Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Liver

  • Chapter
Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery

  • 313 Accesses

Abstract

One-eighth of the population of the United States is over the age of 65, and this small portion suffers one-half of all cancers diagnosed. It was estimated that by the year 2005, more than one-fifth of the U.S. population would be over the age of 65.1 This demographic change alone will increase the number of cancers in America by approximately 30 %,2,3 making no other single factor as important as age for cancer incidence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adkins RB Jr, Scott HW Jr (eds). Surgical Care for the Elderly. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Koruda MJ, Sheldon GF. Surgery in the aged. Curr Surg 1992:293–331.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Greenfield LJ. Surgery of the Aged. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brooks B. Surgery in patients of advanced age. Ann Surg 1937;105:481–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Fortner JG, Brennan MF. Pancreatic or liver resection for malignancy is safe and effective for the elderly. Ann Surg 1995;222:426–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Parker SL. Cancer statistics, 1996. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;65:5–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fortner JG, Silva JS, Cox EB, et al. Multivariate analysis of a personal series of 247 consecutive patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 1984;199: 306–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Taswell HF, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and determinants of survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 1992;216:492–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, et al. Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery 1994;116:703–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ezaki T, Yukaya H, Ogawa Y Evaluation of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly. Br J Surg 1987;74:471–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yanaga K, Kanematsu T, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Yoshida Y, Sugimachi K. Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients. Am J Surg 1988;155: 238–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fortner JG, Lincer RM. Hepatic resection in the elderly. Ann Surg 1990;211:141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mentha G, Huber O, Robert J, Klopfenstein C, Egeli R, Rohner A. Elective hepatic resection in the elderly. Br J Surg 1992;79:557–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nagasue N, Chang YC, Takemoto Y, Taniura H, Kohno H, Nakamura T. Liver resection in the aged (seventy years or older) with hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 1993;113: 148–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Takenaka K, Shimada M, Higahi H, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly. Arch Surg 1994; 129:846–850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Karl RC, Smith SK, Fabri PJ. Validity of major cancer operations in elderly patients. Ann Surg Oncol 1995;2:107–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Fong Y, Brennan MF, Cohen AE, Heffernan N, Freiman A, Blumgart LH. Liver resection in the elderly. Br J Surg 1997;84:1386–1390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Cohen A, Fortner J, Brennan MF. Repeat hepatic resections for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220:657–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Schwartz SI. Biliary tract surgery and cirrhosis: a critical combination. Surgery 1981;90:577–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wynne HA, Cope LH, Mutch E, Rawlins MD, Woodhouse KW, James OFW. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology 1989; 9:297–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Asano K, Nakamura M, Asano A, Sato T, Tauchi H. Quantitation of changes in mitochondrial DNA during aging and regeneration of rat liver using non-radioactive DNA probes. Mech Ageing Dev 1992;62:85–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mooney H, Roberts R, Cooksley WGE, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Alterations in the liver with ageing. Clin Gastroenterol 1985;14:757–771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yamamoto K, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, et al. Right hepatic lobectomy in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1997;44:514–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Carrillo MC, Carnovale CE, Favre C, Monti JA, Scapini C. Hepatic protein synthesis and serum amino acid levels during liver regeneration in young and old malnourished rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1996;91:55–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Schapiro H, Hotta SS, Outten WE, Klein AW. The effect of aging on rat liver regeneration. Experientia 1982;38: 1075–1076.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Beyer HS, Sherman R, Zieve L. Aging is associated with reduced liver regeneration and diminished thymidine kinase mRNA content and enzyme activity in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 1991;117:101–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fry M, Silber J, Loeb LA, Martin GM. Delayed and reduced cell replication and diminishing levels of DNA polymerase-alpha in regenerating liver of aging mice. J Cell Physiol 1984;118:225–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Taguchi T, Ohashi M. Age-associated changes in the template-reading fidelity of DNA polymerase alpha from regerating rat liver. Mech Ageing Dev 1996;92:143–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Piantanelli L, Ermini M, Ricciotti R. Histone phosphorylation after partial hepatectomy in young and old rats. Experientia 1974;30:210–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Oh YH, Conard RA. Effect of aging on histone acetylation of the normal and regenerating rat liver. Life Sci 1972;11: 1207–1214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ferrucci JT. Liver tumor imaging. Cancer 1991;67:1189–1195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Larson RE, Semelka RC. Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver. Top Magn Reson Imaging 1995;7(2):71–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nichols FC, Van Heerden JA, Weiland LA. Benign liver tumors. Surg Clin North Am 1989;69:290–313.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Leese T, Farges O, Bismuth H. Liver cell adenomas: a 12 year surgical experience from a specialist hepatobiliary unit. Ann Surg 1988;208:558–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schwartz SI, Husser WC. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Ann Surg 1987;205:456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kuo PC, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Treatment of giant hemangiomas of the liver by enucleation. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178:49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Trastek VF, Van Heerden JA, Sheedy PFI, Adson MA. Cavernous hemangiomas of the liver: resect or observe? Am J Surg 1983;145:49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yamagata M, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, et al. Management of hemangioma of the liver: comparison between surgery and observation. Br J Surg 1991;78:1223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gaspar L, Mascarenhas F, de Costa MS, Dias JS, Alfonso JG, Silvestre ME. Radiation therapy in the unresectable cavernous hemangioma of the liver. Radiother Oncol 1993; 29:45–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Biswal BM, Sandhu M, Lai P, Bai CS. Role of radiotherapy in cavernous hemangioma of liver. Indian J Gastroenterol 1995;14:95–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Yamamoto T, Kawarda Y, Yano T, Noguichi T, Mizumoto R. Spontaneous rupture of hemangioma of the liver: treatment with transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:1645–1649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. McKenna RJ Sr, Murphy GP. Cancer Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Farmer DG, Rosove MH, Shaked A, Busuttil RW. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 1994;219:236–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Muramatsu Y, et al. The diagnosis of small carcinomas: efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients. Am J Radiol 1990;155:49–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Blumgart LH. Liver resection: liver and biliary tumours. In: Blumgart LH (ed) Surgery of the Liver and Biliary Tract, 1st ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988:97:1251–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Parker GA, Lawrence W Jr, Horsley JS III, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound of the liver affects operative decision making. Ann Surg 1989;209:569–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Personal experience with 411 hepatic resections. Ann Surg 1988;4:421–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Zakim D, Boyer TD (eds) Surgical therapy of liver cancer. In: Hepatology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996;51:1548–1564.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Iwatsuki S, Gordon RD, Shaw BW Jr, et al. Role of liver transplantation in cancer therapy. Ann Surg 1985;202: 401–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ravikumar TS, Kane R, Cady B, Jenkins R, Clouse M, Steele G Jr. A 5-year study of cryosurgery in the treatment of liver tumors. Arch Surg 1991;126:1520–1523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bismuth H, Morino M, Sherlock D, et al. Primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by arterial chemoembolization. Am J Surg 1992;163:387–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Raoul JL, Heresbach D, Bretagne JF, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer 1992;70:585–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Brown K, Nevins AB, Getradjman G, et al. Particle embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Int Radiol 1998;9:822–828.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Lazzaroni S, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a study of 207 patients. Cancer 1992; 69:925–929.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sitzman JV, Abrams R. Improved survival for hepatocellular cancer with combination surgery and multimodal treatment. Ann Surg 1993;217:149–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hughes KS, Simons R, Songhorabodi S, et al. Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multiinsti-tutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 1986;100: 278–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wood CB, Gillis CR, Blumgart LH. A retrospective study of the natural history of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Oncol 1976;2:285–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Doroshow JH, Multhauf P, Leong L, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of fluorouracil versus fluorouracil and high-dose continuous infusion leucovorin calcium for the treatment of advanced measurable colorectal cancer in patients previously unexposed to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:491–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Colucci G, Maiello E, Giuliani F, et al. Biochemical modulation of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and liver metastases of colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 1994;5:53.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kunimoto T, Nitta K, Tanaka T, et al. Antitumor activity of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy-camptothecin, a novel water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, against murine tumors. Cancer Res 1987;47: 5944–5947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Tsuruo T, Matsuzaki T, Matsushita M, Saito H, Yokokura T. Antitumor effect of CPT-11, a new derivative of camp-tothecin, against pleiotropic drug-resistant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988;21:71–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J Surg 1995; 19:59–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Van de Velde CJH, Sugarbaker PH. Liver Metastases. Amsterdam: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  64. Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:938–946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Schlag P, Hohenberger P, Herfarth C. Resection of liver metastases in colorectal cancer: competitive analysis of treatment results in synchronous versus metachronous metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 1990;16:360–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Haberkorn U, Bellemann ME, Altmann A, et al. PET 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat prostate adenocarcinoma during chemotherapy with gemcitabine. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1215–1221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hughes KS, Simons R, Songhorabodi S, et al. Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of indications for resection. Surgery 1988;103:278–288.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Doci R, Gennari L, Bignami P, Montalto F, Morabito A, Bozetti F One hundred patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated by resection: analysis of prognostic determinants. Br J Surg 1991;78:797–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Scheele J, Stangl R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Gall FR Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries. Surgery 1991;110:13–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ekberg H, Tranberg KG, Andersson R, et al. Pattern of recurrence in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. World J Surg 1987;11:541–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cunningham JD, Fong Y, Shriver C, Melendez J, Marx WL, Blumgart LH. One hundred consecutive hepatic resection: blood loss, transfusion, and operative technique. Arch Surg 1994;129:1050–1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Jamison RL, Donohue JH, Nagorney DM, Rosen CB, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup DM. Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer results in cure for some patients. Arch Surg 1997;132:505–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Baker LH, Talley RW, Matter R, et al. Phase III comparison of the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer with bolus weekly 5-FU vs. methyl-CCNU plus bolus weekly 5-FU. Cancer 1976;38:1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ehrlichman C, Fine S, Wong A, Elhakim T. Randomized trial of fluorouracil and folinic acid in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:469–475.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Petrelli N, Douglas HO, Herrera L, et al. The modulation of fluorouracil with leucovorin in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a prospective randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1419–1426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Grage TB, Vasilopoulos PP, Shingleton WW, et al. Results of a prospective randomized study of hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil versus intravenous 5-fluorouracil in patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a Central Oncology Group study. Surgery 1979;86:550–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Macdonald JS, Kisner DF, Smythe T, Woolley PV, Smith L, Schein PS. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), methyl-CCNU, and vincristine in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: phase II study utilizing weekly 5-FU. Cancer Treat Rep 1976;60:1597–1600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Buroker T, Kim PN, Groppe C, et al. 5-FU infusion with mitomycin-C versus 5-FU infusion with methyl-CCNU in the treatment of advanced colon cancer. Cancer 1978;42: 1228–1233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Conti JA, Kemeny NE, Saltz LB, et al. Irinotecan is an active agent in untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:709–715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Emery A. Minnard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yuman Fong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Ronnie A. Rosenthal MD (Associate Professor, Chief, Surgical Service) (Associate Professor, Chief, Surgical Service)

  2. Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, 06516, CT, USA

    Ronnie A. Rosenthal MD (Associate Professor, Chief, Surgical Service) (Associate Professor, Chief, Surgical Service)

  3. Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA

    Michael E. Zenilman MD (Associate Professor and Vice-Chairman, Chief of Surgery) (Associate Professor and Vice-Chairman, Chief of Surgery)

  4. Jack D. Weiler Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA

    Michael E. Zenilman MD (Associate Professor and Vice-Chairman, Chief of Surgery) (Associate Professor and Vice-Chairman, Chief of Surgery)

  5. Wyoming Valley Surgical Associates, Kingston, 18704, PA, USA

    Mark R. Katlic M.D. (Chief of Thoracic Surgery) (Chief of Thoracic Surgery)

  6. Wyoming Valley Healthcare System, Wilkes-Barre, 18702, PA, USA

    Mark R. Katlic M.D. (Chief of Thoracic Surgery) (Chief of Thoracic Surgery)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Minnard, E.A., Fong, Y. (2001). Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Liver. In: Rosenthal, R.A., Zenilman, M.E., Katlic, M.R. (eds) Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3432-4_51

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3432-4_51

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3434-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3432-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation