Skip to main content

Menopause

  • Chapter
Family Medicine
  • 24 Accesses

Abstract

The natural history of menopause (the cessation of menses) and the climacteric (the period of transition from reproductive to postreproductive status) involves termination of the reproductive and endocrine functions of the ovaries. For many women this period in life is associated with symptoms and complaints.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Utian WH. Overview on menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156:1280–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mishell DR. Is routine use of estrogen indicated in postmenopausal women? An affirmative view. J Fam Pract 1989; 29:406–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wentz AC. Management of the menopause. In: Jones HW, Wentz AC, Burnett LS, editors. Novak’s textbook of gynecology. 11th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988:398–442.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rebar RW, Spitzer IB. The physiology and measurement of hot flushes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:1284–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. US Preventive Services Task Force. Estrogen prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician 1990;42:1293–6.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hazzard WR. Estrogen replacement and cardiovascular disease: serum lipids and blood pressure effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:1847–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Grady D, Rubin SM, Pettiti DB, Fox CS, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Int Med 1992;117:1016–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Johnston CC, Slemenda CW, Melton LJ III. Clinical use of bone densitometry. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1105–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barrett-Conner E, Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1991;265:1861–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Goldman L, Tosteson ANA. Uncertainty about postmenopausal estrogen: time for action, not debate. N Engl J Med 1991;325: 800–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, Patsch W, et al. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1069–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Martin KA, Freeman MW. Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1115–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Notelovitz M. Estrogen replacement therapy: indications, contraindications, and agent selection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161:1832–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Henderson BE, Ross RK, Lobo RA, Pike MC, Mack TM. Reevaluating the role of progestogen therapy after the menopause. Fertil Steril 1988;49:9S-15S.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Steinberg KK, Thacker SB, Smith SJ, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1991;265:1985–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Henrich JB. The postmenopausal estrogen/breast cancer controversy. JAMA 1992;268:1900–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Barrett-Conner E. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1989;321:319–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. American College of Physicians. Guidelines for counseling postmenopausal women about preventive hormone therapy. Ann Int Med 1992;117:1038–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Walters M, Realini JP. Diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in women: a primary care approach. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:289–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cowan BD, Morrison JC. Management of abnormal genital bleeding in girls and women. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1710–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hormone replacement therapy. Technical Bulletin No. 166. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Weinstein L, Bewtra C, Gallagher JC. Evaluation of a continuous combined low-dose regimen of estrogen-progestin for treatment of the menopausal patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 1534–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Realini, J.P. (1994). Menopause. In: Taylor, R.B. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4005-9_106

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4005-9_106

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4007-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4005-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics