Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Postmortem Brain in Psychiatric Research pp 49–73Cite as

Glial Pathology in Major Psychiatric Disorders

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Neurobiological Foundation of Aberrant Behaviors ((NFAB,volume 4))

Abstract

Recent quantitative postmortem investigations of the cerebral cortex have demonstrated cortical glial cell loss and reduced density in subjects with major depression and bipolar disorder. There is also some evidence for a region-specific reductions in glial cell density in schizophrenia. These findings coincide with a reevaluation of the importance of glial cells in normal cortical function; in addition to their traditional roles in neuronal migration and inflammatory processes, glia are now accepted to have roles in providing trophic support to neurons, neuronal metabolism, and the formation of synapses and neurotransmission. Consequently, reduced cortical glial cell numbers could be responsible for some of the pathological changes in schizophrenia and depression including reduced neuronal size, reduced levels of synaptic proteins, and abnormalities of cortical neurotransmission. Additionally, as astrocytes provide the energy requirements of neurons, deficient astrocyte function could account for aspects of the functional magnetic imaging abnormalities found in these disorders. We discuss the possible basis of glial cell pathology in these disorders and suggest that elevated levels of glucocorticoids, due to illness-related stress or to hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal may down-regulate glial activity and so predispose to, or exacerbate psychiatric illness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andreasen NC, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swayze VW, Fllaum M, Kirchner P, Cohen G, O’Leary D.S. Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia: assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emmision computed tomography and the Tower of London. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 943–958.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG. Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends in Neuroscience 1999; 22: 208–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araque A Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG. Glutamate-dependent astrocyte modulation of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons. Eur J Neuroscience 1998; 10: 2129–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold SE, Trojanowski JQ. Recent advances in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia, Acta Neuropathology 1996; 92: 217–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold SE, Franz BR, Trojanowski JQ, Moberg PJ, Gur RE. Glial fibrillary acidic proteinimmunoreactive astrocytosis in elderly patients with schizophrenia and dementia. Acta Neuropathology 1996; 91: 269–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 243–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer TA, Buslei R, Havas L, Falkai P. Evidence for activation of microglia in patients with psychiatric illness. Neurosci Letters 1999; 271: 126–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bench CJ, Frackowiak RSJ, Dolan RJ. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow on recovery from depression. Psych Medicine 1995; 25: 247–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benes FM, Davidson J, Bird ED. Quantitative cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 31–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL. Deficits in small intemeurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48; 996–1001: 1991.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benes FM. Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res Reviews 2000; 31: 251–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron R, Meyer TM, Coyle JT, Greene RW. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by glycine transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 15730–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Hantsch J, Herzer M. A morphometric study of the dopamine-containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals, Parkinson patients, and schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 1983; 18: 951–969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ES, Rush AJ, McEwen BS. Hippocampal remodelling and damage by corticosteroids: implications for mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 21: 474–484.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton CJ, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Johnstone EC, Owens DGC, Roberts GW. Schizophrenia and the brain: a prospective cliniconeuropathological study. Psych Medicine 1990; 20: 285–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter RL, Berger UV, Barczak AK, Enna M, Coyle JT. Isolation and expression of a rat brain cDNA encoding glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 52: 829–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checkley S. The neuroendocrinology of depression and chronic stress. B Med Bulletin 1996; 52: 597–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Weiner RD, Parashos IA, Djang WT, Webb MC, Figiel GS, Spritzer CE. Quantitative cerebral anatomy in depression. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 7–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coles JA, Abbot NJ. Signalling from neurones to glial cells in invertebrates. Trends in Neuroscience 1996; 19: 358–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connor B, Dragunow M. The role of neuronal growth factors in neurodegenerative disorders of the human brain. Brain Res Reviews 1998; 27: 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotter D, Mackay D, Landau S. Kerwin R. Everall, I. Reduced glial cell density and neuronal volume in major depression in the anterior cingulate cortex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyle JT, Schwarz R. Mind glue: Implications of glial cell biology for psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2000; 57: 90–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crossin KL, Tai M-H, Krushel LA, Mauro VP, Edelman GM. Glucocorticoid receptor pathways are involved in the inhibition of astrocyte proliferation.. Proc Natl Acad Science USA 1997; 94: 6, 2687–2692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crow T, Ball J, Bloom SR, Brown R, Bruton CJ, Colter N, Frith CD, Johnstone EC, Owens DG, Roberts GW. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymetry. A postmortem study and proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 1145–11150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLisi LE, Tew W, Xie S, Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Kushner M, Lee G, Shedlack K, Smith AM. A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients: preliminary findings. Biol. Psychiatry 1995; 38: 349–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duman RS, Heninger GR, Nestler EJ. A molecular and cellular theory of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997 54: 597–606.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert D, Ebmeier KP, The role of the cingulate gyros in depression: from functional anatomy to neurochemistry. Biol Psychiatry 1996 39: 1044–1050.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddelston M, Mucke L. Molecular profile of recative astrocytes–implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 1993 54: 15–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson JT, Brosenitsch TA, Katz DM. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Are Required Simultaneously for Survival of Dopaminergic Primary Sensory Neurons. In Vivo J Neuroscience 2001; 21: 581–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans DL, Golden RJ, The dexamethasone suppression test: A review. In Loosen PT Nemeroff CB (eds): Handbook of clinical psychoneuroendocrinology New York: Guilford Press 1987: 313–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B. Cell loss in the hippocampus. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Science 1986; 236: 154–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: the entorhinal region-a morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 24: 515–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Honer WG, David S, Bogerts B, Majtenyis C, Bayer TA. No evidence for astrogliosis in brains of schizophrenic patients; A postmortem study. Neuropath Appl Neurobiology 1999; 25: 48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher EJ, Millar JD, Zeman S, Lodge D. Non-competitive antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate by displacement of an endogenous glycine-like substance. Mol Chem Neuropathology 1997; 31: 97–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster AC, Miller LP, Oldendorf WH, Schwarcz R. Studies on the disposition of quinlinic acid after intracerebral or systemic administration in the rat. Exp Neurology 1984; 84: 428–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Segura L, Chowen JA, Parducz A, Naftolin F. Gonadal hormones as promotypes of structural synaptic plasticity: cellular mechanisms. Prog Neurobiology 1994; 44: 279–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Segura L, Naftolin F, Hutchinson JB, Azcoitia I, Chowen JA. Role of astroglia in estrogen regulation of synaptic plasticity and brain repair. J Neurobiology 1999; 40: 574–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giedd JN, Jeffries NO, Blumenthal J, Castellanos FX, Vaituzis AC, Fernandez T, Hamburger SD, Lui H, Nelson J, Bedwell J, Tran L, Lenane M, Nicolson R, Rapaport JL. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: progressive brain changes during adolescence Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 7: 892898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glantz LA, Lewis DA. Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 65–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glantz LA, and Lewis DA. Reductions of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 660–669.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ, Eastwood SL. Preferential involvement of excitatory neurons in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Lancet 1998; 352: 1669–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the data and their interpretation Brain 1999; 122: 593–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honer WG, Falkai P, Chen C, Arango V, Mann JJ, Dwork AJ. Synaptic and plasticity-associated proteins in anterior frontal cortex in severe mental illness. Neuroscience 1999; 91: 1247–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JW, Ascher P, Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature 1987; 325: 529–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston-Wilson N, Sims CD, Hofmann JP, Anderson L, Shore AD, Torrey EF, Yolken R. Disease-specific alterations in frontal cortex brain proteins in schizophrenia bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 142–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordon CL. Glia as mediators of steroid hormone action on the nervous system: an overview. J Neurobiology 1999; 40: 434–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kadekaro M, Ito M. Gross PM. Local cerebral glucose utilisation is increased in acutely adrenalectomised rats. Neuroendocrinology 1988; 47: 329–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keshevan MS, Haas GL, Kahn CE, Aguilar E, Dick E, Schooler NR, Sweeney JA, Pettegrew JW. Superior temporal gyms and the course of early schizophrenia: progressive static or reversible? J Psych Research 1998; 32: 161–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettenmann H Ransom BR (Eds) Neuroglia Oxford University Press New York 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan ZU, Koulen P, Rubinstein M, Grandy DK, Goldman-Rakic PS. An astroglia-linked dopamine D2-receptor action in prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 1964–1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korbo L. Glial cell loss in the hippocampus of alcoholics. Alc Clin Exp Research 1999; 23: 164–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapping NJ, Teter B,Nichols NR, Rozovbsky I, Finch CE. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: regulation by hormones cytokines and growth factors. Brain Pathology 1994; 1: 259–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia: a systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. B J Psychiatry 1998; 172: 110–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie SM, Whalley H, Byrne M, Miller P, Best JJK, Johnstone E. Brain structure change and psychopathology in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Schiz Research 2000; 41 (I): 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine S, Saltzman A, Klein AW. Proliferation of glial cells in vivo induced in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary by lithium! Cell Proliferation 2000; 33: 203–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay RM, Weigand SJ, Altar CA, DiStephano PS. Neurotrophic factors: from molocule to man TINS 1994; 17: 182–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu RSN, Lemieux L, Shorvon SD, Sisodiya SM, Duncan JS. Association between brain size and abstinence from alcohol. Lancet 2000; 355: 1969–1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magistretti PJ, Pellerin L, Rothman DL, Shulman RG. Energy on Demand Science 1999; 283: 496–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayberg HS. Depression In Mazziotta JC Toga AW Frackowiak RSJ (eds) Brain Mapping The Disorders: Academic Press 2000 pp 485–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mamounas LA, Blue ME, Siuciak JA, Altar CA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes the survival and sprouting of serotonergic axons in rat brain. J Neuroscience 1995; 15: 7929–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurel D, Sage D, Mekaouche M, Bosler O. Glucocorticoids up-regulate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Glia 2000; 29: 121–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllister-Williams RH, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Mood and neuropsychological function in depression: the role of corticosteroids and serotonin. Psychol Medicine 1998; 28: 573–584

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JL, Fischer A, Shenton ME. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1099–1119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen BS. Possible mechanisms for atrophy of the human hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 255–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mennerick S, Zorumski CF. Glial contributions to excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal cells Nature 1994; 368: 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki J, Nakanishi S, Jingami H. Expression and characterization of a glycine-binding fragment of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1. Biochemistry 1999, 340: 687–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, Overholser J, Meltzer HY, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Glial fibrillary acidic protein inununoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 48: 861–873 2000.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab ME. Myelin-associated inhibitors of neurite growth. Exp Neurology 1990; 109: 2–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima K, Kikuchi Y, Ikoma E, Honda S, Ishikawa M, Liu Y, Kohsaka S. Neurotrophins regulate the function of cultured microglia. Glia 1998; 24: 272–289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff CB. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: new findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 336–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Regulation of BDNF nd trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neuroscience1995; 15: 7539–7547.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols N. Glial responses to steroids as markers of brain aging. J Neurobiology 1998; 40: 585–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okugawa G, Omori K, Suzukawa J, Fujiseki Y, Kinoshita T, Inagaki C. Long-term treatment with antidepressants increases glucocorticoid receptor binding and gene expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurones. J Neuroendocrinology 1999; 11: 887–895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olney JW, Farber NB. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 998–1007.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price JL. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13290–13295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orlovskaya DD, Vikhreva OV, Zimina IS, Denisov DV, Uranova NA. Ultrastructural dystrophic changes of oligodendroglial cells in autopsied prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia: a morphometric study. Schiz Research 1999; 36: 82–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlovskaya DD, Vostrikov VM, Rachmanova VI, Uranova NA. Decreased numberical density of oligodendroglial density cells in the prefrontal cortex area 9 in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study of brain collection from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium. Schiz Research 2000; 41: 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen F, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Johnson JA, Johnstone EC, Lofthouse R, Owens DG, Poulter M. Selective decreases in MAO-B activity in postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients with type II syndrome. B JPsychiatry 1987; 151: 514–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakkenberg B. Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch GenPsychiatry 1990; 47: 1023–1028.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantellis C, Velakoulis D, Suckling J, McGorry P, Philips L, Yung A, Wood S, Bullmore E, Brewer W,Soulsby B, McGuire P. Left medial temporal lobe volume reduction occurs during the transition from high risk to first episode psychosis. Schiz Research 2000; 41–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, Owens MJ, Miller AH. Steroid-independent translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor by the antidepressant desipramine. Mol Pharmacology 1997; 52: 571–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrone- Bizzozero N, Sower AC, and Bird ED. Levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 14128–14187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters A, Palay SL, Webster HD. In: The fine structure of the nervous system. New York: Oxford University Press 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfleger FW, Barres BA. New views on synapse-glia interactions. CUIT Opin Neurobiology 1996; 6: 615–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfrieger FW, Barres BA. Synaptic efficacy enhanced by glial cells in vitro. Science 1997; 277: 1684–1687.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter NM, Landfield PW. Stress hormones and brain aging: adding injury to insult. Nature Neuroscience 1998; 1: 3–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post A, Crochemore C, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Behl C. Differential effects of antidepressants on the viability of clonal hippocampal cells. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47: 138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radewicz K, Garey L, Gentleman S M, Reynolds R. Increased HLA-DR immunoreactive glia in frontal and temporal cortex of chronic schizophrenia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurology 2000; 59: 137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G, Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex: a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and huntington disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 215–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G, Wei JJ, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Stockmeier R. Glial and neuronal pathology in rostral orbitofrontal cortex in schizophrenic postmortem brain. Schiz Research 1999a; 36: 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 1999b; 45: 1085–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska-Markow G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J, Stockmeir CA. Reductions in glia distinguish orbitofrontal region from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia Abs SocNeuroscience 1999c; 25: 818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G. Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48: 766–777.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G, Halaris A, Selemon LD. Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 200la; 49: 741–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Makkos Z, Dilley G, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Stockmeier CA. Layer-specific astroglia pathology in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia Schizophrenia Research 2001 b (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakic P. Specification of the cerebral cortical areas. Science 1988; 241: 170–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts GW, Colter N, Lofthouse R, Bogerts B, Zech M, Crow TJ. Gliosis in schizophrenia: a survey. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 1043–1050.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts GW, Colter N. Lofthouse R. Johnstone EC. Crow TJ. Is there gliosis in schizophrenia ? Investigation of the temporal lobe Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22: 1459–1468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Achaval M, Santos P, Rodnight P. Lithium treatment causes gliosis and modifies the morphology of hippocampal astrocytes in rats. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 3971–3974.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha E, Rodnight R. Chronic administration of lithium chloride increases immunodetectable glial fibrillary acidic protein in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochemistry 1994; 63: 1582–1584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosoklija G, Toomayan G, Ellis SP, Keilp J, Mann JJ, Latov N, Hays AP, Dwork AJ. Structural abnormalities of subicular dendrites in subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 349–356.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, Bristol LA, Jin L, Kuncl RW, Kanai Y, Hediger MA, Wang Y, Schielke JP,Welty DF. Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 1996; 16: 675–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky R. Glucocorticoids stress and exacerbation of excitotoxic neuron death. Semin Neuroscience 1994; 6: 323–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky R. The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48 (8): 755–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaaf MJ, Hoetelmans RW, de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E. Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and trkB but not NT-3 and trkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Research 1997; 48: 334–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selemon LD, Lidow MS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Increased volume and glial density in primate prefrontal cortex associated with chronic antipsychotic drug exposure. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46: 161–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex: a morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 805–818.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS. Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients–application of a three dimensional stereologic counting method. J Comp Neurology 1998; 392: 402–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siuiciak JA, Wiegand SJ, Lindsay RM. Antidepressant-like effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Pharmacol Biochem Behaviour 1996; 56: 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speciale C, Schwarcz R. On the production and disposition of quinolinic acid in rat brain and liver slices. J Neurochemistry 1993; 60: 212–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffens DC, Krishnan RR. Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings implications for classification and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 705–712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens CD, Altshuler LL, Bogerts B, Falkai P. Quantitative study of gliosis in schizophrenia and Huntington’s Chorea. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24: 697–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens JR. Neuropathology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 1131–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, Kirkpatrick B, Alphs LD, Chase TN, Carpenter WT. Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 522–530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Watase K, Manabe T, Yamada K, Watanabe M, Takahashi K, Iwama H, Nishikawa T, Ichihara N, Kikuchi T, Okuyama S, Kawashima N, Hori S, Takimoto M, Wada K. Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 1997; 276: 1699–702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon R, Mazzara C, DeQuardo J. Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia: relationship to symptomatology ventricular enlargement and outcome. Biol Psychiatry1991; 29: 953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsacopoulos M, Magistretti PJ. Metabolic coupling between glia and neurons J Neuroscience 1996; 516: 877–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullian EM, Sapperstein S, KChristopherson KS, Barres B A. Control of Synapse Number by Glia. Science: 2001; 291: 5504: 657–661.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uranova NA, Zimina IS, Vikhreva OV, Denisov DV, Orlovskaya DD. Morphometric study of ultrastructural alterations of myelinated fibers in postmortem schizophrenic brains. Schiz Research 1999; 36: 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velakoulis D, Pantelis C, McGorry PD, Dudgeon P, Brewer W, Cook M, Desmond P, Bridle N, Tiemey P, Murrie V, Singh B, Copolov D. Hippocampal volume in first episode psychoses and chronic schizophrenia: a high resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 56: 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkhratsky A, Orkand RK, Kettenmann H. Glial calcium: homeostasis and signaling function. Physiol Reviews 1998; 78: 99–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Virgin CE, Ha TP, Packan DR, Tombaugh GC, Yang SH, Homer HC, Sapolsky RM. Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport and glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: Implications for glucocorticoid neurotoxicity J Neurochemistry 1991; 57: 1422–1428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayne C, Drevets MD. Functional Neuroimaging studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Ann Rev Medicine 1998; 49: 341–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster MJ, Johnston-Wislon N, Nagata K, Yolken RH Alterations in the expression of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic proteins in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia bipolar disorder and depression. Schiz Reearch 2000; 41: 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 660–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR, Berman KF, and Zec RF. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia I: regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 114–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolosker H, Blackshaw S, Snyder SH. Serine racemase: a glial enzyme synthesising D-serine to regulate glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartae neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sciences USA 1999 96: 13409–13414.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. David R. Cotter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carmine M. Pariante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Grazyna Rajkowska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Stanley Foundation International Research Center and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel

    Galila Agam  & R. H. Belmaker  & 

  2. Departments of Neuropathology and Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, DeCrespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK

    Ian Paul Everall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cotter, D.R., Pariante, C.M., Rajkowska, G. (2002). Glial Pathology in Major Psychiatric Disorders. In: Agam, G., Everall, I.P., Belmaker, R.H. (eds) The Postmortem Brain in Psychiatric Research. Neurobiological Foundation of Aberrant Behaviors, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3631-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3631-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-4921-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3631-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation