Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora pp 177–221Cite as

The intestinal microflora and inflammatory bowel disease

  • Chapter

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe three conditions, Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and nonspecific colitis. The latter condition may be an intermediate form of the other two and is a common form of IBD in children. Both CD and UC are chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders of the intestine and in this respect differ from self-limited inflammation caused by infections or toxins. They are also distinct from more recently recognized milder forms of chronic inflammation called microscopic colitis, which comes in at least two varieties known as lymphocytic and collagenous colitis (Kingham, 1991). Microscopic colitis and inflammation caused by ischaemia or therapeutic radiation will not be discussed, even though the intestinal bacterial microflora may play an important role in these conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aluwihare, A. P. R. (1971) Electron microscopy in Crohn’s disease. Gut, 12, 509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, N. S., Johnson, M., Burdon, D. W. et al. (1984) Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal serosa during Crohn’s disease surgery. British Journal of Surgery, 71, 623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R. P., Woodhouse, A. F., Myers, D. B. et al. (1987) Hepatobiliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of bacterial chemotactic peptide (FMLP) in the rat. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2, 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anton, P. A., Targan, S. R. and Shanahan, F. (1989) Increased neutrophil receptors for and response to proinflammatory bacterial peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 97, 20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baca-Estrada, M., Wong, D. and Croitoni, K. (1995) Cytotoxic activity of Vß8+ T cells in Crohn’s disease: the role of bacterial superantigens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 99, 398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, G., Hudson, M., Priddle, J. et al. (1987) Colonic bacterial proteases to IgA1 and sIgA in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut, 28, 186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. I. and Jewell, D. P. (1991) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA cannot be detected in Crohn’s disease tissues. Gastroenterology, 100, A611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsheim, M. R., Darwish, R. Z., Watson, W. C. et al. (1983) Bacterial L-form isolation from inflammatory bowel disease patients. Gastroenterology, 85, 364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benno, P., Leijonmarck, C. E., Monsen, U. et al. (1993) Functional alterations of the microflora in patients with ulcerative colitis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 28, 839.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaser, M. J., Hoverson, D., Ely, I. G. et al. (1984) Studies of Campylobacter jejuni in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 86, 33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blichfeldt, P., Blomhoff, J. P., Myhre, E. et al. (1978) Metronidazole in Crohn’s disease. A double blind cross-over clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 13, 123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandwein, S., McCabe, R., Ridwan, B. et al. (1994) Immunologic reactivity of colitic C3H/HeJBir mice to enteric bacteria. Gastroenterology, 106, A656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandwein, S., McCabe, R., Ridwan, B. et al. (1995) Spontaneously colitic C3H/ HeJBir mice demonstrate antibody reactivity to isolated colonies of enteric bacteria. Gastroenterology, 108, 787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M. S., Cornell, D. G., Dulhy, R. A. et al. (1986) Conformations of signal peptides induced by lipids suggests initial steps in protein export. Science, 233, 206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, B. N. (1956) Outcome of surgery for ulcerative colitis. Lancet, ii, 532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom, M. F., Sherriff, R. M., Tate, W. P. et al. (1989) Partial purification and characterisation of a formyl-methionine deformylase from rat small intestine. Biochemical Journal, 257, 51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broom, M. F., Sherriff, R. M., Munster, D. et al. (1992) Identification of formyl MetLeu-Phe in culture filtrates of Helicobacter pylori. Microbios, 72, 239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broom, M., Sherriff, R., Ferry, D. et al. (1993) Formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine and the SOS operon in Escherichia coli: a model of host—bacterial interaction. Biochemical Journal, 291, 895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. R. and Lee, E. (1974) Radioimmunological measurements of bacterial antibodies. Human serum antibodies reactive with Bacteroides fragilis and enterococcus in gastrointestinal and immunological disorders. Gastroenterology, 66, 1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunello, F., Pera, A., Martini, S. et al. (1991) Antibodies to Mycobacterium para-tuberculosis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 36, 1741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D. and Axon, A. (1988) Adhesive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease and infective diarrhoea. British Medical Journal, 297, 102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D., Axon, A., Clayden, S. et al. (1990) The efficacy of tobramycin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4, 123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, P. D., McFadden, J. J. and Hermon-Taylor, J. (1988) Investigation of mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease tissue by Southern blotting and DNA hybridisation with cloned mycobacterial genomic DNA probes from a Crohn’s disease isolated mycobacteria. Gut, 29, 1222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, V. S., Mellor, D. M., Myers, D. B. et al. (1988) Production of peptides inducing chemotaxis and lysosomal enzyme release in human neutrophils by intestinal bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 23, 121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, L., Stelle, J., Rodrigues, C. et al. (1988) Specificity of antibodies secreted by hybridomas generated from activated B cells in the mesenteric lymphnodes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 29, 35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, M., Grahn, M., Boyle, M. et al. (1994) Butyrate oxidation is impaired in the colonic mucosa of sufferers of quiescent ulcerative colitis. Gut, 35, 73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, J. F., Ross, J. S., Malt, R. A. et al. (1985) Acute colitis produced by chemotactic peptides in rats and mice. American Journal of Pathology, 121, 284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini, R. J., van Kruiningen, H. J. and Merkal, R. S. (1984) Ruminant para-tuberculosis (John’s disease). The current status and future prospects. Cornell Veterinarium, 74, 218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini, R. J., van Kruiningen, H. J., Thayer, W. R. et al. (1984) Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 29, 1073.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiodini, R. J., van Kruiningen, H. J., Thayer, W. R. et al. (1986) Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 24, 357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cong, Y., Brandwein, S., McCabe, R. et al. (1995) Th1 response to enteric bacteria in colitic C3H/HeJBir mice. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 76 (Suppl.), S44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, E. (1967) A quantitative comparison of the faecal flora of patients with ulcerative colitis and that of normal persons. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 9, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, E. M., Ewins, S. P., Gywel-Jones, J. et al. (1974) Properties of strains of Escherichia coli carried in different phases of ulcerative colitis. Gut, 15, 143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, H., Hoang, P. and Jewell, D. (1992) Antigen induced suppression in peripheral blood and lamina propria mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 33, 324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, U., Kreutzer, D. L., Showell, H. et al. (1979) Acute inflammatory pulmonary reactions induced by chemotactic factors. American Journal of Pathology, 96, 71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchmann, R., Kaiser, I., Hermann, E. et al. (1995) Tolerance exists towards resident intestinal flora but is broken in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 102, 448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duchmann, R., Schmitt, E., Knolle, P. et al. (1996) Tolerance towards resident intestinal flora in mice is abrogated in experimental colitis and restored by treatment with interleukin-10 or antibodies to interleukin-12. European Journal of Immunology, 26, 934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, E. C., Bhat, B. D., Liu, S. et al. (1991) Induction of suppressor cells by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 83, 320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edmiston, J. C. E., Avant, G. R. and Wilson, F. A. (1982) Anaerobic bacterial populations on normal and diseased human biopsy tissue obtained at colonoscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 43, 1173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, A. and Adami, H.-O. (1992) The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease, in Current Topics in Gastroenterology. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (eds R. P. MacDermott and W. F. Stenson ), Elsevier, New York, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, A., Adami, H.-O., Helmick, C. G. et al. (1990) Perinatal risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-controlled study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, A., Helmick, C., Zack, M. et al. (1991) The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a large population-based study in Sweden. Gastroenterology, 100, 350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekbom, A., Wakefield, A., Zack, M. et al. (1994) Perinatal measles infection and subsequent Crohn’s disease. Lancet, 344, 508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsaghier, A., Prantera, C., Moreno, C. et al. (1992) Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis — specific protein antigens in Crohn’s disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 90, 503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elson, C., Sartor, R., Tennyson, G. et al. (1995) Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 109, 1344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabia, R., Ar’Rajab, A., Johansson, M. L. et al. (1993) Impairment of bacterial flora in human ulcerative colitis and experimental colitis in the rat. Digestion, 54, 248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry, D. M., Butt, T. J., Broom, M. F. et al. (1989) Bacterial chemotactic oligopeptides and the intestinal mucosal barrier. Gastroenterology, 97, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, P. C., Suin de Boutemard, C. and Haeckel, R. (1988) Endotoxaemia in patients with Crohn’s disease: a longitudinal study of elastase/alphal-proteinase inhibitor and limulus-amoebocyte-lysate reactivity. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 26, 117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiocchi, C., Battisto, J. R. and Farmer, R. G. (1981) Studies on isolated gut mucosal lymphocytes in inflammatory bowel disease. Detection of activated T-cells and enhanced proliferation to Staphylococcus aureus and lipopolysaccharides. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 26, 728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, M. P. and Gallin, J. I. (1983) Human neutrophils contain an intracellular pool of putative receptors for the chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine. Blood, 62, 792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallin, J. I. and Seligmann, B. E. (1984) Mobilization and adaptation of human neutrophil chemoattractant fMet-Leu-Phe receptors. Federation Proceedings, 43, 2732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, H. and Matsumoto, K. (1974) The escape of endotoxin from the intestine. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 139, 395.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J P., Melnick, D. A. and Malech, H. L. (1986) Characterization of the formyl-peptide chemotactic receptor appearing at the phagocytic cell surface after exposure to phorbol myristate acetate. Journal of Immunology,136 1400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giaffer, M. H., Holdsworth, C. D. and Duerden, B. I. (1991) The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by a simplified bacteriological technique. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 35, 238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, P. H., McCarthy, L. R. and Genta, V. W. (1981) Relative frequency of Clostridium difficile in patients with diarrheal disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 14, 26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitnick, G., Collins, J., Beaman, B. et al. (1989) Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn’s disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 34, 925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, M. J., Pearson, K. W., McGhie, D. et al. (1980) Campylobacter and Giardia lamblia causing exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet, ii, 1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbach, S., Nahas, L., Plaut, A. et al. (1968) Studies of intestinal microflora—fecal microbial ecology in ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis: relationship to severity of disease and chemotherapy. Gastroenterology, 54, 575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D. Y., Markesich, D. C. and Yoshimura, H. H. (1987) Mycobacteria and inflammatory bowel disease. Results of culture. Gastroenterology, 92, 436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granger, D. N., Zimmerman, B. J., Sekizuka, E. et al. (1988) Intestinal microvascular exchange in the rat during luminal perfusion with formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine. Gastroenterology, 94, 673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, E. P., Tizard, M. L., Moss, M. T. et al. (1989) Sequence and characteristics of 15900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn’s disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 9063.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield, C., Aguilar Ramirez, J. R., Pounder, R. E. et al. (1983) Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 24, 713.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillemot, F., Colombel, J. F., Neut, C. et al. (1991) Treatment of diversion colitis by short chain fatty acids: prospective and double-blind study. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 34, 861.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiot, H. F. L., van den Broek, P. J., van der Meer, J. W. M. et al. (1983) Selective antimicrobial modulation of the intestinal flora of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 147, 615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, R. E., Maika, S. D., Richardson, J. A. et al. (1990) Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27-associated human disorders. Cell, 63, 1099.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, P., Truelove, S., Lee, E. et al. (1983) Split ileostomy and ileocolostomy for Crohn’s disease of the colon and ulcerative colitis: a 20 year survey. Gut, 24, 106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, P. H., Lee, E. C. G., Kettlewell, M. G. W. et al. (1985) Role of the faecal stream in the maintenance of Crohn’s colitis. Gut, 26, 279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, M. G., Hudson, M. J., Swarbrick, E. T. et al. (1993) Adhesive and hydrophobic properties of Escherichia coli from the rectal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut, 34, 63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermon-Taylor, J. (1993) Causation of Crohn’s disease: the impact of clusters (editorial). Gastroenterology, 104, 643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, C. H., Butt, T. J., Ferry, D. M. et al. (1988) Enterohepatic circulation of bacterial chemotactic peptide in rats with experimental colitis. Gastroenterology, 94, 1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, C. H., Roberts, E. C., Broom, M. F. et al. (1990) Radio-immunoassay for formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine. I. Development and application to assessment of chemotactic peptide production by enteric bacteria. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 5, 32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, H. J. F., Wands, J. R. and Isselbacher, K. J. (1978) Decreased suppressor cell activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 32, 451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeksma, A. and Winkler, K. C. (1963) The normal flora of the nose in twins. Acta Leidensia, 32, 123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdleman, L. V., Good, I. J. and Moore, W. E. C. (1976) Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 31, 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horing, E., Gopfert, D., Schroter, G. et al. (1991) Frequency and spectrum of microorganisms isolated from biopsy specimens in chronic colitis. Endoscopy, 23, 325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugot, J. P., Laurent-Puig, P., Gower-Rousseau, C. et al. (1996) Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn’s disease on chromosome 16. Nature, 379, 821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, J. P. and Lowes, J. R. (1995) Potential role of superantigen induced activation of cell mediated immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (review). Gut, 36, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, J. P., Pease, P. E. and Allan, R. N. (1987a) Cell-wall deficient bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, J. P., Pease, P. E. and Allan, R. N. (1987b) Serological studies in Crohn’s disease. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, 286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibbotson, J., Lowes, J., Chahal, H. et al. (1992) Mucosal cell-mediated immunity to mycobacterial, enterobacterial and other microbial antigens in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 87, 224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • lizuka, M., Nakagomi, O., Chiba, M. et al. (1995) Absence of measles virus in Crohn’s disease. Lancet, 345, 660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, M. and Halegova, S. (1980) Secretion and membrane localization of proteins in Escherichia coli. CRC Critical Reviews in Biology, 7, 339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. E. W. and Wirostko, W. (1989) Crohn’s disease uveitis — parasitization of vitreous leukocytes by mollicute-like organisms. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 91, 259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaulfersch, W., Fiocchi, C. and Waldmann, T. A. (1988) Polyclonal nature of the intestinal mucosal lymphocyte populations in inflammatory bowel disease. A molecular genetic evaluation of the immunoglobulin and T-cell antigen receptors. Gastroenterology, 95, 364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keighley, M., Arabi, Y., Dimock, F. et al. (1978) Influence of inflammatory bowel disease on intestinal microflora. Gut, 19, 1099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. U. and Sorkin, E. (1967) Studies on chemotaxis. V: On the chemotactic effect of bacteria. International Archives of Allergy, 31, 505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, C. J., Ingoldby, C. J. H:, Blenkharn, J. I. et al. (1985) Colonoscopy related endotoxemia. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics, 161, 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D. G., Phillips, S. F., Kelly, K. A. et al. (1983) Dysfunction of the continent ileostomy: clinical features and bacteriology. Gut, 24, 193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingham, J. G. (1991) Microscopic colitis (review). Gut, 32, 234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koletzko, S., Griffiths, A., Corey, M. et al. (1991) Infant feeding practices and ulcerative colitis in childhood. British Medical Journal, 302, 1580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotani, S., Tsujimoto, M., Koga, T. et al. (1986) Chemical structure and biological activity relationship of bacterial cell walls and muramyl peptides. Federation Proceedings, 45, 2534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuzpaintner, G., Horstkotte, D., Heyll, A. et al. (1992) Increased risk of bacterial endocarditis in inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Medicine, 92, 391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, R., Lohler, J., Rennick, D. et al. (1993) Interleukin-l0-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell, 75, 263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laffineur, G., Lescut, D., Vincent, P. et al. (1992) Translocation bacterienne dans la maladie de Crohn. Gastroenterology and Clinical Biology, 16, 777.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeDuc, L. E. and Nast, C. C. (1990) Chemotactic peptide-induced acute colitis in rabbits. Gastroenterology, 98, 989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., van Kruiningen, H. J., West, A. B. et al. (1995) Immunocytochemical evidence of Listeria, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus antigens in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 108, 1396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luukkonen, P., Valtonen, V., Sivonen, A. et al. (1988) Fecal bacteriology and reservoir ileitis in patients operated on for ulcerative colitis. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 31, 864.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden, J. J. and Seechurn, P. (1992) Mycobacteria and Crohn’s disease. Molecular approaches, in Current Topics in Gastroenterology. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (eds R. P. MacDermott and W. F. Stenson ), Elsevier, New York, p. 259.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden, J. J., Butcher, P. D., Chiodini, R. et al. (1987) Crohn’s disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 25, 796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGarity, B. H., Robertson, D. A. F., Clarke, I. N. et al. (1991) Deoxyribonucleic acid amplification and hybridisation in Crohn’s disease using a chlamydial plasmid probe. Gut, 32, 1011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson, A., Khoo, U. Y., Forgacs, I. et al. (1996) Mucosal antibodies in

    Google Scholar 

  • inflammatory bowel disease are directed against intestinal bacteria. Gut,38 365. Madden, M. V., Farthing, M. J. G. and Nicholls, R. J. (1990) Inflammation in ileal reservoirs: ‘pouchitis’. Gut,31 247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marasco, W. A., Phan, S. H., Krutzsch, H. et al. (1984) Purification and identification of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine as the major peptide neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259, 5430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markesich, D. C., Graham, D. Y. and Yoshimura, H. H. (1988) Progress in culture and subculture of spheroplasts and fastidious acid-fast bacilli isolated from intestinal tissues. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26, 1600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, N., Mayberry, J. F., Rhodes, J. et al. (1980) Agglutinins to bacteria in Crohn’s disease. Gut, 21, 376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, D. M., Myers, D. B. and Chadwick, V. S. (1986) The cored sponge model of in vivo leucocyte chemotaxis. Agents and Actions, 18, 550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, A. M. and Phillips, S. F. (1986) Ileostomy diarrhoea. Clinics in Gastroenterology, 15, 705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, D., Ford, J., Sanderson, J. et al. (1996) IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 3446–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, A., Amaya, Y. and Mori, M. (1986) A metalloprotease involved in the processing of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 134, 1151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, K., Hoshino, M., Hayakawa, T. et al. (1996) Uncoupling of biliary lipid from bile acid secretion by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in the rats. Hepatology, 24, 1224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mombaerts, P., Mizoguchi, E., Grusby, M. et al. (1993) Spontaneous development of inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell, 75, 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, C., Keenan, J., Munster, D. et al. (1991) Neutrophil activation by Helicobacter pylori. Gut, 32, 853.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M., Sanderson, J., Tizard, M. et al. (1992) Polymerase chain reaction detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp silvaticum in long term cultures from Crohn’s disease and control tissues. Gut, 33, 1209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, A., Oliaro, J., Schlup, M. et al. (1995) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and inflammatory bowel disease: frequency distribution in serial colonoscopic biopsies. Microbios, 83, 217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, S., Mikawa, M., Nakashio, S. et al. (1981) Isolation of Clostridium difficile from feces and the antibody sera of young and elderly adults. Microbiology and Immunology, 25, 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neut, C., Colombel, J. F., Guillemot, F. et al. (1989) Impaired bacterial flora in human excluded colon. Gut, 30, 1094.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, J. P., Hare, D. K., McDevitt, J. J. et al. (1977) In vitro studies of intestinal endotoxin absorption. I. Kinetics of absorption in the isolated everted gut sac. Gastroenterology, 72, 434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novak, P., Ray, P. H. and Dev, I. K. (1986) Localization and purification of two enzymes from Escherichia coli capable of hydrolyzing a signal peptide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, P. R., Rankin, D. R., Weiland, L. H. et al. (1986) Enteric bacteriology, absorption, morphology and emptying after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. British Journal of Surgery, 73, 909.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkusa, T., Okayasu, I., Tokoi, S. et al. (1993) Bacterial invasion into the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 8, 116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okayasu, I., Hatakeyama, S., Yamada, M. et al. (1990) A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. Gastroenterology, 98, 694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olafsson, P., Nylander, G. and Olsson, P. (1986) Endotoxin: route of transport in experimental peritonitis. American Journal of Surgery, 151, 443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onderdonk, A. (1985) Experimental models for ulcerative colitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 30, 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onderdonk, A. B. and Bartlett, J. G. (1979) Bacteriological studies of experimental ulcerative colitis. American Journal of Nutrition, 32, 258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onderdonk, A. B., Franklin, M. L. and Cisneros, R. L. (1981) Production of experimental ulcerative colitis in gnotobiotic guinea pigs with simplified micro-flora. Infection and Immunity, 32, 225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parent, K. and Mitchell, P. (1978) Cell wall-defective variants of pseudomonas-like (group Va) bacteria in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 75, 368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavli, P., Cavanaugh, J. and Grimm, M. (1996) Inflammatory bowel disease: germs or genes (comment)? Lancet, 347, 1198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peach, S., Lock, M. R., Katz, D. et al. (1978) Mucosal-associated bacterial flora of the intestine in patients with Crohn’s disease and in a control group. Gut, 19, 1034.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipson, B., Brandberg, A., Jagenburg, R. et al. (1975) Mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and absorption in intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoir. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 10, 145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. F. (1987) Biological effects of a reservoir at the end of the small bowel. World Journal of Surgery, 11, 763.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher, M. and Cummings, J. H. (1996) Hydrogen sulphide: a bacterial toxin in ulcerative colitis? Gut, 39, 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posnett, D. N., Schmelkin, I., Burton, D. A. et al. (1990) T cell antigen receptor V gene usage: increases in V138+ T cells in Crohn’s disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 85, 1770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rath, H. C., Herfarth, H. H., Ikeda, J. S. et al. (1996) Normal luminal bacteria, especially bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in HLA-B27/human beta2 microglobulin transgenic rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 98, 945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, J. B. and Kirsner, J. B. (1965) The early and late course of patients with ulcerative colitis after ileostomy and colectomy. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 121, 1303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, A. and Asano, T. (1977) Resistance of germ free rats to indomethacininduced intestinal lesions. Prostaglandins, 14, 331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roediger, W. E. W. (1980) Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut, 21, 793.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roediger, W. E. (1993) Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 104, 802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roediger, W. E. W., Heyworth, M., Willoughby, P. et al. (1982) Luminal ions and short chain fatty acids as markers of functional activity of the mucosa in ulcerative colitis. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 35, 323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M. J., Moore, R. and Cohen, J. (1985) The relationship between faecal endotoxin and faecal microflora of the C57BL. Journal of Hygiene, 95, 397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rot, A., Henderson, L. E. and Leonard, E. J. (1986) Staphylococcus aureus-derived chemoattractant activity for human monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 40, 43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rot, A., Henderson, L. E., Sowder, R. et al. (1989) Staphylococcus aureus tetrapeptide with high chemotactic potency and efficacy for human leukocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 45, 114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowbotham, D. S., Mapstone, N. P., Trejdosiewicz, L. K. et al. (1995) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis DNA not detected in Crohn’s disease tissue by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. Gut, 37, 660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, U., Finegold, M. J., Rich, S. S. et al. (1995) Gi2 alpha protein deficiency: a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 15, 101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruseler-van Embden, J. G. and Both-Patoir, H. C. (1983) Anaerobic gram-negative faecal flora in patients with Crohn’s disease and healthy subjects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 49, 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruseler-van Embden, J. and van Lieshout, L. (1987) Increased faecal glycosidases in patients with Crohn’s disease. Digestion, 37, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutgeerts, P., Geboes, K., Vantrappen, G. et al. (1990) Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology, 99, 956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgeerts, P., Geboes, K., Peeters, M. et al. (1991) Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn’s disease in the neoterminal ileum. Lancet, 338, 771.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgeerts, P., D’Haens, G., Hiele, M. et al. (1994) Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 106, 1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadlack, B., Merz, H., Schorle, H. et al. (1993) Ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice with a disrupted interleukin-2 gene. Cell, 75, 253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, J D., Moss, M. T., Tizard, M. L. V. et al. (1992) Mycobacterium para-tuberculosis DNA in Crohn’s disease tissue. Gut,33, 890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santavirta, J., Mattila, J., Kokki, M. et al. (1991) Mucosal morphology and faecal bacteriology after ileoanal anastomosis. International Journal of Colorectal Diseases, 6, 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartor, R., Rath, H. and Sellon, R. (1996) Microbial factors in chronic intestinal inflammation. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 12, 327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartor, R. B., Bond, T. M., Compton, K. Y. et al. (1986) Intestinal absorption of bacterial cell wall polymers in rats. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 216A, 835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satsangi, J. Grootscholten, C., Holt, H. et al. (1996) Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut,38 738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage, D. C. (1970) Associations of indigenous microorganisms with gastrointestinal mucosal epithelia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,23 1495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saverymuttu, S., Hodgson, H. J. F. and Chadwick, V. S. (1985) Controlled trial comparing prednisolone with an elemental diet plus non-absorbable antibiotics in active Crohn’s disease. Gut, 26, 994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheurlen, C., Kruis, W., Spengler, U. et al. (1988) Crohn’s disease is frequently complicated by Giardiasis. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 23, 833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman, E., Corcoran, B. A. and Wahl, S. M. (1975) N-formylmethionyl peptides as chemoattractants for leucocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 72, 1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman, E., Corcoran, B. A., Ward, P. A. et al. (1975) The isolation and partial purification of neutrophil chemotactic factors from Escherichia coli. Journal of Immunology, 114, 1831.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, K. H. and Krause, R. M. (1971) The immunochemistry of peptidoglycan. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedgwick, D., Drummond, J., Clarke, J. et al. (1990) Workload implications of the relentless increase in incidence of Crohn’s disease. Gut,31 Al205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seneca, H. and Henderson, E. (1950) Normal intestinal bacteria in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology, 15, 34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafii, A., Sopher, S., Lev, M. et al. (1981) An antibody against revertant forms of cell-wall deficient bacterial variant in sera from patients with Crohn’s disease. Lancet, ii, 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soper, N. J., Orkin, B. A., Kelly, K. A. et al. (1989) Gastrointestinal transit after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or ileostomy. Journal of Surgical Research, 46, 300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainsby, K. J. (1993) Antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and nine species of environmental mycobacteria in Crohn’s disease and control subjects. Gut, 34, 371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stryker, S. J., Borody, T. J., Phillips, S. F. et al. (1985) Motility of the small intestine after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Annals of Surgery, 201, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Styrt, B. (1989) Species variation in neutrophil biochemistry and function. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 46, 63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabaqchali, S., O’Donoghue, D. P. and Bettelheim, K. A. (1978) Escherichia coli antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 19, 108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, K., Wilks, M., Coates, P. J. et al. (1991) Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. Gut, 32, 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaylor-Robison, S., Miles, R., Whitehead, A. et al. (1989) Salmonella infection and ulcerative colitis. Lancet, i, 1145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N., Montgomery, S., Pounder, R. et al. (1995) Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet, 345, 1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N. P., Driscoll, R., Pounder, R. E. et al. (1996) Genetics versus environment in inflammatory bowel disease: results of a British twin study. British Medical Journal, 312, 95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tysk, C., Lindberg, E., Jarnerot, G. et al. (1988) Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut, 29, 990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van de Merwe, J. P. and Mol, G. J. (1980) A possible role of Eubacterium and Peptostreptococcus species in the aetiology of Crohn’s disease. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 46, 587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Merwe, J. P. and Stegeman, J. H. (1985) Binding Coprococcus comes to the Fc portion of IgG. A possible role in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease? European Journal of Immunology, 15, 860.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Merwe, J. P., Stegeman, J. H. and Hazenberg, M. P. (1983) The resident faecal flora is determined by genetic characteristics of the host. Implications for Crohn’s disease? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 49, 119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Merwe, J. P., Schroder, A. M., Wensinck, F. et al. (1988) The obligate anaerobic faecal flora of patients with Crohn’s disease and their first-degree relatives. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 23, 1125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kruiningen, H., Colombel, J., Cartun, R. et al. (1992) An in-depth study of Crohn’s disease in two French families. Gastroenterology, 103, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Videla, S., Vilaseca, J., Guarner, F. et al. (1994) Role of intestinal microflora in chronic inflammation and ulceration of the rat colon. Gut, 35, 1090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Ritter, C., Sekizuka, E., Grisham, M. B. et al. (1988) The chemotactic peptide Nformyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine increases mucosal permeability in the distal ileum of the rat. Gastroenterology, 95, 651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, J. C., de Jongh, C. A., Newman, K. A. et al. (1983) Selective antimicrobial modulation as prophylaxis against infection during granulocytopenia: trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole vs nalidixic acid. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 147, 624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield, A. J., Pittilo, R. M., Sim, R. et al. (1993) Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn’s disease. Journal of Medical Virology, 39, 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. A., Lepow, I. H. and Newman, L. J. (1968) Bacterial factors chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. American Journal of Pathology, 52, 725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, P., Koch, M., Heizmann, W. et al. (1992) Microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 14, 302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellemann, W., Flink, P., Benner, F. et al. (1986) Endotoxinaemia in active Crohn’s disease. Treatment with whole gut irrigation and 5 aminosalicylic acid. Gut, 27, 177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C. (1990) Relationship between intestinal microecology and the translocation of intestinal bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 58, 87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C., Maddaus, M. and Simmons, R. (1987) Role of the macrophage in the translocation of intestinal bacteria. Archives of Surgery, 122, 48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C., Maddaus, M., Jechorek, R. et al. (1988a) Role of intestinal anaerobic bacteria in colonization resistance. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7, 107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, C., Maddaus, M. A. and Simmons, R. L. (1988b) Proposed mechanisms for the translocation of intestinal bacteria. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10, 958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wensinck, F. and van de Merwe, J. P. (1981) Serum agglutinins to Eubacterium and Peptostreptococcus species in Crohn’s and other diseases. Journal of Hygiene, 87, 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wensinck, F., Custers-Van, L., Poppelaars-Kustermans, P. A. et al. (1981) The faecal flora of patients with Crohn’s disease. Journal of Hygiene, 87, 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wensinck, F., van de Merwe, J. and Mayberry, J. (1983) An international study of agglutinins to Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus and Coprococcus species in Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and control subjects. Digestion, 27, 63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, B., Lendrum, R., Hill, M. et al. (1974) Effects of sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin) on faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 15, 960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirostko, E., Johnson, L. and Wirostko, B. (1990) Ulcerative colitis associated chronic uveitis. Parasitization of intraocular leucocytes by mollicute-like organisms. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 22, 231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse, A. F., Anderson, R. P., Myers, D. B. et al. (1987) Intestinal absorption, metabolism and effects of bacterial chemotactic peptides in rat intestine. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2, 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, M., Ohkusa, T. and Okayasu, I. (1992) Occurrence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma after experimental chronic ulcerative colitis in hamsters induced by dextran sulphate sodium. Gut, 33, 1521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, T., Deitch, E., Specian, R. et al. (1993) Mechanisms of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation induced by indomethacin. Inflammation, 17, 641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, H., Shohat, T. and Rotter, J. I. (1992) The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease, in Current Topics in Gastroenterology. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, (eds R. P. MacDermott and W. F. Stenson ), Elsevier, New York, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, H. H., Graham, D. Y., Estes, M. K. et al. (1987) Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 25, 45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Vinton S. Chadwick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wangxue Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Gerald W. Tannock

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chadwick, V.S., Chen, W. (1999). The intestinal microflora and inflammatory bowel disease. In: Tannock, G.W. (eds) Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3021-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3021-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-4730-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3021-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation