Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described in the United States in 19811–3 following several unusual outbreaks of community-acquired Pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men. This disease has now become a terror known around the world, and much has been learned about it in the short time since its original description. The medical literature and lay press daily add voluminous amounts of literature, often repetitive and often prematurely hopeful. Politicians are faced with the need for greater and greater commitments toward attempts at preventing or curing this disease. Its terrible toll, often on individuals in the prime of their lives including working men and women, mothers, and children, its (so far) universal fatality, its increasing drain on health care resources—financial, workforce, and facilities—and its increasing spread are all well known.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gottlieb MS, Schanker H, Fan P, Saxon A, Weisman JD. Pneumocystis pneumonia-Los Angeles. MMWR 1981; 30: 250–252.
Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men. Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1425–1431.
Masur H, Michelis MA, Green JB, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1431–1438.
Garay SM. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In: Fishman AP, ed. Pulmonary diseases and disorders, 2d Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988: 1683–1705.
Baker JL, Kelen GD, Silverson KT, Quinn TC. Unsuspected human immunodeficiency virus in critically ill emergency patients. JAMA 1987; 275: 2609–2611.
Rutherford GW, Lifson AR, Hersol NA. Course of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: An 11-year follow up study. Br Med J 1990; 301: 1183–1188.
AIDS‘out of control’, will strike everywhere. Am Med News June 22, 1992:35.
Update: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-United States, 1981–1990. MMWR 1991; 40: 358–369.
Centers for Disease Control: Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR (Suppl. IS) 1987; 36: 35–15S.
O’Brien TR, George R, Holmberg SD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in the United States: Epidemiology, diagnosis and public health implications. JAMA 1992; 267: 2775–2779.
Centers for Disease Control: HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, January 1991; 1–22.
Farizo KM, Buehler JW, Chamberland ME, et al. Spectrum of disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. JAMA 1992; 267: 1798–1805.
Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded AIDS surveillance case definition for adolescents and adults. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control, 1991. ( Draft issued for public comment, November 1991. Final pending. )
Moss AR, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, et al. Most men seropositive for HIV will progress to AIDS or ARD: Three-year follow-up of the San Francisco General Hospital cohort. Br Med J 1988; 296: 745–750.
Hopewell PC. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lung disease: an overview. Semin Respir Infect 1989; 4: 73–74.
Ioachim HL. Pathology of AIDS: Color atlas and textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1988.
White DA, Stover DE. Pulmonary effects of AIDS. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 363–537.
Stover DE, White DA, Romano PA, Gellene RA, Robeson WA. Spectrum of pulmonary diseases associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985; 78: 429–437.
Murray JF, Felton CP, Garay S, et al. Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1682–1688.
Murray JF, Garay SM, Hopewell PC, Mills J, Snider GL, Stover DE. Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: An update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 504–509.
Murray JF, Mills JL. Pulmonary infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Part 1. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1356–1372.
Murray JF, Mills JL. Pulmonary infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Part 2. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1582–1598.
White DA, Matthay RA. Noninfectious pulmonary complications of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1763–1787.
McLoud TC, Naidich DP. Thoracic disease in the immunocompromised patient. Radiol Clin North Am 1992; 30: 525–554.
Gal AA, Hartman B, Koss MN, Stringle S. A review of pulmonary pathology in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Surg Pathol 1988; 1: 325–346.
Guarda L, Luna MA, Smith JL, Jr., Mansell PWA, Gyorkey F, Roca AN. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Postmortem findings. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 549–558.
Moskowitz L, Hensley GT, Chan JC, Adams K. Immediate causes of death in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985; 109: 735–738.
Welch K, Finkbeiner W, Alpers CE, et al. Autopsy findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 1152–1159.
Niedt GW, Schinella RA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985; 109: 727–734.
Marchevsky A, Rosen MJ, Chrystal G, Kleinerman J. Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinicopathologic study of 70 cases. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 659–670.
Wallace JW, Hannah JB. Pulmonary disease at autopsy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. West J Med 1988; 149: 167–171.
McKenzie R, Travis WD, Dolan SA, et al. The causes of death in patients with human immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinical and pathologic study with Emphasis on the role of pulmonary diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991; 70: 326–343.
Mitchell DM. Diagnostic problems in AIDS and the lung. Respir Med 1989; 83: 9–14.
Mitchell DM, Miller RF. Recent developments in the management of the pulmonary complications of HIV disease. Thorax 1992; 47: 381–390.
Heckbert SR, Elarth A, Nolan CM. The impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on tuberculosis in young men in Seattle-King County, Washington. Chest 1992; 102: 433–437.
Lane HC, Masur M, Edgar LC, et al. Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 453–458.
Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Abrams D, Volberding P, Ziegler J, Conant M. B-cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 251: 1447–1449.
Pahwa SG, Quilop MTJ, Lange M, Pahwa RN, Grieco MH. Defective B-lymphocyte function in homosexual men in relation to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 757–763.
Simberkoff MS, El Sadr W, Schiffman G, Rahal JJ, Jr. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with report of a pneumococcal vaccine failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 1174–1176.
Schnittman SM, Lane HC, Higgins SE, Folks T, Fauci AS. Direct polyclonal activation of human B-lymphocytes by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus. Science 1986; 233: 1084–1086.
Seligmann M, Pinching AJ, Rosen FS, et al. Immunology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: An update. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 234–242.
Janoff EN, Douglas JM, Jr., Gabriel M, et al. Class-specific antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharides in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 983–990.
Levine SJ, White DA. Pneumocystis carinii. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 395–423.
Bedrossian CWM, ed. Pneumocystis carinii infection. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989;6:191–312.
Miller RF, Mitchell DM. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Thorax 1992; 42: 305–314.
Rosen MJ, Tow TW, Tierstein AS, Chuang MT, Marchevsky A, Boltone EJ. Diagnosis of pulmonary complications of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Thorax 1985; 40: 571–575.
Charron M, Ackerman ES, Kolodny GM, Rosenthal L. Focal lung uptake of gallium-67 in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome secondary to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Eur J Nucl Med 1988; 14: 424–426.
DeLorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, Stone DJ, Rosen MJ. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 1987; 91: 323–327.
Afessa B, Green WR, Williams WA, et al. Pneumocystis carinii complicated by lymphadenopathy and pneumothorax. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 2651–2654.
Bergin CJ, Wirth RL, Berry GJ, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: CT and HRCT observations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990; 14: 756–759.
Kuhlman JE, Kavaro M, Fishman EK, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: spectrum of parenchymal CT findings. Radiology 1990; 175: 711–714.
Nadich DP, McGuinness G. Pulmonary manifestations of AIDS: Radiographic CT correlation. Radiol Clin North Am 1991; 29: 999–1017.
Gamsu G, Hecht ST, Birnberg FA, Coleman DI, Golden JA. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men. AJR 1982; 139: 647–651.
Cohen BA, Pomeranz S, Rabinowitz JG, et al. Pulmonary complications of AIDS: Radiologic features. AJR 1984; 143: 115–122.
Molthrop DC, Thiele JS, Cook EW, Faust BF. Unusual Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an AIDS patient. J La State Med Soc 1987; 139: 63–65.
Stokes DC, Shenep JL, Horowitz ME, Hughes WT. Presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as unilateral hyperlucent lung. Chest 1988; 94: 201–202.
Gagliardi AJ, Stover DE, Zaman MK. Endobronchial Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chest 1987; 91: 463–464.
Travis WD, Lack EE, Ognibene FP, Suffredini AF, Shelhamer JH. Lung biopsy interpretation in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Review of the National Institutes of Health experience with literature review. Prog AIDS Pathol 1989; 1: 51–84.
Travis WD, Pittaluga S, Lipschitz GY, et al. Atypical pathologic manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Review of 123 lung biopsies from 76 patients with Emphasis on cysts, vascular invasion, vasculitis, and granulomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1990; 14: 615–625.
Saldana MJ, Mones J. Cavitation and other atypical manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989; 6: 273–286.
Saldana MJ, Mones JM, Martinez GR. The pathology of treated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989; 6: 300–312.
Gal AA, Koss MN, Strigle S, Angritt P. Pneumocystis carinii infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989; 6: 287–299.
Eng RHK, Bishburg E, Smith SM. Evidence of destruction of lung tissue during Pneumocystis carinii infection. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 746–749.
Hazel E, Sethi N, Jacquette G, Dobkin J. Diminished sulfa-trimethoprim toxicity in blacks treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. In: Proceedings, Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, 1987:208 (abstr.).
Gordin FM, Simon GL, Wofsy CB, Mills J. Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 495–499.
Masur J, Frederick P, Ognibene FP, et al. CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 223–231.
Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. MMWR 1989; 38: 1–8.
Kovacs JA, Heimenz J W, Macher AM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 663–671.
Wachter RM, Luce JM, Hopewell PC. Critical care of patients with AIDS. JAMA 1992; 267: 541–547.
Wachter RM, Luce JM, Turner J, Volberding P, Hopewell PC. Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 891–896.
Kovacs JA. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Updates March/April 1989; 2: 1–12.
Wachter RM, Russi MB, Hopewell PC, Luce JM. The improving survival rate after intensive care for P. carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure. In: Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989:201 (abstr.).
Efferen LS, Nadarajah D, Palat DS. Survival following mechanical ventilation for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A different perspective. Am J Med 1989; 87: 401–404.
Coleman DL, Luce JM, Wilber JC, et al. Antibody to the retrovirus associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Presence in presumably healthy San Franciscans who died unexpectedly. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 713–715.
Blumenfeld W, McCook O, Holodniy M, Katzenstein DA. Correlation of morphologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii with the presence of Pneumocystis DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol 1992; 5: 103–106.
Lundgren JD, Orholm M, Nielsen TL, Iversen J, Hertz J, Nielsen JO. Bronchoscopy of symptom free patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus for detection of pneumocystosis. Thorax 1989; 44: 68–69.
Ognibene FP, Masur H, Rogers P, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis without evidence of Pneumocystis carinii in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 874–879.
Millard PR, Heryet AR. Observation favoring Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a primary infection: A monoclonal antibody study on paraffin sections. J Pathol 1988; 154: 365–370.
Wakefield AE, Pixley FJ, Banerji S, et al. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii with DNA amplification. Lancet 1990; 336: 451–453.
Wakefield AE, Guiver L, Miller RF, Hopkin JM. DNA amplification on induced sputum samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1991; 337: 1378–1379.
Peters SE, Wakefield AE, Sinclair K, Millard PR, Hopkin JM. A search for Pneumocystis carinii in post mortem lungs by DNA amplification. J Pathol 1992; 166: 195–198.
Raviglione MC. Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis: The first 50 cases. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1127–1138.
Milligan SA, Stulbarg MS, Gamsu G, Golden JA. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia radiographically simulating tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132.:1124–1126.
Abd AG, Nierman DM, Ilowite JS, Pierson RN, Bell ALL. Bilateral upper lobe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis. Chest 1988; 94: 329–331.
Scannel KA. Atypical presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient receiving inhalational pentamidine. Am J Med 1988; 85: 881–884.
Conces DJ, Jr., Kraft JL, Vix V, Tarver RD. Apical Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis. AJR 1989; 152: 1193–1194.
Murray CE, Schmidt RA. Tissue invasion by Pneumocystis carinii: A possible cause of cavitary pneumonia and pneumothorax. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 1380–1387.
Balachandran I, Jones DB, Humphrey DM. A case of Pneumocystis carinii in pleural fluid with cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural documentation. Acta Cytol 1990;34:486–490.
Mariuz P, Raviglione MC, Gould IA, Mullen MP. Pleural Pneumocystic carinii infection. Chest 1991; 99: 774–776.
Dyner TS, Lang W, Busch DF, Gordon PR. Intravascular and pleural involvement by Pneumocystis carinii in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 94 (letter).
Zandanell E. Pneumozystisbefund ausserhalb der lunge bei interstitieller plasmazellularer pneumoniae der sauglinge and fruhgerburtern. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 1954; 92: 74–80.
Doppman JL, Geelhoed GW, DeVita, VT. Atypical radiographic features in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Radiology 1975; 114: 39–44.
Paldy L, Ivady G. Roentgenologic diagnosis of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in infancy. Natl Cancer Inst Mongt 1976; 43: 99–118.
Barnett RN, Hull JG, Vortel V, et al. Pneumocystis carinii in lymph nodes and spleen. Arch Pathol 1969; 88: 175180.
Awen CF, Baltzan MA. Systemic dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Can Med Assoc J 1971; 104: 809–812.
LeGolvan DP, Heidelberger KP. Disseminated granulo-matous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Arch Pathol 1973; 95: 344–348.
Henderson DW, Humeniuk V, Meadows R, Forbes IJ. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with vascular and lymph nodal involvement. Pathology 1974; 6: 235–241.
Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Case 9–1989. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 582–587.
Liu YC, Tomashefski JF, Tomford JW, Green H. Necrotizing Pneumocystis carinii vasculitis associated with lung necrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 494–497.
Grimes MM, LaPook JD, Bar MH, Wasserman HS, Dwork A. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 307–308.
Davey RT, Jr., Margolis D, Kleiner D, Deyton L, Travis W. Digital necrosis and disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 681–682.
Coulman CU, Green I, Archibald RWR. Cutaneous pneumocystosis. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 396–398.
Unger PD, Rosenblum M, Krown SE. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1989; 19: 113–116.
Feuerstein IM, Archer A, Pluda J, et al. Thin-walled cavities and pneumothorax in patients with Pneumocystis carini pneumonia: CT demonstration. Radiology 1990; 174: 697–702.
Kuhlman JE, Knowles MC, Fishman EK, Siegelman SS. Premature bullous pulmonary damage in AIDS: CT diagnosis. Radiology 1989; 173: 23–26.
Luddy RE, Champion LAA, Schwartz AD. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with pneumatocele formation. Am J Dis Child 1977; 131: 470 (letter).
Seigel R, Wolson AH. The radiographic manifestations of chronic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AJR 1977; 128: 150–152.
Suster B, Akerman M, Orenstein M, Wax MR. Pulmonary manifestations of AIDS: Review of 106 episodes. Radiology 1986; 161: 87–93.
Goodman PC, Daley C, Minagi H. Spontaneous pneumothorax in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AJR 1986; 147: 29–31.
Naidich DP, Garay SM, Leitman BS, McCauley DI, Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Semin Roentgenol 1987; 22: 14–30.
Pincus PS, Sandler MA, Kallenback JM, et al. Multiple pulmonary cavities-an unusual complication of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. S Afr Med J 1987; 72: 87 1872.
Gronbeck C, III. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as cavitary lung disease. Milit Med 1988; 153: 314–316.
Gurney JW, Bates FT. Pulmonary cystic disease: Comparison of Pneumocystis carinii pneumatoceles and bullous emphysema due to intravenous drug abuse. Radiology 1989; 173: 27–31.
Sandhu JS, Goodman PC. Pulmonary cysts associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Radiology 1989; 173: 33–35.
Panicek DM. Cystic pulmonary lesions in patients with AIDS. Radiology 1989; 173: 12–14.
Godwin JD, Webb WR, Savoca CJ, Gamsu G, Goodman PC. Multiple thin-walled cystic lesions of the lung. AJR 1980; 135: 593–604.
Jules-Elysee KM, Stover DE, Zaman MB, Bernard EM, White DA. Aerosolized pentamidine: Effect on diagnosis and presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 750–757.
Boisset GF. Subpleural emphysema complicating staphylococcal and other pneumonias. J Pediatr 1972; 81: 259–266.
Stocker JT, McGill LC, Orsini EN. Postinfarction peripheral cysts of the lung in pediatric patients: A possible cause of idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax. Pediatr Pulmonol 1985; 1: 7–18.
Tuddenham WJ. Glossary of terms for thoracic radiology: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society. AJR 1984; 143: 509–517.
Austin J, Simon M, Trapnell D, Fraser RG. The Fleischner Society Glossary: Critique and revisions. AJR 1985; 145: 1096–1098.
Chechani V, Zaman MK, Finch PJP. Chronic cavitary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with AIDS. Chest 1989; 95: 1347–1348.
Barrio JL, Suarez M, Rodriguez JL, Saldana MJ, Pitchenik AE. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as cavitating and noncavitating solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1094–1096.
Klein JS, Warnock M, Webb WR, Gamsu G. Cavitating and noncavitating granulomas in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis pneumonitis. AJR 1989; 152: 753–754.
Stein DS, Weems JJ. Cavitary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving aerosol pentamidine prophylaxis. South Med J 1991; 84: 273–275.
Conetta R, Kilstein S, Chitkara RK. Cavitation as an unusual roentgenographic manifestation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. NY State J Med 1988; 88: 652–653.
Wolschlager CM, Kahn FA, Chitkara RK, Shivaram U. Pulmonary manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chest 1984; 85: 197–202.
Byrnes TA, Brevig JK, Yeoh CB. Pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 98: 546–550.
Joe L, Gordin F, Parker RH. Spontaneous pneumothorax with Pneumocystis carinii infection: Occurrence in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1816–1817.
Leuong GS, Wardlaw L, Montgomery AB, Abrams DJ, Feigal DW. Pneumothorax in patients receiving aerosol pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. In: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989:299 (abstr.).
Mann J, Montgomery AB, Luce JM, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with P. carinii pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:A 148.
Newsome GS, Ward DJ, Pierce PF. Spontaneous pneumothorax in AIDS patients on prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. In: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989:256 (abstr.).
Shanley DJ, Luyckx BA, Haggerty MF, Murphy TF. Spontaneous pneumothorax in AIDS patients with recurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia despite aerosolized pentamidine. Chest 1991; 99: 502–504.
Bevan JS, Doshi M, Grocutt M, Scott CD, Lloyd JH. AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Respir Med 1989; 83: 245–246.
McClellan ND, Miller SB, Parsons PE, Cohn DL. Pneumothorax with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. Incidence and clinical features. Chest 1991; 100: 1224 1228.
Beers MF, Sohn M, Swartz M. Recurrent pneumothorax in AIDS patients with pneumocystis pneumonia: A clinicopathologic report of three cases and review of the literature. Chest 1990; 98: 266–270.
Lo SC, Shih JWK, Yang NY, Ou CY, Wang RYH. A novel virus-like infectious agent in patients with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 213–226.
Lo SC, Wang RYH, Newton PB, III, Yang NY, Sonoda MA, Shih JWK. Fatal infection of silvered leaf monkeys with a virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) derived from a patient with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 399–409.
Schmid KO. Studien zur Pneumocystis-Erkrankung des Menschen. I. Frankfurt Z Pathol 1964; 74: 121–145.
Arean VM. Pulmonary pneumocystosis, pathology of protozoal and helminthic diseases. In: Marcial-Rojas RA, ed. Pathology of protozoal and helminthic diseases with clinical correlation. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1971: 307.
Cruickshank B. Pulmonary granulomatous pneumocys tosis following renal transplantation: Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 1975; 63: 384–390.
Weber WR, Askin FB, Dehner LP. Lung biopsy in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A histopathologic study of typical and atypical features. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 67: 11–19.
Cupples JB, Blackie SP, Road JD. Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia mimicking tuberculosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 1281–1284.
Rahimi SA. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii in thymic almphoplasia. Arch Pathol 1974; 97: 162–165.
Hartz JW, Geisinger KR, Scharyj M, Muss HB. Granulomatous pneumocystosis presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985; 109: 466–469.
Bier S, Halton K, Krivisky B, Leonidas J. Pneumocystis pneumonia presenting as a single pulmonary nodule. Pediatr Radio! 1986; 16: 59–60.
Bleiweiss IJ, Jagirdar JS, Klein MJ, et al. Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in three patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chest 1988; 94: 580–583.
Bhatt M, Muller M, Sabatini M. Solitary pulmonary granulomatous pneumocystosis. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 343–344.
Blumenfeld W, Basgoz N, Owen WF, Schmidt D. Granulomatous pulmonary lesions in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii infection. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 505–507.
Pilon VA, Echols RM, Celo JS, Elmendorf SL. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1410–1411 (letter).
Schinella RA, Breda SD, Hammerschlag PE. Otic infection due to Pneumocystis carinii in an apparently healthy man with antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 399–400.
Carter TR, Cooper PH, Petri WA, Jr., Kim CK, Walzer PD, Guerrant RL. Pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89: 679–683.
Dutz W. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Pathol Annu 1970;5:309–341.
Burke BA, Good RA. Pneumocystis carinii infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1973; 52: 23–51.
Lee MM, Schinella RA. Pulmonary calcification caused by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. A clinicopathological study of 13 cases in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15: 376–380.
Srivatsu SS, Burger CD, Douglas WW. Upper lobe pulmonary parenchymal calcification in a patient with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia receiving aerosolized pentamidine. Chest 1992; 101: 266–267.
Groskin SA, Massi AF, Randall PA. Calcified hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes in an AIDS patient with Pneumocystis carinii infaction. Radiology 1990; 175: 345–346.
Radin DR, Baker EL, Klatt EC, et al. Visceral and nodal calcification in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii infection. AJR 1990; 154: 27–31.
Lubat E, Megibow AJ, Balthazar EJ, Goldenberg AS, Birnbaum BA, Bosniak MA. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS: CT findings. Radiology 1990; 174: 157–160.
Bargman JM, Wagner C, Cameron R. Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis: A manifestation of extrapulmonary Pneumocystic carinii infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Kid Dis 1991; 17: 712–715.
Anderson CD, Barrie HJ. Fatal pneumocystis pneumonia in an adult. Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 1960; 34: 365–370.
Shami MJ, Freeman W, Friedberg D, Siderides E, Listhous A, Ai E. A multicenter study of pneumocystic choroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 15–22.
Pavlica F. Erste beobachfung von angeborener pneumozystenpneumonie bei einem reifen, ausgetragenen totgeborenen kind. Zentralbi Allg Pathol 1962; 103: 236–241.
Coker RJ, Clark D, Clayton EL, et al. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 820–823.
Cote RJ, Rosenblum M, Telzak EE, May M, Unger PD, Cartum RW. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection causing extrapulmonary organ failure: Clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 1990; 3: 25–30.
Telzak EE, Cote RJ, Gold JWM, Campbell SW, Armstrong D. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infections. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 380–386.
Walzer PD. Pneumocystis carinii. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Jr., Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: 2103–2110.
Harris JE. Improved short-term survival of AIDS patients initially diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1984 through 1987. JAMA 1990; 263: 397–401.
Lemp GF, Payne SF, Neal D, Temelso T, Rutherford GW. Survival trends for patients with AIDS. JAMA 1990; 263: 402–406.
Fels AOS. Bacterial and fungal pneumonias. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 449–457.
Cohn DL. Bacterial pneumonia in the HIV-infected patient. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1991; 5: 485–507.
Polsky B, Gold JWM, Whimbey E, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 38–41.
Witt DJ, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1987; 82: 900–906.
Fels AOS, Sourour MS, Stover DE. Pulmonary disease in AIDS patients with lymphoma. (In manuscript.)
Nash G, Fligiel S. Pathologic features of the lung in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): An autopsy study of seventeen homosexual males. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 6–12.
Murata GH, Ault MJ, Meyer RD. Community-acquired bacterial pneumonias in homosexual men: presumptive evidence for a defect in host resistance. AIDS Res 19845i 1: 379–393.
Whimbey E, Gold JWM, Polsky B, et al. Bacteremia and fungemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Interne Med 1986; 104: 511–514.
Levine SJ, White DA, Fels. AD. The incidence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory cultures from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Resp+ir Digs 1990; 141: 89–93.
Allam AA, Kamholz SL. Legionella pneumonia and AIDS. Chest 1989; 95: 707–708.
Kramer MR, Uttamchandani RB. The radiographic appearance of pulmonary nocardiosis associated with AIDS. Chest 1990; 98: 382–385.
Feign DS. Nocardiosis of the lung: Chest radiographic finding in 21 cases. Radiology 1986; 159: 9–14.
Blaser MJ, Cohn DL. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS: Clues to the epidemiology of AIDS and the relative virulence of pathogens. Rev Infect Dis 1986; 8: 21–30.
Blaser MJ, Newman LS. A review of human salmonellosis. I. Infective dose. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4: 1096–1106.
Regnery RL, Anderson BE, Clarridge JE, III, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Jones DC, Carr JH. Characterization of a novel Rochalimaea species, R. henselae sp=_ nov., isolated from blood of a febrile,, human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 265–274.
Slater LN, Welch DF, Min KW. Rochalinaea henselai causes bacillary angiomatcis and peliosis hepatis. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 602–606.
Slater LN, Min K-W. Polyploid endobronchial lesions. A manifestation of bacillary angiomatosis. Chest 1992; 102: 972–974.
Macher AM, De Vinatea ML, Tuur SM, Angritt P. AIDS and the mycoses. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988; 2: 827839.
Bronnimann DA, Adam RD, Galgiani JN, et al. Coccidiomycosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 372–379.
Mandell W, Goldberg DM, Neu HC. Histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986;: 81: 974–978.
Miller WT, Jr., Edelman JM, Miller WT. Cryptococcal pulmonary infection in patients with AIDS: Radiographic appearance. Radiology 1990; 175: 725–728.
Wheat LJ, Slama TG, Zeckel ML. Histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985; 78: 203–210.
Eng RHK, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Kapila R. Cryptococcal infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 81: 19–23.
Zuger A, Louie E, Holzman RS, Simberkoff MS, Rahal JJ. Cryptococcal disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 234–240.
Lerner CW, Tapper ML. Opportunistic infection complicating acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical features of 25 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984; 63: 155–164.
Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielson S, Gold JW, Metroka GE, Posner JB. Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 403–418.
Kovacs JA, Kovacs AA, Polis M, et al. Cryptococcosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 533–538.
Chechani V, Kamholz SL. Pulmonary manifestations of disseminated cryptococcus in patients with AIDS. Chest 1990; 98: 1060–1066.
Grant IH, Armstrong D. Fungal infections in AIDS: Cryptococcus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988; 2: 457–464.
Gal AA, Koss MN, Hawkins J, Evans S, Einstein H. The pathology of pulmonary cryptococcal infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110: 502–507.
Katz AS, Neisenbaum L, Mass B. Pleural effusion as the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Diagnosis by pleural biopsy. Chest 1989; 96: 440–441.
Devita VT, Jr., Broder S, Fauci AS, Kovacs JA, Chabner BA. Developmental therapeutics and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 568–581.
Johnson PC, Hamil RJ, Sarosi GA. Clinical review: Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in the AIDS patient. Semin Respir Infect 1989; 4: 139–146.
Bartholomew C, Raju C, Patrick A, Penco F, Jankey N. AIDS on Trinidad. Lancet 1984; 1: 103 (letter)
Bonner JR, Alexander J, Dismukes WE, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 2178–2181.
Taylor MN, Baddour LM, Alexander JR. Disseminated histoplasmosis associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1984; 77: 579.
Salzman SH, Smith RL, Aranda CP. Histoplasmosis in patients with risk factors for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 135: A171.
Abrams DI, Robia M, Blumenfeld W, Simonson J, Choen MD, Hadley WK. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 986–987.
Ampel NM, Ryan KJ, Carry PJ, Wieden MA, Schifman RB. Fungemia due to Coccidioides immitis: An analysis of 16 episodes in 15 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986; 65: 312–321.
Roberts CJ. Coccidioidomycosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1984; 76: 734.
Kovacs A, Forthal DN, Kovacs JA, Overturf GD. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. West J Med 1984; 140: 447–449.
Macher AM, DeVinatea ML, Koch Y, Bernard LR, Rivers R. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with AIDS. Milit Med 1986; 151: M57 - M64.
Wolf JE, Little JR, Pappagianis D, Kobayashi GS. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1986; 5: 331–336.
Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Sievers DA. Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 654–662.
Klapholz A, Salomon N, Perlman DC, Talavera W. Aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 1991; 100: 1614–1618.
Singh N, Yu VL, Rihs JD. Invasive aspergillosis in AIDS. South Med J 1991; 84: 822–827.
Murray JF. The white plague: Down and out, or up and coming. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1788–1795.
Styblo K. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. Jena, GDR: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1984: 1–161.
Jacobson MA. Mycobacterial diseases: Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988; 2: 465–474.
Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-Florida. MMWR 1986; 35: 587–590.
Louie E, Rice LB, Holzman RS. Tuberculosis in non-Haitian patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 1986; 90: 542–545.
Handwerger S, Mildvan D, Senie R, McKinley FW. Tuberculosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at a New York City Hospital: 1978–1985. Chest 1987; 91: 176–180.
Sunderam G, McDonald RJ, Maniatis T, et al. Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). JAMA 1986; 256: 362–366.
Barnes PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT, Snider DE, Jr. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1644–1650.
Pitchenik AE, Robinson HA. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 393–396.
Chaisson RE, Schecter GR, Theuer CP, Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 570–574.
Rouillon A, Pedrizet S, Parrot R. Transmission of tubercle bacilli: The effects of chemotherapy. Tubercle 1976; 57: 275–299.
Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Respir Infect 1989; 4: 111–112.
Hewlett D, Jr., Duncanson FP, Jagadha V, Lieberman J, Lenox TH, Wormser GP. Lymphadenopathy in an inner-city population consisting principally of intravenous drug abusers with suspected acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 1275 1279.
Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 107–159.
MacDonnell KB, Glassroth J. Mycobacterium avium complex and other nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with HIV infection. Semin Respir Infect 1989; 4: 123–132.
Damsker B, Bottone EF. Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare from the intestinal tracts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Concepts regarding acquisition and pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 1985; 151: 179–181.
Horsburgh CR, Jr, Mason UG, Farhi DC, Iseman MD. Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985; 64: 36–48.
Horsburgh CR, Jr, Selik RM. The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 4–7.
Hawkins CC, Gold JWM, Whimbey E, et al. Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 184–188.
Fauci AS, Macher AM, Longo DL, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Epidemiologic, clinical, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 92–106.
Wong B, Edwards FF, Kiehn TT. Continuous high grade Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985; 78: 35–40.
Macher AM, Kovacs JA, Gill V, et al. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 78 2785.
Klatt EC, Jensen DF, Meyer PR. Pathology of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 709–714.
Modilevsky T, Sattler FR, Barnes PF. Mycobacterial disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 2201–2205.
Pitchenik AE, Fertel D, Bloch AB. Mycobacterial disease: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 425–441.
Levine B, Chaisson RE. Mycobacterium kansasii: A cause of treatable pulmonary disease associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 861–868.
Wolinsky E, Rynearson TK. Mycobacteria in soil and their relation to disease-associated strains. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97: 1032–1037.
Williams DM, Krick JA, Remington JS. State of the art. Pulmonary infections in the compromised host. Part I. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114: 359–394.
Williams DM, Krick JA, Remington JS. State of the art. Pulmonary infections in the compromised host. Part II. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114: 593–627.
Mintz L, Drew WL, Miner RC, Braf EH. Cytomegalovirus infections in homosexual men: An epidemiologic study. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 326–329.
Broaddus VC, Dake MD, Stulbarg MS, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 747–752.
Reichert CM, O’Leary TJ, Levens DL, Simrell CR, Macher AM. Autopsy pathology in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Pathol 1983; 112: 357–382.
Hui AN, Koss MN, Meyer PR. Necropsy findings in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A comparison of premortem diagnoses with post mortum findings. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 670–676.
Brodie HR, Broaddus VC, Blumenfeld W, Hopewell PC, Moss A, Mills J. Is cytomegalovirus a cause of lung disease in patients with AIDS? Clin Res 1985; 33: 396A (abstr.).
Miles PR, Linneman CC, Baughman RP. The significance of cytomegalovirus in the lung of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137 (Part 2):Al22 (abstr.).
Chan CK, Kasupski GJ, Stehle J, et al. Significance of cytomegalovirus in the bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and allogenic bone marrow transplant recipients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139 (Part 2):A1501 (abstr.).
Arcia JM, Bozzett SA, Bartok A, McCutchan JA, Richman DD, Spector S. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) CMV culture positivity (CMV+) is associated with better outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in men with AIDS. In: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on AIDS. Montreal, Canada, 1989:288 (abstr.).
Jacobson MA, Mills J, Rush J, et al. Morbidity and mortality of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS is unaffected by concomitant pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 6–9.
Cohen PR, Beltrani VP, Grossman ME. Disseminated herpes zoster in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1988; 84: 1076–1080.
DeJong PJ, Valderrama G, Spigland I, Horwitz MS. Adenovirus isolates from urine of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1983;i:12931296.
Bye MR, Bernstein L, Shah K, Ellaurie M, Rubenstein A. Diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage in children with AIDS. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3: 425–428.
Wong VK, Ross LA. Branhamella catarrhalis septicemia in an infant with AIDS. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 559–560.
Ogra PL, Patel J. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and the immunocompromised host. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7: 246–249.
Tschirhart D, Klatt EC. Disseminated toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112: 1237–1241.
Luft BJ, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 1–6.
Yermakov V, Rashid RK, Vuletin JC, Pertschuk LP, Isaksson H. Disseminated toxoplasmosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982; 106: 524–528.
Tourani JM, Israel-Biet D, Venet A, Andrieu JM. Unusual pulmonary infection in a puzzling presentation of AIDS. Lancet 1985;i:989 (letter).
Mendelson M, Finkel L, Meyers BR, Lieberman JP, Hirschman SZ. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 703–706.
Tawney S, Masci J, Berger HW, Subietas A. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis: An unusual nodular radiographic pattern in a patient with AIDS. Mt Sinai J Med (NY) 1986; 53: 683–685.
Gal AA, Klatt EC, Koss MK, Strigle SM, Boylen CT. The effectiveness of bronchoscopy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A comparison with the autopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111: 238–241.
Millard PR. AIDS: Histopathological aspects. J Pathol 1984; 143: 223–239.
Garcia LW, Hemphill RB, Marasco WA, Ciano PS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with disseminated toxoplasmosis presenting as an acute pulmonary and gastrointestinal illness. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 459–463.
Crider SR, Horstman WG, Massey GS. Toxoplasma orchitis: Report of a case and a review of the literature. Am J Med 1988; 85: 421–424.
Luft BJ, Brooks RG, Conley FK, McCabe RE, Remington JS. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 913–917.
Luna MA, Lichtiger B. Disseminated toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection complicating Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1971; 55: 499–505.
McCabe R, Remington JS. Toxoplasmosis: The time has come. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 313–315.
Wanke C, Tuazon CU, Kovacs A, et al. Toxoplasma encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Diagnosis and response to therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 36: 509–516.
Catteral JR, Hofflin JM, Remington JS. Pulmonary toxoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 704–706.
Maayan S, Wormser GP, Widerhorn J, Sy ER, Kim YH, Ernst JA. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1987; 83: 945–948.
Grove DI. Strongyloidiasis in allied ex-prisoners of war in Southeast Asia. Br Med J (Clin Res) 1980; 280: 598–601.
Philips SC, Mildvan D, William DC, et al. Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal disease clinic population. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 603–606.
Jones CA. Clinical studies in human strongyloidiasis. I. Semiology. Gastroenterology 1950; 16: 743–756.
Scowden EB, Schaffner W, Stone WJ. Overwhelming strongyloidiasis: An unappreciated opportunistic infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978; 57: 527–544.
Purtilo DT, Meyers WM, Connor DH. Fatal strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. Am J Med 1974; 56: 488–493.
Peters BS, Fish D, Golden R, Evans DH, Bryceson ADM, Pinching AJ. Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection and AIDS: Clinical features and response to therapy. Q J Med 1990; 283: 1101–1111.
Travis WD, Schmidt K, MacLowry JS, Masur H, Condron KS, Fojo AT. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in a patient with malignant lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 519–522.
Tyzzer EE. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1907; 5: 12–13.
Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holsheer MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 592–598.
Meisel JL, Perera DR, Meligro C, et al. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 1156–1160.
Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in perspective. Adv Parasitol 1988; 27: 63–129.
Godwin TA. Cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A study of 15 autopsy cases. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 1215–1224.
Hoerr FJ, Ranck FM, Hastings TF. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in turkeys. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978; 173: 1591–1593.
Dhillon AS, Thacker HL, Dietzel AV, Winterfield RW. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens. Avian Dis 1981; 25: 747–751.
Tham VV, Kneisberg S, Dixon BR. Cryptosporidiosis in quails. Avian Pathol 1982; 11: 619–626.
Booth CC, Slavin G, Dourmashikin RR, et al. Immunodeficiency and cryptosporidiosis. Br Med J 1980; 281: 1123–1127.
Kocoshis SA, Cibull ML, Davis TE, Hinton JT, Seip M, Banwell JG. Intestinal and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an infant with severe combined immune deficiency. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1984; 3: 149–157.
Forgacs P, Tarshis A, Ma P, et al. Intestinal and bronchial cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient homosexual man. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 793–794.
Brady EM, Margolis ML, Korzeniowski OM. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 252: 89–90.
Ma P, Villaneuva TG, Kaufman D, Gillooley JF. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Use of modified cold Kinyoun and hemacolor stains for rapid diagnoses. JAMA 1984; 252: 1298–1301.
Moore JA, Frenkel JK. Respiratory and enteric cryptosporidiosis in humans. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 1160–1162.
Miller RA, Wasserheit JN, Kirihara J, Coyle MB. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sputum during screening for mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1192 1193.
Kibbler C, Smith A, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Milburn H, Pattinson JK, Prentice HG. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis occurring in a bone marrow transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 581–584.
Hojlyng N, Jensen BN. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in HIV-positive patients. Lancet I988;i:590–591.
Harari MD, West B, Dwyer B. Cryptosporidium as cause of laryngotracheitis in an infant. Lancet 1986;i:207 (letter).
Davis JJ, Heyman MB. Cryptosporidiosis and sinusitis in an immunodeficient adolescent. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 649 (letter).
Gentile G, Baldassani L, Caprioli A, et al. Colonic vascular invasion as a possible route of extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis. Am J Med 1987; 82: 574–575.
Loose JH, Sedergran DJ, Cooper HS. Identification of Cryptosporidium in paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the use of a monolconal antibody. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 91: 206–209.
Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmissions. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1252–1257.
Guarda LA, Stein SA, Cleary KA, Ordonez NG. Human cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107: 562–566.
Lefkowitch JH, Krumholz S, Feng-Chen KC, Griffin P, Despommier D, Brasitus TA. Cryptosporidiosis of the human small intestine: A light and electron microscopic study. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 746–752.
Teirstein AS, Rosen MJ. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1988; 467–471.
Joshi VV, Oleske JM, Minnefor AB, et al. Pathologic pulmonary findings in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A study of ten cases. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 241–246.
Rubinstein A, Morecki R, Goldman H. Pulmonary disease in infants and children. Clin Chest Med 1988; 507–517.
Joshi VV, Oleske JM. Pulmonary lesions in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A reap praisal based on data in additional cases and follow-up study of previously reported cases. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 641–642 (letter).
Kornstein MJ, Peitra GG, Hoxie JA, Conley ME. The pathology and treatment of interstitial pneumonitis in two infants with AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 1196–1198.
Scott GB, Buch BE, Leterman JG, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency in infants. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 76–81.
Lin RY, Gruber PJ, Saunders R, Perla, EN. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis in adult HIV infection. NY State J Med 1988; 88: 273–276.
Resnick L, Pitchenik AE, Fisher E, Croney R. Detection of HTLV-III/LAV-specific IgG and antigen in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid from two patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis associated with AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1987; 82: 553–558.
Ziza JM, Brun-Vezinet F, Venet A, et al. Lymphadenop-athy-associated virus isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in AIDS-related complex with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 183 (letter).
Chayt KJ, Harper ME, Marselle LM, et al. Detection of HTLV-1II RNA in lungs of patients with AIDS and pulmonary involvement. JAMA 1986; 156: 2356–2359.
Andiman WA, Martin K, Rubinstein A, et al. Opportunistic lymphoproliferations associated with Epstein-Barr viral DNA in infants and children with AIDS. Lancet 1985; ii:1390–1393.
Pahwa S, Kaplan M, Fikrig S, et al. Spectrum of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection in children. Recognition of symptomatic, asymptomatic, and seronegative patients. JAMA 1986; 255: 2299–2310.
Rubinstein A, Morecki R, Silverman B, et al. Pulmonary disease in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. J Pediatr 1986; 108: 498–503.
Fackler JC, Nagel JE, Adler WH, Mildvan PT, Ambinder RF. Epstein-Barr virus infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139: 1000–1004.
Montagnier L, Gruest J, Charmaret S, et al. Adaptation of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Science 1984; 225: 63–66.
Guillon J-M, Autran B, Denis M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphocytic alveolitis. Chest 1988; 94: 1264–1270.
Ettensohn DB, Mayer KH, Kessimian N, Smith PS. Lymphocytic bronchiolitis associated with HIV infection. Chest 1988; 93: 201–202.
Fanta CH, Pennington JE. Fever and new lung infiltrates in the immunocompromised host. Clin Chest Med 1981; 2: 19–39.
Suffredini AF, Ognibene FP, Lack EE, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: A common cause of pulmonary disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 7–13.
Kaplan MH, Susin M, Pahwa SG, et al. Neoplastic complications of HTLV-III infection. Lymphomas and solid tumors. Am J Med 1987; 82: 389–396.
Des Jariais DC, Stoneburner R, Thomas P, Friedman SR. Declines in proportion of Kaposi’s sarcoma among cases of AIDS in multiple risk groups in New York City. Lancet 1987;ii:1024–1025.
Centers for Disease Control: Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men-New York City and California. MMWR 1981; 30: 305–308.
Ognibene FP, Shelhamer JH. Kaposi’s sarcoma. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9: 459–465.
Ognibene FP, Steis RG, Macher AM, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma causing pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 471–475.
Rutherford GW, Schwarcz SK, Lemp GF, et al. The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1989; 569–572.
Zibrak JD, Silvestri RC, Costello P, et al. Bronchoscopic and radiologic features of Kaposi’s sarcoma involving the respiratory system. Chest 1986; 90: 476–479.
Garay SM, Belenko M, Fazzini E, Schinella R. Pulmonary manifestations of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Chest 1987; 91: 39–43.
Meduri GU, Stover DE, Lee M, Myskowski PL, Caravelli JF, Zaman MB. Pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 81: 11–18.
Lemlich G, Schwam L, Lebwohl M. Kaposi’s sarcoma and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Postmortem findings in twenty-four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16: 319–325.
Davis SD, Henschke CI, Chamides BK, Westcott JL. Intrathoracic Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients: Radio-graphic-pathologic correlation. Radiology 1987; 163: 495–500.
Gill PS, Akil B, Colletti P, et al. Pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma: Clinical findings and results of therapy. Am J Med 1989; 87: 57–61.
Kaplan LD, Hopewell PC, Jaffe H, Goodman PC, Bottles K. Volberding PA. Kaposi’s sarcoma involving the lung in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988; 1: 23–30.
Sivit CJ, Schwartz AM, Rockoff SD. Kaposi’s sarcoma of the lung in AIDS: Radiologic-pathologic analysis. AJR 1987; 148: 25–28.
Ziegler JL, Miner RC, Rosenbaum ET, et al. Outbreak of Burkitt’s-like lymphoma in homosexual men. Lancet 1982;ii:631–633.
Ahmed T, Wormser GP, Stahl RE, et al. Malignant lymphomas in a population at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1987; 60: 719–723.
Beckhardt RN, Farady N, May M, Torres RA, Strauchen JA. Increased incidence of malignant lymphoma in AIDS: A comparison of risk groups and possible etiologic factors. Mt Sinai J Med (NY) 1988; 55: 383–389.
DiCarlo EF, Amberson JB, Metroka CE, Balard P, Moore A, Mouradian JA. Malignant lymphomas and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evaluation of 30 cases using a working formulation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110: 1012–1016.
Ioachim HL, Cooper MC, Hellman GC. Lymphomas in men at high risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A study of 21 cases. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1985; 56: 2831–2842.
Kalter SP, Riggs SA, Cabanilla F, et al. Aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in immunocompromised homosexual males. Blood 1985; 66: 655–659.
Khojasteh A, Reynolds RD, Khojasteh CA. Malignant lymphorecticular lesions in patients with immune disorders resembling acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Review of cases. South Med J 1986; 79: 1070 1075.
Levine AM, Meyer PR, Begandy MK, et al. Development of B=cell lymphoma in homosexual men: Clinical and immunologic findings. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 7–13.
Ziegler JL, Beckstead JA, Volberding PA, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 90 homosexual men. Relation to generalized lymphadenopathy and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 565–570.
Polish LB, Cohn DL, Ryder JW, Myers AM, O’Brien RF. Pulmonary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in AIDS. Chest 1989; 96: 1321–1326.
Kaplan LD, Abrams DI, Feigal E, et al. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in San Francisco. JAMA 1989; 261: 719–724.
Knowles DM, Chamulak GA, Subar M, et al. Lymphoid neoplasia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 744–753.
Lowenthal DA, Strauss DJ, Campbell SW, Gold JWM, Clarkson BD, Koziner B. AIDS-related lymphoid neoplasia: The Memorial Hospital experience. Cancer (Philadelphia) 1988; 61: 2325–2337.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dail, D.H. (1994). Introduction to AIDS Pathology. In: Dail, D.H., Hammar, S.P. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3937-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3935-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive