Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Alcohol

  • Chapter
Handbook of Substance Abuse

Abstract

This chapter reviews the effects of chronic heavy alcohol consumption on psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychological functioning. Most research reviewed herein was conducted with samples of “alcoholics,” defined variously by participation in inpatient or outpatient treatment, the presence of alcohol problems, or a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. We use the broad phrase “chronic heavy drinkers” to capture the heterogeneous nature of the samples studied in this research area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, D. H. (1994). Leucocyte adhesion molecules and alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 29,249–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arria, A. M., Tarter, R. E., Kabene, M. E., Laird, S. B., Moss, H., & Van Thiel, D. H. (1991). The role of cirrhosis in memory functioning of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 15,932–937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arria, A. M., Tarter, R. E., Starzl, T. E., & Van Thiel, D. H. (1991). Improvement in cognitive functioning of alcoholics following orthotopic liver transplantation. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 15,956–962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T.B., Morse, E., & Sherman (1987). The motivation to use drugs: A psychobiological analysis of urges. In C. Rivers (Ed.), The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Alcohol use and abuse (pp. 257–323). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballenger, J. C., Goodwin, F. K., Major, L. F., & Brown, G. L. (1979). Alcohol and central serotonin metabolism in man. Archives of General Psychiatry,36, 224–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banki, C. M., Arato, M., Papp, Z., & Kurca, M. (1984). Biochemical markers in suicidal patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6, 341–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, J. H., & Russell, E. W. (1992). Fluidity theory and neuropsychological impairment in alcoholism. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 175–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. E. (1993). Psychology. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism (Vol. 11, pp. 45–72). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. E., & Convit, A. (in press). Neuropsychological functions affected by alcohol and drug abuse. In A. Calev (Ed.), Neuropsychological functions in psychiatric disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. E, Tice, D. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. L. (1994).Neuropsychological assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bibb, J. L., & Chambless, D. L. (1986). Alcohol use and abuse among diagnosed agoraphobics. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24, 49–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, S. C. (1990). Separating cognitive impairment in neurologically asymptomatic alcoholism from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: Is the neuropsychological distinction justified? Psychological Bulletin, 107. 355–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, T. H., Tiffany, S., & Baker, T. B. (1985). The process of smoking relapse. In F. M. Tims & C. G. Leukefeld (Eds.), Relapse and recovery in drug abuse (National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 72, pp. 104–117). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breier, A. L., Charney, D. S., & Heninger, G. R. (1986). Agoraphobia with panic attacks: Development, diagnostic stability, and course of illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1029–1036.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. A., Irwin, M., & Schuckit, M. A. (1991). Changes in anxiety among abstinent male alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 55–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. A., Inaba, R. K., Fillin, J. C., Schuckit, M. A., Stewart, M. A., & Irwin, M. R. (1995). Alcoholism and affective disorder: Clinical course of depressive symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 45–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., & Cermak, L. S. (1980). Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome: An information processing approach to amnesia. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., & Salmon, D. (1986). Etiology and neuropathology of alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome: New findings and speculations. In I. Grant (Ed.), Neuropsychiatric correlates of alcoholism (pp. 61–108). Monograph Series of the American Psychiatric Press. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, R. E. (1995). The role of liver disease in alcohol-induced cognitive deficits. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 122–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaneda, R., & Cushman, P. (1989). Alcohol withdrawal: A review of clinical management. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 278–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D. L., Cherney, J., Caputo, C., & Rheinstein, B. (1987). Anxiety disorders and alcoholism: A study with inpatient alcoholics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, M. E. (1993). Brain lesions in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 17, 2–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charness, M. E., Simon, R. P., & Greenberg, D. A. (1989). Ethanol and the nervous system. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 442–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. B., & Sayette, M. A. (1993). Anxiety and the development of alcoholism: Clinical and scientific issues. American Journal on Addictions, 2, 59–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloninger, C. R. (1987). Neurogenetic mechanisms in alcoholism. Science, 236, 410–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, J. R., Salloum, I. M., Mezzich, J., Cornelius, M. D., Fabrega, H., Ehler, J. G., Ulrich, R. F., Thase, M. E., & Mann, J. J. (1995). Disproportionate sucidality in patients with comorbid major depression and alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry,152, 358–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dakis, C. A., Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L., & Sweeney, D. R. (1986). Evaluating depression in alcoholics. Psychiatry Research, 17, 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, C. D., & Glautier, S. P. (1994). A controlled trial of cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 809–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, G. (1986). The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: Concept as a stimulus to enquiry. British Journal of Addiction, 81, 171–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, G., & Gross, M. M. (1976). Alcohol dependence: Provisional description of a clinical syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1, 1058–1061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, G., Gross, M. M., Keller, M., Moser, J., & Room, R. (1977). Alcohol-related disabilities (WHO Offset publication No. 32). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evert, D. L., & Oscar-Berman, M. (1995). Alcohol-related cognitive impairments: An overview of how alcoholism may affect the workings of the brain. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 89–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X. (1978). Alcohol and mood: An updated review. International Journal of the Addictions, 13, 173–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, S. W., & Parsons, O. A. (1992). Efficiency measures in male and female alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 546–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. S. (1983). Cognitive impairment in chronic alcoholics: Some cause for optimism. American Psychologist, 38, 1045–1054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. S. (1987). The role of time and practice in the recovery of function in alcoholics. In O. A. Parsons, N. Butters, & P. E. Nathan (Eds.), Neuropsychology of alcoholism: Implications for diagnosis and treatment (pp. 291–321). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. S. (1995). Recovery of cognitive functioning in alcoholics: The relationship to treatment. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 148–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, A., & Elliot, W. A. (1980). The nature and recoverability of cerebral impairment in alcoholism: Treatment implications. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,41, 147–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, C. G., & Kril, J. (1991). If you drink your brain will shrink: Neuropathological considerations. Alcohol and Alcoholism I (Suppl.), 375–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, C. G., Giles, M., & Finlay-Jones, R. (1986). Clinical signs in the Wernicke-Korsakoff complex: A retrospective analysis of 131 cases diagnosed at necropsy. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 49, 341–345.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawton, K., Fogg, J., & McKeown, S. (1989). Alcoholism, alcohol and attempted suicide. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 24, 3–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heather, N., Miller, W. R., & Greeley, J. (Eds.). (1991). Self-control and the addictive behaviors. Sydney, Australia: Maxwell Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetzer, J., & Pryzbeck, T. (1988). The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 219–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriksson, M. M., Aro, H. M., Marttunen, M. J., Heikkinen, M. E., Isometsa, E. T., Kuppasalmi, K. I., & Lonnqvist, J. K. (1993). Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 935–940.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselbrock, M. N., Meyer, R. E., & Keene, J. J. (1985). Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1050–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holderness, C. C., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Warren, M. P. (1994). Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 1–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingle, K. G., & Weingartner, H. J. (1995). Cognitive deficits in alcoholism: Approaches to theoretical modeling. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19,155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, R. R., Acker, C. F., & Lishman, W. A. (1990). Patterns of neuropsychological deficit in alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 20, 321–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinek, E. M. (1952). Phases of alcohol addiction. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13, 673–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinek, E. M. (1955). The “craving” for alcohol. Quar- terly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 16, 35–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinek, E. M. (1960). The disease concept of alcoholism. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan, T. L., & Ostergaard, A. L. (1995). When alcoholism affects memory functions: MRI of the brain. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 104–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalant, H. (1977). Alcohol withdrawal syndromes in the human: Comparison with animal models. In M. W. Gross (Ed.). Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal, (3rd ed.) New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassel, J. D. & Shiffman, S. (1992). What can hunger teach us about drug craving? A comparative analysis of the two constructs. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 14, 141–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Killen, J., Fortmann, S., Kraemer, H., Varady, A., & Newman, B. (1992). Who will relapse? Symptoms of nicotine dependence predict long-term relapse after smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 797–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. G., & Longmore, B. E. (1994). Clinical neuropsychology of alcoholism. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, L. T., & Wilkinson,D. A. (1987). Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. British Journal of Addiction, 82, 31–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner, M. E., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry,147, 685–695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, F. E. (1994). Gender differences in the brain: Implications for the study of human alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 740–746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J. M. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3, pp. 90–103). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, L. B., Pilich, A., & Andrews, N. (1993). Neurological disorders resulting from alcoholism. Alcohol Health and Research World, 17, 305–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. C., & Deykin, E. Y. (1989). Suicidality, depression, and substance abuse in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1462–1467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. E., Rice, J., & Hetzer, J. E. (1983). Diagnostic interactions: Alcoholism and antisocial personality. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,171, 105–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lishman, W. A. (1990). Alcohol and the brain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 635–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loberg, T., & Miller, W. R. (1986). Personality, cognitive, and neuropsychological correlates of harmful alcohol consumption: A cross-national comparison of clinical samples. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 472, 75–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludenia, K., Conham, G. W., Holzer, P. D., & Sands, M. (1984). Anxiety in an alcoholic population: A normative study. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 40, 356–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, A. M., & Wikler, A. (1974). “Craving” and relapse to drink. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 35,108–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, J. J., Stanley, M., McBride, P. A., & McEwen, B. S. (1986). Increased serotonin, and beta-adrenergic binding in frontal cortices of suicide victims. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 954–959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, K., Batra, A., Gunthner, A., & Schroth, G. (1992). Do women develop alcoholic brain damage more readily than men? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 1052–1056.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G., Demming, B., & Reid, J. (1973). Loss of control drinking in alcoholics: An experimental analogue. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology, 81, 233–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Relapse prevention: Theoretical rationale and overview of the model. In G. A. Marlatt & J. G. Gordon (Eds.), Relapse prevention (pp. 3–70). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsano, L. (1994). Alcohol and malnutrition. Addictions Nursing, 6, 62–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. R., Adinoff, B., Weingartner, H., Mukherjee, A. B., & Eckardt, M. J. (1986). Alcoholic organic brain disease: Nosology and pathophysiologic mechanism. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 10, 113–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J. H., & Mello, N. K. (1979). The diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milin, R. P. (1996). Comorbidity of substance abuse and psychotic disorders: Focus on adolescents and young adults. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 111–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R. (1993). Alcoholism: Toward a better disease model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7, 129–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monti, P. M., Rohsenow, D. J., Rubonis, A. V., Niaura, R. S., Sirota, A. S., Colby, S. M., Goddard, P., & Abrams, D. B. (1993). Cue exposure with coping skills treatment for male alcoholics: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1011–1019.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, H. B. (1987). Serotonergic activity and disinhibitory psychopathology in alcoholism. Medical Hypotheses,23, 353–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney, J. A., & Trippett, C. J. (1979). Alcohol dependence and phobias: Clinical description and relevance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 565–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, G. E. (1992). Suicide in alcoholism. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muuronen, A., Bergman, H., & Hindmarsh, T. (1989). Influence of improved drinking habits on brain atrophy and cognitive performance in alcoholic patients: A 5-year follow-up study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 137–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, M. M., Overall, J. E., Hollister, L. E., & Radcliffe, E. (1983). Factors affecting outcome of depressive symptoms in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 7, 188–193.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, P. E., Titler, N. A., Lowenstein, L. M., Solomon, P., & Rossi, A. M. (1970). Behavioral analysis of chronic alcoholism: Interaction of alcohol and human contact. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22,419–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S. J. (1993). Application of theoretical models to the study of alcohol-induced brain damage. In W. A. Hunt & S. J. Nixon (Eds.), Alcohol-induced brain damage (NIH Publication No. 93–3549, pp. 213–228; NIAA Research Monograph No. 22). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R., & Parsons, O. A. (1995). Behavioral dysfunction and cognitive efficiency in male and female alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19,577–581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oscar-Berman, M., & Hutner, N. (1993). Frontal lobe changes after chronic alcohol ingestion. In W. A. Hunt & S. J. Nixon (Eds.), Alcohol-induced brain damage (NIH Publication No. 93–3549, pp. 121–156; NIAA Research Monograph No. 22). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, O. A. (1993). Impaired neuropsychological functioning in sober alcoholics. In W. A. Hunt & S. J. Nixon (Eds.), Alcohol-induced brain damage (NIH Publication No. 93–3549, pp. 173–194; NIAA Research Monograph No. 22). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, O. A., & Leber, W. R. (1982). Alcohol, cognitive dysfunction and brain damage. In Biomedical processes and consequences of alcohol use (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 2, pp. 213–253). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickens, R., & Johanson, C. (1992). Craving: Consensus of status and agenda for future research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 30, 127–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomier, L. G., Nguyen, N. H., Faucher, C., Giguere, J. F., & Butterworth, R. E (1991). Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: Prevalence and relationship to liver function. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 5, 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, H., Hodgson, R., & Stockwell, T. (1979). The concept of craving and its measurement. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17. 389–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association,264,2511–2518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L., & Reiger, D. (Eds.). (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (1993). The neural basis of craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roelofs, S. M. (1985). Hyperventilation, anxiety, craving for alcohol: A subacute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol (Oxford), 2, 501–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H. E., Glasser, F. B., & Germanson, T. (1988). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1023–1031.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudd, M. D., Dahm, P. E, & Rajab, M. H. (1993). Diagnostic comorbidity in persons with suicidal ideation and behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry,150, 928–934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., & Butters. N. (1986). Neuropsychology of alcoholism. In T. D. Wedding, A. M. Horton, & J. S. Webster (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook (pp. 376–409). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satel, S. L., Kosten, T. R., Schuckit, M. A., & Fischman, M. W. (1993). Should protracted withdrawal from drugs be included in DSM-IV? American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 695–704.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayette, M. A., Monti, P. M., Rohsenow, D. J., Bird-Gulliver, S., Colby, S., Sirota, A., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1994). The effects of cue exposure on attention in male alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 629–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, K., Butters, N., & Smith, T. (1991). Cognitive performance of alcoholics: A longitudinal evaluation of the role of drinking history, depression, liver function, nutrition, and family history. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 15, 653–660.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A. (1982). The history of psychotic symptoms in alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A. (1983). Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry,140, 711–714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A. (1985). The clinical implications of primary diagnostic groups among alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 1043–1049.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellars, E. M., & Kalant, H. (1976). Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. Medical Intelligence, 294, 757–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, S., Paty, J., Gnys, M., Kassel, J., & Elash, C. (1995). Nicotine withdrawal in chippers and regular smokers: Subjective and cognitive effects. Health Psychology, 14, 301–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S. (1983). Classical conditioning, drug tolerance, and drug dependence. In Y. Israel, F. Glaser, H. Kalant, R. Popham, W. Schmidt, & R. Smart (Eds.), Research advances in alcohol and drug problems (Vol. 7, pp. 207–246). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. E., & Oscar-Berman, M. (1992). Resource-limited information processing in alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 514–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R., & Corbit, J. (1973). An opponent process theory of motivation: 2. Cigarette addiction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 158–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, C., & Josephs, R. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist, 45, 921–933.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J., de Wit, H., & Eikelboom, R. (1984). Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review 91, 251–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell, T. (1991). Experimental analogues of loss of control: A review of human drinking studies. In N. Heather, W. R. Miller, & J. Greeley (Eds.), Self control and the addictive behaviors (pp. 180–197). Botany, Australia: Maxwell Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stockwell, T., Hodgson, R., & Rankin, H. (1982). Tension reduction and the effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. British Journal of Addiction, 77, 65–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, E. V. Rosenbloom, M. J., Deshmukh, A., Desmond, J. E., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1995). Alcohol and the cerebellum: Effects on balance, motor coordination, and cognition. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 138–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., Arria, A., & Van Thiel, D. H. (1993). Liver-brain interactions in alcoholism. In W. A. Hunt & S. J. Nixon (Eds.), Alcohol-induced brain damage (NIH Publication No. 93–3549, pp. 415–430: NIAA Research Monograph No. 22). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., Switala, J., Lu, S., & Van Thiel, D. (1995). Abstracting capacity in cirrhotic alcoholics: Negative findings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 99–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, S.T. (1990) A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review 97, 147–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, J. I., Josiassen, R. C., & Bellack, A. S. (1995). Neuropsychology of dual diagnosis: Understanding the combined effects of schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 15, 67–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E. (1980). Natural history of male psychological health: 8. Antecedents of alcoholism and “orality.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 181–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Victor, M. (1992). The effects of alcohol on the nervous system. In C. S. Lieber (Ed.), Medical and nutritional complications of alcoholism: Mechanisms and management (pp. 413–457). New York: Plenum Medical Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Victor, M. (1994). Alcoholic dementia. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, 21, 88–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, J. N. (1994). Brain’s diseases of the nervous system (10th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Meyers, J. K., & Harding, P. S. (1980). Prevalence and psychiatric heterogeneity of alcoholism in a United States urban community. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 41, 672–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, R., Hajek, P., & Belcher, M. (1989). Severity of withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of outcome of an attempt to quit smoking. Psychological Medicine, 19, 981–985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T. (1987). Cognitive processes in addiction. British Journal ofAddiction, 82, 343–353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winukor, G. (1990). The concept of secondary depression and its relationship to comorbidity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 13, 567–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, G., & Black, D. W. (1987). Psychiatric and medical diagnoses as risk factors for mortality in psychiatric patients: A case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 208–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, G., Clayton, P. J., & Reich, T. (1969). Manic depressive illness. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winokur, G., Coryell, W, Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Keller, M. B., Endicott, J., & Mueller, T. (1995). Alcoholism in manic-depressive (bipolar) illness: Familial illness, course of illness, and the primary-secondary distinction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152,365–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R. (1988). The neurobiology of craving: Implications for understanding and treatment of addiction. Journal ofAbnormal Psychology. 97, 118–132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1993). International classification of diseases (10th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. G., Laureno, R., & Victor, M. (1979). Pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. Brain,102,361–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinser, M., Baker, T., Sherman, J., & Cannon, D. (1992). Relation between self-reported affect and drug urges and cravings in continuing and withdrawing smokers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 617–629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA

    Christopher S. Martin

  2. Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08855, USA

    Marsha E. Bates

Authors
  1. Christopher S. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marsha E. Bates
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ralph E. Tarter  & Peggy J. Ott  & 

  2. Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Robert T. Ammerman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Martin, C.S., Bates, M.E. (1998). Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Alcohol. In: Tarter, R.E., Ammerman, R.T., Ott, P.J. (eds) Handbook of Substance Abuse. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2913-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2913-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3297-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2913-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation