Advertisement

Selected Disorders of the Skin

  • Aubrey L. Knight
Chapter

Abstract

The family physician, particularly when caring for patients in the long-term care setting, finds pressure sores to be a common clinical entity. Pressure sores are defined as changes in the skin and underlying tissue that result from pressure over bony prominences. If not attended to, these forces cause ulceration. The best treatment for pressure sores is prevention, but even under the best conditions it is not always possible. There have been a multitude of treatments asserted to be effective for management of this problem, yet the treatment of pressure sores remains one of the more difficult clinical tasks facing the family physician.

Keywords

Hair Loss Pressure Sore Alopecia Areata Metatarsal Head Nail Plate 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Brandeis GH, Morris JN, Nash DJ, Lipsitz LA. The epidemiology and natural history of pressure ulcers in elderly nursing home residents. JAMA 1990;264:2905–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Reuler JB, Cooney TG. The pressure sore: pathophysiology and principles of management. Ann Intern Med 1981;94:661–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Longe RL. Current concepts in clinical therapeutics: pressure sores. Clin Pharm 1986;5:669–81.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Sather MR, Weber CE Jr, George J. Pressure sores in the spinal cord injury patient. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1977;11:154–69.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Berlowitz DR, Wilking SVB. Risk factors for pressure sores: a comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:1043–50.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Allman RM, LaPrade CA, Noel LB, et al. Pressure sores among hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:337–42.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Pinchcofsky-Devin GD, Kaminski MV Jr. Correlation of pressure sores and nutritional status. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:435–40.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Guralnik JM, Harris TB, White LR, Cornoni-Huntley JC. Occurrence and predictors of pressure sores in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;36:807–12.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Knight AL. Medical management of pressure sores. J Fam Pract 1988;27:95–100.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Pressure ulcers prevalence, cost and risk assessment: consensus development conference statement. Decubitus 1989;2(2):24–8.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Richardson JP, Knight AL. The prevention of tetanus in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1712–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Norton D. Calculating the risk: reflections on the Norton scale. Decubitus 1989;2(3):24–31.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers: the role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974;55:147–52.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Allman RM. Pressure ulcers among the elderly. N Engl J Med 1989;320:850–3.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Parish LC, Witkowski JA, Crissey JT, editors. The decubitus ulcer. New York: Mason Publishing, 1983.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Rodeheaver G, Bellamy W, Kody M, et al. Bactericidal activity and toxicity of iodine-containing solutions in wounds. Arch Surg 1982;117:181–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Morgan JE. Topical therapy of pressure sores. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975;141:945–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Pierleoni EE. Topical metronidazole therapy for infected decubitus ulcers. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:775.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Gomolin IH, Brandt JL. Topical metronidazole therapy for pressure sores of geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983;31:710–2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Brown GL, Nanney LB, Griffen J, et al. Enhancement of wound healing by topical treatment with epidermal growth factor. N Engl J Med 1989;321:76–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Seiler WO, Stahelin HB. Decubitus ulcers: treatment through five therapeutic principles. Geriatrics 1985;40:30–44.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Eaglstein WH. The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and re-epithelialization in superficial wounds. J Surg Res 1983;35:142–8.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Görse GJ, Messner RL. Improved pressure sore healing with hy-drocolloid dressings. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:766–71.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Braverman AM, Nasar MA. The treatment of superficial decubitus ulcers. Practitioner 1981;225:1842–3.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Henkin RI. Zinc in wound healing. N Engl J Med 1974;291:675–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Taylor TV, Rimmer S, Day B, Butcher J, Dymock IW. Ascorbic acid supplementation in the treatment of pressure-sores. Lancet 1974;2:544–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Brainard BJ. Managing corns and plantar calluses. Phys Sportsmed 1991;19:61–7.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Habif TP. Clinical dermatology: a color guide to diagnosis and therapy. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1990:616–38.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Zaias N, Drachman D. A method for the determination of drug effectiveness in onychomycosis: trials with ketoconazole and griseofulvin ultramicrosize. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:912–9.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Ruoff AC. Foot and ankle. In: Wolcott MW, editor. Ambulatory surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1988.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Hefland AE. Nail and hyperkeratotic problems in the elderly foot. Am Fam Physician 1989;39:101–10.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Atton AV, Tunnessen WW. Alopecia in children: the most common causes. Pediatr Rev 1990;12:25–30.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Burke KE. Hair loss: what causes it and what can be done about it. Postgrad Med 1989;85:52–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Caserio RJ, Hordinsky MK. Disorders of hair. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:895–903.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    DeVillez RL. Topical minoxidil therapy in hereditary androgenic alopecia. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:197–202.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Olsen EA, Weiner MS, DeLong ER, Pinnell S. Topical minoxidil in early male pattern baldness. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:185–92.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Olsen E A, DeLong ER, Weiner MS. Dose-response study of topical minoxidil in male pattern baldness. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:30–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Price VH, Menefee E. Quantitative estimation of hair growth. I. Androgenic alopecia in women: effect of minoxidil. J Invest Dermatol 1990;95:683–7.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Olsen E A, Weiner MS. Topical minoxidil in male pattern baldness: effects of discontinuation of treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:97–101.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Franz TJ. Percutaneous absorption of minoxidil in man. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:203–6.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Braun JL, Silvetti AN, Xanellis GC. What really works for pressure sores. Patient Care 1992;26:63–83.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1994

Authors and Affiliations

  • Aubrey L. Knight

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options