Abstract
Recent high-angular resolution observations of various astronomical objects, see Figure 6.1 for examples, reveal that astrophysical gases in general are not smooth and symmetric, but often exhibit a large variety of internal structures. Such inhomogeneities, i.e., a clumpy, patchy, or cloudy distribution of matter in time and space on different length scales, are particularly observed in those objects where dust formation takes place or has taken place in the past: in the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) of AGB stars and their progeny [post-AGB objects, planetary nebulae (PNe)], in the explosive cooling flows of novae and supernovae, but also in the hostile environments of R Coronae Borealis and Wolf Rayet stars.
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Simis, Y., Woitke, P. (2004). Dynamics and Instabilities in Dusty Winds. In: Habing, H.J., Olofsson, H. (eds) Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3876-6_6
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