Abstract
In the United States, it is estimated that 1,268,000 new cancer cases will be diagnosed in the year 2001. Approximately 550,000 cancer-related deaths will occur in the same time period (1). Cancers with the liver as a major site of disease involvement will constitute a significant portion (16,200 new cases) of these new cancer cases. Of concern is the typically poor response of primary liver tumors and hepatic metastases to conventional therapies. However, more aggressive operative strategies and the expanding use of regional and systemic chemotherapeutic approaches have led to more treatment options for tumors of the liver.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer Statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J. Clin 2001 51: 15–36.
Parkin D, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Global Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin 1999: 49(1) 33–64.
Sitzmann JV. Malignant Liver Tumors. Current Surgical Therapy. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc, Cameron JL. (6th edition) 1998: 343–346.
El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:10 pp 745–750.
Cortes-Espinosa T, Mondragon-Sanchez R, Hurtado-Andrade H, et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatic Cirrhosis in Mexico. A 25-year Necroscopy Review. Hepto Gastroenterology 1997; 44:1401–1403.
Reynolds T. Global Cancer Burden Difficult to Assess, Rising Rates Likely. Journal of the Nat’l Cancer Inst 1998; 90(10):734–746.
Di Bisceglie A, Carithers R, Gores G. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 1998; 28(4) 1161–1165.
Schafer DF, Sorrell MF. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1999; 353:125357.
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chein CS. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet 1981; ii: 1129–33.
Beebe GW, Norman JE. Study of the likelihood of hepatocellular carcinoma following the 1942 Army epidemic of hepatitis B. In: Tabor E, Di Bisceglie AM, Purcell RH,eds. Etiology, pathology, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in North America. Houston:Gulf Publishing, 1991:3–13.
Lasky T, Magder L. Hepatocellular carcinoma p53 G-→T transversions at codon 249: the fingerprint of aflatoxin exposure? Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105:392–97.
Cottone M, Turri M, Caltagirone M, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with Child’s A cirrhosis: an 8 year prospective study by ultrasound and alfafetoprotein. J Hepatoll 1994; 21:1029–34.
Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1855–59.
Muto Y, Moriwaki H, Niomiya M, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1561–67.
Araki H, Shidoji M, Yamada Y, Moriwaki H, Muto Y. Retinoid agonist activities of synthetic geranyl geranoic acid derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209:66–72.
Hatekeyama H, Shidoji Y, Omori M, et al. Retardation effect of acyclic retinoid on spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis without changes in incidence of c-Ha-ras mutations in C3H/HeNCrj mice. Center Detect Prey (in press).
Pitt HA, Dooley WC, Yeo CJ et al. Malignancies of the biliary tract. Curr Probl Surg 1995:32:1.
Miller BA, Ries LAG, Hankey BF, et al. SEER Cancer statistics review: 1973–1990. (NIH Publication No. 93–2789). Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 1993.
Waterhouse JC, Muir P, Correa S. Cancer incidence in five countries. Lyon (France): V03 TARC Scientific Publishers, International Agency for Research in Cancer, 1976.
Sheen-Chen SM, Chou FF, Eng HL. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in hepatolithiasis: a frequently overlooked disease. J Surg Oncol 1991; 47:131–5.
Fan ST, Lai EC, Wong J. Hepatic resection for hepatolithiasis. Arch Surg 1993; 128:1070–4.
Chijiiwa K, Ichimiya H, Kuroki S, et al. Late development of cholangiocarcinoma after treatment of hepatolithiasis: immunohistochemical study of mucin carbohydrates and core proteins in hepatolithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma. lnt J Cancer 1993; 55:82–91.
Chapman RW. Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Annals of Oncology 1999; 10 Suppl. 4:s308–311.
Schwartz DA: Cholangiocarcinoma associated with liver fluke infection: a preventable source of morbidity in Asian immigrants. Am J Gastroeneterol 81:76, 1986.
Kurathong S, Lerdverasirikul P, Wonkpaitoon V, et al: Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma. A prospective, case-controlled study. Gastroenterology 89: 151, 1985.
Sell S, Dunsford HA: Evidence for the stem cell origin of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 134:1347,1989.
Baserga R, Yokoo H, Henengar GC. Thorotrast-induced cancer in man. Cancer 1960; 13:1021–6.
Ito Y, Kojiro M, Nakashima T, et al. Pathomorphologic characteristics of 102 cases of Thorotrast-related hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic angiosarcoma. Cancer 1988; 62:1153–8.
Janower ML, Miettinen OS, Flynn MJ. Effects of long-term Thorotrast exposure. Radiology 1972; 103:13–20.
Piehler JM, Crichlow RW. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978: 147: 929.
Levin B. Gallbladder carcinoma. Annals of Oncology 10 Suppl. 4: S129–S130, 1999.
Krain LS: Carcinoma of the gallbladder in California, 1955–1969. J Chronic Dis 25:65, 1972.
Maibenco DC, Smith JL, Nava HR, Petrelli NJ, Douglass HO. Carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Cancer Investigation 16(1), 33–39 (1998).
Polk HC: Carcinoma and the calcified gallbladder. Gastroenterology 50:582–585, 1966.
Berk RN, Armbuster TG, Salzstein SL: Carcinoma in the porcelain gallbladder. Radiology 106:29–31, 1973.
Black WC. The morphogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. In Progress in Surgical Pathology. Masson, New York: Fonoglio CM, Wolff M (eds), 1980:207.
Kimura K, Ohto M, Saisho H, Unozawa T, Tsuchiya Y, Morita M, Ebara M, Matsutani S, Okuda K: Association of gallbladder carcinoma and anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union. Gastroenterology 89: 1258–1265, 1985.
Suda K, Miyano T, Konuma I, et al. An abnormal pancreatico-choledochoductal junction in cases of biliary tract carcinoma. Cancer 1983;52:2086–8.
Yamauchi S, Koga A, Matsumoto S, et al. Anomalous junction of pancreaticobiliary duct without congenital choledochal cyst: a possible risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82:20–6.
Fortner JG: Carcinoma of the gallbladder: The experimental induction of primary cancer. Cancer 8:689, 1955.
Fortner JG, Leffall LD: Carcinoma of the gallbladder in dogs. Cancer 14:1127, 1961.
Kowalewski K, Todd EF: Carcinoma of the gallbladder induced in hamsters by insertion of cholesterol pellets and feeding dimethylnitrosamine. Pros Soc Exp Biol Med 136:482, 1971.
Mancuso TF, Brennan MJ: Epidemiological consideration of cancer of the gallbladder, bile ducts and salivary glands in the rubber industry. J Occup Med 12:333, 1970.
Kozuka S, Tsubone M, Yasui A, et al. Relation of adenoma to carcinoma in the gallbladder. Cancer 1982; 50:226–34.
Yamagiwa H. Mucosal dysplasia of gallbladder: isolated and adjacent lesions to carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989; 80:238–45.
Koichi W, Masao T, Koji Y, et al. Carcinoma and polyps of the gallbladder associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32:943–6.
Jones RS. Carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Surg Clin of North Am 1990:70(6) 1419–28.
Piehler JM, Crichlow: Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147:929, 1978.
Hanks JB, Arnold WS. Hepatic Neoplasms. Surgery. Scientific Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, Greenfield, et al. (2nd edition) 1997: 1008–1022.
Roh M. Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to the Liver. Current Surgical Therapy. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, Inc, Cameron JL. (6th edition) 1998: 352–354.
Jaffe BM, Donegan WL, Watson F, et al: Factors influencing survival in patients with untreated hepatic metastases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127:1–11, 1968.
Bengmark S, Hafstrom L: The natural history of primary and secondary maligant tumors of the liver: I. The prognosis for patients with hepatic metastases from colonic and rectal carcinoma by laparotomy. Cancer 23:198–202, 1969.
Goslin R, Steele G, Zamcheck N, et al: Factors influencing survival in patients with hepatic metastases from adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 25:749–754, 1982.
Bengtsson G, Carlsson G, Hafstrom L: Natural history of patients with untreated liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 141: 586–589, 1981.
Finan PJ, Marshall RJ, Cooper EH, et al: Factors affecting survival in patients presenting with synchronous hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A clinical and computer analysis. Br J Surg 72:373–377, 1985.
De Brauw LM, De Velde CJH, Bouwhuis-Hoogerwerf ML: Diagnostic evaluation and survival analysis of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. J Surg Oncol 34:81–86, 1987.
Wood CB, Gillis CR, Blumgart LH: A retrospective study of the natural history of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Clin Oncol 2:285–288, 1976.
Wagner JS, Adson MA, Van Heerde JA, et al: The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A comparison with resective treatment. Ann Surg 199:502–508, 1984.
Fong Y: Hepatic Colorectal Metastasis: Current Surgical Therapy, Selection Criteria for Hepatectomy, and Role for Adjuvant Therapy. Advances in Surgery 34:351–373, 2000.
Scheele J: Liver resection for colorectal metastases. World J Surg 19:59–71, 1995.
Fong Y, Fortner JG, Sun R, et ai: Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: Analysis of 1001 consecutive case. Ann Surg 230:309–321, 1999.
Hughes KS, Simon R, Songhorabodi S, et al: Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: A multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery 100:278–284, 1986.
Scheele J, Stangl R, Altendorf-Hofman A, et al: Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaires. Surgery 110:13–29, 1991.
Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Taswell HF, et al: Perioperative blood transfusion and determinants of survival after liver resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 216:492–505, 1992.
Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, et al: Experince in hepatic resection for metastasic colorectal cancer: Analysis of clinical and pathological risk factors. Surgery 116:703–711, 1994.
Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, et al: Liver resection for colorectal metasrases. J Clin Oncol 15:93 8–946, 1997.
Nordlinger B, Jeack D, Gulget M, et al: in Nordlinger B (ed): Surgical Resection of Hepatic Metastases: Multicentric Retrospective Study by the French Association Surgery. Paris, Springer, 1992, pp 129–146.
Moertel CG. Karnofsky Memorial Lecture: an odyssey in the land of small tumors. J Clin Onc 1987; 5:1503–1522.
Shebani KO, Souba WW, Finkelstein, et al. Prognosis and survival in patients with gastrointestinal tract carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg 1999:229:815–823.
Norheim I, Oberg K, Eheodorsson-Norheim E, et al. Malignant carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg 1987; 206:115–125.
Chamberlain RS, Canes D, Brown KT, Saltz L, Jarnigan W, Fong Y and Blumgart L. Hepatic neuroendocrine metastases: does intervention alter outcomes? J Am Coll Surg 2000: 432–445.
McEntee Gp, Nagorney Dm, Kvoils LK, et al. Cytoreductive hepatic surgery for neuroendocrine tumors. Surgery 1990; 108:1091–1096.
Martin JK, Moertel CG, Adson MA, et al. Surgical treatment of functioning metastatic carcinoid tumors. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 537–542.
Moertel CG, Johnson M, McKusick MA, et al. The Management of Patients with Advanced Carcinoid Tumors and Islet Cell Carcinomas. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:302–309.
Que FG, Nagorney DM, Batts KP, Linz LJ, Kvols LK. Hepatic resection for neuroendocrine carcinomas. Am J Surg 1995; 169:36–42.
Dousset B, Saint-Marc O, Pitre J, Soubrane O, Houssin D, Chapuis Y. Metastatic endocrine tumors: medical treatment, surgical resection, or liver transplantation. World J Surg. 20, 908–915, 1996.
Söreide O, Berstad T, Bakka A, et al. Surgical treatment as a principle in patients with advanced abdominal carcinoid tumors. Surgery 1992;111:4854.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pappas, S.G., Jeruss, J.S., Talamonti, M.S. (2001). Clinical Features of Primary and Metastatic Hepatic Malignancies. In: Talamonti, M.S., Pappas, S.G. (eds) Liver-Directed Therapy for Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumors. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 109. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3371-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3371-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3373-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3371-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive