Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

History and Climate pp 219–246Cite as

Bons Baisers d’Islande: Climatic, Environmental, and Human Dimensions Impacts of the Lakagígar Eruption (1783–1784) in Iceland

  • Chapter

Abstract

During the year 1783, a haze was spun out like a large veil over much of the Northern Hemisphere, persisting for periods of up to three months. In particular, the summer in Europe and elsewhere was characterized by the appearance of the phenomenon described by many contemporaries as the “great dry fog”. The origin of this was the Lakagígar volcanic eruption (1783–1784) in Iceland. In the non-Icelandic literature, this eruption has often been referred to as the “Laki” eruption. Strictly speaking, this is a misnomer as the eruption did not occur on Mount Laki, but on either side of it. In Iceland it is often called Lakagígar, the “Laki fissure”. (The total length of the Lakagígar crater row, from one end to the other, is 27 km, and it is divided by the Laki mountain into two nearly equal parts.) It is also called Skaftáreldar, the “Skaftá fires” from the river Skaftá in southeast Iceland. One of the two main lava flows from the eruption travelled along the canyon through which the river runs, causing it to dry up. The eruption began in Iceland in early June 1783, and the effects were soon noticed in Europe. However, news of the eruption itself did not reach the continent of Europe until 1 September when it was brought to Copenhagen from Iceland, carried by the vessels of the Danish trading monopoly.

Fires from beneath, and meteors from above, Portentous, unexampled, unexplain’d, Have kindled beacons in the skies; and th’ old And crazy earth has had her shaking fits More frequent, and foregone her usual rest. Is it a time to wrangle, when the props And pillars of our planet seem to fail, And Nature with a dim and sickly eye To wait the close of all?

(William Cowper, The Task, Book II: The Time-Piece, 1802).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allan, R.J., and D’Arrigo, R.D., 1999, “Persistent” ENSO sequences: how unusual was the 1990–1995 El Nino? Holocene 9: 101–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, R., Lindesay, J., and Parker, D., 1996, El Nino Southern Oscillation Climatic Variability,CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood VIC 3066, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous, 1783, Utdrag of Wäderleks-Journalen, hdllen i Abo, dr 1783. Tidningar Utgifne Af Et Sällskap i Abo, Ar 1783. Tionde Argângen. Abo, Tryckt hos Kong. Acad. Boktryckaren J.C. Frenckels Enka.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous, 1784, Ueber die Erdbeben und den allgemeinen Nebel von 1783. von Joh. Ernst Basilius Wiedeburg, Kammerrath und Professor der Mathematik, in: Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen, Der erste Band, auf das Jahr 1784, 47. Stück, den 20. März 1784, Göttingen:470–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous, 1793, Verhandelingen van de Natuur-en Geneeskundige Correspondentie-Societeit, in deVereenigde Nederlanden, opgericht in ‘s Hage. Behelzende de Weer-en Ziektekundige Waarneemingen van de Jaaren 1782. tot 1790. Ingeslooten. IV. Deel. In ‘s Gravenhage, By A. Van Hoogstaten, VIII+866 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bazingham, 1783, Journal d’Abot de Bazingham, coll. partic., Archives Départementales Pas-de-Calais, Dainville, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, W.T., and Ogilvie, A.E.J., 1978, Weather compilations as a source of data for the reconstruction of European climate during the medieval period, Climatic Change 1: 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjarnar, V., 1965, The Laki eruption and the famine of the mist, in: Scandinavian Studies, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Carl Bayenschmidt and Erik J. Friis, eds, University of Washington Press:410–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondeau, R.-A., 1981, Vander Meulen van Roesbrugge. De IJzerbode, 1981/9, p. 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R.S., and Jones, P.D., 1992, Records of explosive volcanic eruptions over the last 500 years, in: Climate since A.D. 1500, R.S. Bradley and P.D. Jones, eds, Routledge, London:606–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briffa, K.R., Jones, P.D., Schweingruber, F.H., and Osborn, T.J., 1998, Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years, Nature 393: 450–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brugmans, S.J., 1783, Natuurkundige Verhandeling over een zwavelagtigen nevel den 24 Juni 1783 in deprovincie van stad en lande en naburigen landen waargenomen,Groningen, 58 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brun, J.N., 1786, Johan Nordahl Bruns Prædiken paa Nyt-Aars Dag 1786, i Anledning av Collection for Island, Rasmus H. Dahl, Bergen, 16 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D., and Enzi, S., 1994, Chronology of ‘dry fogs’ in Italy, 1374–1891, Theor. and Appl. Climatol. 50: 31–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camuffo, D., and Enzi, S., 1995, Impact of the clouds of volcanic aerosols in Italy during the last 7 centuries, Nat. Hazards 11: 135–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, 1982, Yearly charts of Dryness/Wetness in China for the last 500-year Period,Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing:332 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowper, W., 1802, Poems, by William Cowper, Of the Inner Temple, Esq.,In two Volumes, A New Edition, London, Printed for J. Johnson, in St Paul’s Church-Yard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, T.J., 2000, Causes of climate changes over the past 1000 years, Science 289: 270–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daubrée, 1875, Chute de poussière observée sur une partie de la Suède et de la Norvège, dans la nuit du 29 au 30 mars 1875, d’après des Communications de MM. Nordenskiöld et Kjerulf, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Tome LXXX:994–996 and p. 1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G.R., 1996, The neo-hippocratic hypothesis–an integrated 18th century view on medicine, climate and environment, Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Dynamics and the Global Change Perspective, Cracow, October 17–20 1995: 515–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G.R., 1997, “De grote droge nevel” van 1783 in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden: een historisch-klimatologische studie, Tijdschrift voor Ecologische Geschiedenis 1:27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G.R., 1999, Annus mirabilis A.D. 1783: een kroniek van “merckenweerdigste voorvallen” langs de Schreve, in: Liber Amicorum R.A. Blondeau. Poperinge, Schoonaert:79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G.R., 2000, Giuseppe Toaldo and his contributions to 18th century meteorology, in: Atti dei convegno “Giuseppe Toaldo e il suo tempo, Nel bicentenario della morte, Scienze e lumi tra Veneto e Europa”, a cura di Luisa Pigatto, presentazione di Paolo Casini, Padova, 10–13 novembre 1997, Bertoncello Artigrafiche, p.645–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarée, G.R., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Zhang Deer, 1998, Comment on Stothers, R.B. “The great dry fog of 1783” (Climatic Change 32, 1996): Further documentary evidence of Northern Hemispheric coverage of the great dry fog of 1783, Climatic Change 39: 727–730.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, J.B., 1791, Versuch einer Naturgeschichte von Livland, entworfen von J.B. Fischer. Zweite vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Königsberg, bey Friedrich Nicolopius.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, P.Y., 1988, In the Wake of Etna, 44 B.C., Classical Antiquity Vol. 7/No. 1, University of California Press: 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, B., 1785, Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures, By Benjamin Franklin, LL.D.F.R.S. and Acad. Reg. Scient. Paris. Soc. andc. Communicated by Dr. Percival. Read December 22, 1784, Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society íi: 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, B., 1786, Idées and conjectures météorologiques, par M. B. Franklin, docteur ès loix, membre de la société royale de Londres, de l’académie royale des sciences de Paris. andc., andc., tirées des Mémoires de la Société Littéraire et Philosophique de Manchester, and récemment publiées en françois, Journal encyclopédique iv, Juin 1786: 493–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geikie, Sir A., 1893, Text-Book of Geology. Third edition, revised and enlarged. London, Macmillan and Co. and New York:1147 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, J.P., 1994, Acid damage to vegetation following the Laki fissure eruption in 1783–an historical review, The Science of the Total Environment 151: 241–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, J., 1998, The distal impact of Icelandic volcanic gases and aerosols in Europe: a review of the 1783 Laki Fissure eruption and environmental vulnerability in the late 20th century, in: Geohazards in Engineering Geology, J.G. Maund and M. Eddleston, eds, Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 15: 97–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, J., and Brayshay, M., 1995, An amazing and portentous summer: environmental and social responses in Britain to the 1783 eruption of an Iceland volcano, The Geographical Journal, 161(Part 2 ): 125–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, J., and Charman, D.J., 1994, Non-climatic factors and the environmental impact of volcanic volatiles: implications of the Laki fissure eruption of AD 1783, Holocene 4: 101–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grattan, J.P., and Gilbertson, D.D., 1994, Acid-loading from Icelandic tephra falling on acidified ecosystems as a key to understanding archeological and environmental stress in northern and western Britain, J. Archeol. Sci. 21: 851–859.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnlaugsson, G.A., Guóbergsson, G.M., Thórarinsson, S., Rafnsson, S., and Einarsson, Th., eds, 1984, Skaftdreldar 1783–1784. Ritgerdir og Heimildir. Mal og Menning, Reykjavik.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpert, M.S.; and Ropelewski, C.F., 1992, Surface temperature patterns associated with the Southern Oscillation, J. Climate 5: 577–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W., 1784, Relation des derniers Tremblements de Terre arrivés en Calabre et en Sicile, Envoyé à la Société Royale de Londres, Genève.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harington, C.R., ed., 1992, The Year Without a Summer; World Climate in 1816, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helland, A., 1882/1884, Islændingen Sveinn Pâlssons beskrivelser of islandske vulkaner og bræer, Den Norske Turistforeningens Arbok for 1882:19–79; for 1884: 27–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helland, A., 1886, Lakis kratere og lavaströmme. Universitetsprogram for 2det semester 1885. Kristiania. Trykt i Centraltrykkeriet, 40 p. + 1 Kart and Planches.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmer, 1785, Vaporis anni 1783 succincta historia. Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae. Observationes Anni 1783. Manheimii, Prostant apud C.Fr. Schwan, bibliopolam aulicum:57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, E., 1819, Iceland; or the Journal of a Residence in that Island, during the Years 1814 and 1815, Containing Observations on the natural Phenomena, History, Literature, and Antiquities of the Island; and the Religion, Character, Manners, and Customs of its Inhabitants, With an Introduction and Appendix, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hippocrates, 1800, Traité d’Hippocrate. Des Airs, des Eaux et des Lieux; Traduction nouvelle, Avec le texte grec collationné sur deux manuscrits, des notes critiques, historiques and médicales, un discours préliminaire, un tableau comparatif des vents anciens and modernes, une carte géographique, and les index nécessaires, Par CORAY, Paris, clxxx: 170–484 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, S.M., 1784a, Om Jordbranden paa Island i Aaret 1783, Peder Horrebow, Kobenhavn, 80 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, S.M., 1784b, Vom Erdbrande auf Island im Jahr 1783. Durch S.M. Holm, S.S. Theol. Cand. Aus den Dänischen übersetzt mit zwey Landkarten erläutert, E.G. Prost, Universitets Buchhändler, Kopenhagen, 94 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, S.M., 1785, De incendio terrae in Islandia anno 1783, Autore S.M. Holmio, S.. Theologicae Candidato. (Monitum Traductoris Latini, Hemmer, p. 689) Ephemerides Societatis Meteorologicae Palatinae. Observationes Anni 1783, Manheimii, Prostant apud C.Fr. Schwan, bibliopolam aulicum: 689–694.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, S.M., 1799, Account of a remarkable Eruption from the Earth in Iceland, in the Year 1783. By S.M. Holm, S.S. Theol. Cand. The Philosophical Magazine: Comprehending the various Branches of Science, the liberal and fine Arts, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, by Alexander Tilloch. London, Vol. III, March 1799: 113–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, W.J., 1813, Journal of a Tour in Iceland in the Summer of 1809,Longman et al.,London, 2 Volumes. Ingram, M.J., Farmer, G. and Wigley, T.M.L., 1981, Past climates and their impact on Man: a review, in: Climate and History,T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram and G. Farmer, eds, Cambridge University Press:3–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, E.L., 1982, The Laki Eruption of 1783: impacts on population and settlement in Iceland, Geography 67: 42–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby, G.C., Workman, K.W., and D’Arrigo, R.D., 1999, Laki eruption of 1783, tree rings, and disaster for northwest Alaska Inuit. Quat. Sci. Revs. 18: 1365–1371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R., and Schweingruber, F.H., 1995, Tree-ring evidence of the widespread effects of explosive volcanic eruptions, Geophys. Res. Letts. 22 (11): 1333–1336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalela-Brundin, M., 1996, The narrow ring of 1784 in tree-ring series of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in southwest Norway - a possible result of volcanic eruptions in Iceland, in: Holocene Treeline Oscillations, Dendrochronology and Palaeoclimate, Burkhard Frenzel, ed., ESF Project European Palaeoclimate and Man 13, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz. ESF, Strasbourg:107–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kington, J.A., 1980, July 1783: the warmest month in the Central England temperature series, Climate Monitor 9 (No. 3): 69–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz, K., 1998, See Steingrímsson, J. 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lamanon, 1784, Vues sur la nature et l’origine du brouillard qui a eu lieu cette année, Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique, sur l’Histoire naturelle, et sur les Arts et Métiers. Janvier, 1784,Tome XXIV:8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lamanon, 1784, Nieuwe gedagten, over den aart en oorsprong der zeldzaamen nevels, in den jaare MDCCLXXXIII. (Door den Ridder de Lamanon.),Algemeene vaderlandsche letter-oefeningen, Zesde Deels, Tweede Stuk, Amsterdam:296–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lamanon, 1799, Observations on the Nature of the Fog of 1783, The Philosophical Magazine: Comprehending the various Branches of Science, the liberal and fine Arts, Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, by Alexander Tilloch. London, Vol. V: 80–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, H.H., 1970, Volcanic dust in the atmosphere: with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Series A, 266: 425–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de la Lande, 1783, Lettre sur l’état actuel de l’Atmosphère. Aux auteurs du Journal. Journal de Paris, Numéro 182, Mardi 1er Juillet 1783: 762–763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapi, G., 1783, Sulla caligine del corrente anno 1783. E sulla vigorosa vegetazione e fertilità delle piante del suddetto anno. Congetture di Giovanni Lapi Mugellano già publico lettor di Botanica or Direttore del giardino dei Georgofili di Firenze. Firenze, XIV + 90 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldà, Rafael d’Amat i de Cortada, Baron de, 1988, Calaix de Sastre, Volum I, 1769–1791. Biblioteca Torres Amat. Selecció i edició a cura de Ramon Boixareu, Pòrtic de Jaume Sobrequés. Curial Ediciones Catalanes, Barcelona, 296 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikami, T., 1982, Structure of famines - an example of Tenmei famine, Chiri 27(12):51–57 (in Japanese). Mikami, T., and Tsukamura, Y., 1992, The climate of Japan in 1816 as compared with an extremely cool summer climate in 1783, in: The Year without a Summer? World Climate in 1816,C.R. Harington, ed., Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa:576 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, H., 1877, Askeregnen den 29de-30te Marts 1875, Naturen:152–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohn, H., 1877/78, Askeregnen den 29de-30te Marts 1875, Forhandlinger i Videnskabelige Selskabet i Kristiania,Kristiania 10:1–12 (med Kort).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mourgue de Montredon, M., 1784, Recherches Sur l’origine and sur la nature des Vapeurs qui ont régné dans l’Atmosphère pendant l’été de 1783, Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique pour l’Année 1781, Imprimerie Royale, Paris: 754–773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordenskiöld, A.E., 1876, Distant transport of volcanic dust, The Geological Magazine or, Monthly Journal of Geology: with which is incorporated “The Geologist”, edited by Henry Woodward, New Series Decade II. Vol. III, January-December 1876: 292–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A.E.J., 1986, The climate of Iceland, 1701–1784, Jökull, 36: 57–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie, A.E.J., 1992, 1816 - a year without a summer in Iceland?, in: The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816, C. R. Harington, ed., Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pingré, A.G., 1784, Précis du mémoire sur l’isle qui a paru en 1783, au sud-ouest de l’Islande, lu par M. Pingré, dans la séance publique de l’académie royale des sciences de Paris, tenue le 12 Novembre dernier, Journal encyclopédique ou universel Tome I, Partie I, Bouillon: 116–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Poederlé, M. le baron, 1784, Précis des observations météorologiques faites à Bruxelles pendant l’année 1783, L’Esprit des Journaux, françois et Ètrangers, Tome V, Paris: 326–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius, J.C., 1785, EXTRACTS Das observaçííes Meteorologicas feitas em Lisboa nos annos 1783, e 1784 por Jacob Chrysostomo Pretorias, Socio da Academia Real das Sciencias. Almanach para o anno de MCCCLXXXV. Lisboa, Officina Academia Real dos Sciencias: 267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvà, F., 1783, Memoria del Dr. Salvà en las tablas meteorológicas, Aßo1783, Archivo Real Academia de Medicina de Barcelona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robock, A. 2000, Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev.Geophys., 38: 191–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robock, A., and Free, M., 1995, Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present, J. Geophys. Res. 100(D6):11, 549–11, 567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robock, A., and Mao, J., 1995, The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations, J. Climate 8 (5): 1086–1103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santer, B.D., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P., and Anyamba, E., 1996, Detection of climate change and attribution of causes, in: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group Ito the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg A., and Maskell, K., eds, Cambridge University Press, New York:407–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S.H., 1983, Volcanic dust veils and climate. How clear is the connection ? An editorial, Climatic Change 5: 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, Johann Georg Gottlob (s.d.) Kanzelvortrag an dem II. Sonntag nach Trinitatis 1783. Vom Ausserordentlichen der Witterung (vom 16ten Junius bis auf den Tag da die Predigt gehalten wurde, nämlich den 29ten gedachten Monats) Lauterbach, 8-vo, 40 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Self, S., and Rampino, M.R., 1988, The relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change: still a conundrum, EOS 69(6): 7475, 85–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Self, S., Rampino, M.R., and Barbera, J.J., 1981, The possible effects of large 19th and 20th century volcanic eruptions on zonal and hemispheric surface temperatures, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res. 11: 41–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steingrímsson, J., 1973, Æfisagan og Önnur Rit., K. Albertsson, ed., Helgafell, Reykjavik.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steingrímsson, J., 1998, Fires of the Earth. The Laki Eruption 1783–1784 by the Rev. Jón Steingrímsson. Introduction by Dr Gu3undur E. Sigvaldason. English translation by Keneva Kunz. University of Iceland Press and the Nordic Volcanological Institute, Reykjavík.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephensen, M., 1786a, Magnus Stephensens Beschreibung des Ausbruches eines neuen Vulkans im Vestriskaftafells-Syssla im Jahre 1783, in: [C.U.D. von Eggers] Philosophische Schilderung der gegenwärtigen Verfassung von Island, nebst Stephensens zuverlässiger Beschreibung des Erdbrandes im Jahre 1783 und anderen authentischen Beylagen. Mit einer neuen Charte dieses Landes und Zweyen Kuphertafeln. Altona, gedruckt von J.D.A. Eckhardt, Kön. Dän. Priv. Buchdr., Leipzig in Commission bey J.S. Heinzius, p. 307–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephensen, M. 1786b, Nachricht von den schrecklichen Unglücksfällen, welche Island in dem Jahre 1783 und 1784 betroffen haben. Hannoverisches Magazin, 14“5 Stück, c. 218–224, 15tes Stück (Schluss), c. 225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephensen, M., 1808, Island i det Attende Aarhundrede, historisk-politisk skildret. KjObenhavn,Johan Rudolph Thiele:451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stommel, H., and Stommel, E., 1979, The year without a summer. Sci. Amer. 240, 6, p. 134–140. Stothers, R.B., 1996, The great dry fog of 1783, Climatic Change 32: 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stothers, R.B., 1998, Far reach of the tenth century Eldgjä eruption, Iceland, Climatic Change 39:715–726. Stothers, R.B., and Rampino, M.R., 1983, Volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean before A.D. 630, from written and archeological sources. J . Geophys. Res. 88 (B8): 6357–6371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sydenham, Th., 1749, Thomae Sydenham med. Doct. Ac practici londinensis Celeberrimi Opera medica; in Tomos duos divisa. Editio Novissima… Genevae, Apud Fratres de Tournes. Tomus primus, 711 p., Tomus secundus, 496 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tett, S.F.B., Stott, P.A., Allen, M.R., Ingram, W.J., and Mitchell, J.F.B., 1999. Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the Earth’s surface, Nature 399: 569–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thórarinsson, SigurOur, 1967, Surtsey, The New Island in the North Atlantic, Viking Press, New York, 47 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thórarinsson, S., 1969, The Lakagfgar eruption of 1783, Bull. Volcanologique 33, Fasc. 3: 910–929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thórarinsson, S., 1979, On the damage caused by volcanic eruptions with special reference to tephra and gases, in: Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology, P.D. Sheets and D.K. Grayson, eds, Academic ress:125–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thórarinsson, S., 1981, Greetings from Iceland. Ash-falls and volcanic aerosols in Scandinavia, Geografiska Annaler 63A (3–4): 109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thordarson, Th., and Self, S., 1993, The Laki (Skaftär Fires) and Grfmsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785, Bull. Volcano!. 55: 233–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoroddsen, Th., 1879, De vulkanske Udbrud paa Island i Aaret 1783. (Hermed Tavle V.). Sxrtryk of Geografisk Tidskrift, Kjobenhavn, Hoffensberg and Traps Etabl., 16 p. + Kaart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoroddsen, Th., 1882, Oversigt over de islandske Vulkaners Historie. Hermed to Kort over Hekla-Partiet og Island. (Avec un résumé en français) Kj0benhavn. Bianco Lunos, 170 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoroddsen, Th., 1925, Die Geschichte der Isländischen Vulkane (nach einem hinterlassenen Manuskript) Mit 5 Tafeln. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidensk og Mathem. Afd. 8. Rekke, IX, Kobenhavn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toaldo, G., 1784, Observations météorologiques faites a Padoue au mois de Juin 1783; Avec une Dissertation sur le Brouillard extraordinaire qui a régné durant ce temps-la; Traduites de l’Italien de M. Toaldo, and accompagnées de nouvelles Vues sur l’origine de ce Brouillard, de l’Académie de Turin; Par M. le Chevallier de Lamanon, Correspondant de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris. Observations sur la Physique, Janvier 1784, Tome XXIV: 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Geuns, 1784, De Heerschende Persloop, andc. Recherches sur la Dysenterie Epidémique qui a regné pendant trois ans and surtout en 1783 dans la Province de Gueldre, particulièrement dans le Quartier de Veluwe. Harderwijk and Amsterdam, Nooyen and Holtrop, in: Nouvelle Bibliothèque Belgique Tome VI, La Haye:380–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasey, D.E., 1991, Population, agriculture, and famine: Iceland, 1784–1785, Human Ecol. 19 (3): 323–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasey, D.E., 1997, Dear King, Please send at least six Ships each Year: Contagion, Sickness and Death Optional, Unpublished manuscript, NABO meeting, Reykjavík, Island, August 1997, 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasey, D.E., 2001, Vasey, D.E.: 2001, A quantitative assessment of buffers among temperature variations, livestock and the human population of Iceland, 1784–1900, Climatic Change 48, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Hoff, K.E.A., 1840/1841, Geschichte der durch Überlieferung nachgewiesenen natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche. Chronik der Erdbeben und Vulcan-Ausbrüche. Mit vorausgehender Abhandlung, ber die Natur dieser Erscheinungen. Erster Theil. Vom Jahre 3460 vor, bis 1759 unserer Zeitrechnung. Zweiter Theil. Vom Jahre 1760 bis 1805, und von 1821 bis 1832 n. Chr. Geburt. Gotha, Justus Perthes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedeburg, J.E.B., 1784, Ueber die Erdbeben und den allgemeinen Nebel 1783. 1) Geschichte der Erdbeben 2) Muthmassungen dar, ber 3) Vorschläge sie zu verh,ten 4) Geschichte des Nebels 5) Muthmassungen, ber denselben von Johann Ernst Basilius Wiedeburg. Jena bey den Verfasser und in Commission der Eunoischen Hof, Buchhandlung, 86 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T.M.L., 1996, A millennium of climate, Earth, December 1996: 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T.M.L., 2000, ENSO, volcanoes and record-breaking temperatures (Submitted to Geophys. Res. Letts.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, T.M.L., and Santer, B.D., 2000, Differential ENSO and volcanic effects on surface and tropospheric temperatures (Submitted to J . Climate).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, C.A., 1992, Climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption, in: The Year without a Summer? World Climate in 1816, C.R. Harington, ed., Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa 1992: 58–77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Meteorological Institute, Ringlaan 3, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium

    G. R. Demarée

  2. INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Campus Box 450, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0450, USA

    A. E. J. Ogilvie

Authors
  1. G. R. Demarée
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. E. J. Ogilvie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

    P. D. Jones  & K. R. Briffa  & 

  2. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

    A. E. J. Ogilvie

  3. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

    T. D. Davies

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Demarée, G.R., Ogilvie, A.E.J. (2001). Bons Baisers d’Islande: Climatic, Environmental, and Human Dimensions Impacts of the Lakagígar Eruption (1783–1784) in Iceland. In: Jones, P.D., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Davies, T.D., Briffa, K.R. (eds) History and Climate. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3365-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3365-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3361-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3365-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation