused by occult placental hemorrhage. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 56: 717 - 722, 1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willemen, D.F.W., Bol, J.J., Unnik, A.J.M., and Breda, A.T.: Een voldragen tubaire Zwangerschap. Nederl. Tijdschr. Geneesk. 109: 2339 - 2341, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.W.: Placenta circumvallata. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 13: 1 - 16, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.C., Malvar, T.C., and Kraft, J.R.: Term ovarian pregnancy with delivery of a live female infant. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 142: 589 - 591, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D., and Paalman, R.J.: Clinical significance of circumvallate placenta. Obstet. Gynecol. 29: 774 - 778, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingate, M.B., and Pauls, F.: Effect of the placental site on fetal presentation at term. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 99: 53 1532, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winters, R.: Die Rolle regressiver Veränderungen der Plazenta bei der sogenannten Plazentamigration. Geburthilfe Frauenheilkd. 38: 1093 - 1098, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, H., Oosting, H., and Treffers, P.E.: Placental volume measurements by ultrasonography: evaluation of the method. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 156: 1191 - 1194, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolam, G.I., Pratt, J.H., and Wilson, R.B.: Uterine rupture following tubal implantation: report of 2 cases. Obstet. Gynecol. 29: 415 - 419, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, G.B.: The peripatetic placenta. Radiology 128: 183188, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T.J., Iwasaki, I., Teratani, T., Tanaka, T., and Aoki, M.: Primary ovarian pregnancy in a cystic teratoma. Obstet. Gynecol. 64: 52s - 54s, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zabrieskie, J.R.: Pregnancy and the malformed uterus. West. J. Surg. Obstet. Gynecol. 70: 293 - 296, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelop, C., Nadel, A., Frigoletto, F.D., Pauker, S., MacMillan, M., and Benacerraf, B.R.: Placenta accreta/ percreta/increta: A cause of elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Obstet. Gynecol. 80: 693 - 694, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziel, H.A.: Circumvallate placenta, a cause of antepartum bleeding, premature delivery, and perinatal mortality. Obstet. Gynecol. 22: 798 - 802, 1963.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zilliacus, H.: The detection of foetal blood in haemorrhage of late pregnancy. Gynaecologia 157: 103 - 109, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Benirschke, K., Kaufmann, P. (1995). Placental Shape Aberrations. In: Pathology of the Human Placenta. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4196-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4196-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4198-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4196-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics