Abstract
In this chapter, we will present the scientific-medical foundations which are the basis of today’s standards for radiation protection. They are the result of decades of intensive research. The case of radiation protection is thus rather outstanding with respect to completeness and reliability of its foundations. Political practice will often require that standards are based on a less solid basis of knowledge. It is exactly for this reason, however, that the standards of radiation protection have been chosen to serve as a model for the establishment of environmental standards in this study.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature
Alper, T. (1979): Cellular Radiobiology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Altmann, K.I., Gerber, G.B., Okada, S. (1970): Radiation-Biochemistry, New York, Academic Press.
BEIR (1980): The Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Washington, D.C., National Academic Press.
Boice, J.D., Fraumeni, J.F. (1984): Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance, New York, Raven Press.
Bond, V.P., Fliedner, T.M., Archambeau, J.O. (1965): Mammalian Radiation Lethality: a Disturbance in Cellular Kinetics, New York, Academic Press.
Chadwick, K.H., Leenhouts, H.P. (1981): The Molecular Theory of Radiation Biology, Berlin, Springer.
Chem G 1982 (Chemikaliengesetz): Gesetz zum Schutz gegen gefährliche Stoffe.
Cook-Mozaffari, P.J., Darby, S.C., Doll, R., Forman, D., Hermon, C., Pike, M.C., Vincent, T. (1989a): Geographical Variation in Mortality from Leukaemia and Other Cancers in England and Wales in Relation to Proximity Nuclear Installations, 1969–1978, Brit. J. Cancer 59, 476–485.
Cook-Mozaffari, P.J., Darby, S.C., Doll, R. (1989b): Cancer Near Potential Sites of Nuclear Installations, Lancet II, No 8672, 1145–1147.
Darby, S.C., Doll, R. (1987): Falbut, Radiation Doses Near Dounreay, and Childhood Leukaemia, Brit. Med. J. 294, No 6572, 603–607.
Dikomey, E., Franzke, J. (1986): Three Classes of DNA Strand Breaks Induced by X-Irradiation and Internal ß-Rays, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 50, 893–908.
Dunning, D.E., Schwarz, G. (1981): Variability of Human Thyroid Characteristics and Estimates of Dose from Ingested I-131, Health Phys. 40, 661–675.
Eckerman, K.F., Kerr, G.D., Raridon, R. (1980): Organ Doses from Isotropic and Cloud Sources of Gamma Rays, Health Phys. 39. 1054.
Ehling, U.H. (1987): Quantifizierung des strahlengenetischen Risikos, Strahlen, Strahlenther. Onkol. 163, 283–291.
Elkind, K.F., Sutton, H. (1960): Radiation Response of Mammalian Cells Grown in Culture. I. Repair of X-Ray Damage in Surviving Chinese Hamster Cells, Radiat. Res. 13, 556–593.
Feinendegen, L.E. (1977): Das Strahlenrisiko bei Kernreaktoren und radioaktivem Müll, Öff. Gesundh.-Wesen 39, 584–598.
Fischer, A. (1981): Schilddrüsengewichte im saarländisch-pfälzischen Raum — Ein Beitrag zur Endemie des Kropfes, Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg.
Gardner, M.J., Snee, M.P., Hall, A.J., Powell, C.A., Downes, S., Terrell, J.D. (1990): Results of a Case-Control Study of Leukaemia and Lymphoma among Young People Near Sellafield Nuclear Plant in West Cumbria, Brit. Med. J 300, 423–434.
Generoso, W.M., Shelby, M.D., Serres de, F.J. (1980): DNA Repair and Mutagenesis in Eukaryotes, New York, Plenum Press.
Glöbel, B. (1978): Die Ökologie von stabilem und radioaktivem Jod und Bedeutung für die Beurteilung des Strahlenrisikos bei der medizinischen Anwendung, Habilitationsschrift, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg.
Hall, E.J. (1978): Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Hagerstown/Maryland, Harper and Row.
Hanawalt, Ph.C., Cooper, P.K., Ganesau, A.K., Smith, Ch.A. (1979): DNA Repair in Bacteria and Mammalian Cells, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48, 783.
Hellstem, P., Keller, H.E., Weinheimer, D. (1978): Thyroid Jodine Concentration and Total Thyroid Iodine in Normal Subjects and in Endemic Goitre Subjects, J. Endocrinol. 9, 351–356.
Henrichs, K., Kaul, A. (1982): Age Dependent Values of Specific Absorbed Fractions and Specific Effective Energy for the Dosimetry of Internal Emitters, Rad. Prot. Dosim., Vol. 3, No. 1/2, 71–73.
Henrichs K., Müller-Brunecker, G., Paretzke, H.G. (1983): Zur Strahlenexposition der Schilddrüse bei Inkorporation von Jod-Isotopen, GSF-Bericht, GSFS-960.
Hoffmann, F.O. (1973): Parameters to be Considered when Calculating the Age Dependent 1–131 Dose to the Thyroid, Bericht des Instituts für Reaktorsicherheit, Köln (jetzt GRS), IRS,
ICRP (1975): Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication, ICRP 23, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
ICRP (1977): Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication, ICRP 26, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
ICRP (1979): Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication,
ICRP 30, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Ishihara, T., Sasaki, M.S. (1983): Radiation-Induced Chromosome Damage in Man, New York, Alan R. Liss, Inc.
Jacobi, W (1975): The Concept of the Effective Dose — A Proposal for the Combination of Organ Doses, Radiat. Environ. Bioph. 12, 101–109.
Jacobi, W., Paretzke, H.G., Ehling, U.H. (1981): Strahlenexposition und Strahlenrisiko der Bevölkerung, Kapitel II, GSF-Bericht, GSF-S-710.
Jacobi, W. (1987): Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, Stuttgart, G. Thieme, vol. XXIX.
Jacobi, W. (1988): Strahlenexposition und Strahlenrisiko der Bevölkerung durch den Tschernobyl-Unfall, Phys. BI. 44, 240–246.
Karhausen, L., Pages, J.P., Vacca, G., Piepz, A., Visscher, M. (1973): Metabolisme de l’iode chez l’enfant et l’adolescent dans une région de la communauté, Bericht der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, EUR 4964 f. 18/86.
Kaul, A., Roedler, H.D. (1980): Radioiodine: Biokinetics, Mean Dose and Dose Distribution, Radiat. Environ. Bioph. 18, 185–195.
Kellerer, A.M. (1990): The New Estimates of Radiation Risks, Vol. 55, No 4, 198–203.
Kiefer, J. (1981): Biologische Strahlenwirkung, Berlin, Springer.
Killough, G.G., Eckerman, K.F. (1983): Internal Dosimetry, in: Radiological Assessment, J.E. Till & H.R. Meyer (eds.), U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, NUREG/CR-3332, 7–88.
Kinlen, L. (1988): Evidence for an Infective Cause of Childhood Leukaemia: Comparison of a Scottish New Town with Nuclear Reprocessing Sites in Britain, Lancet II, No 8624, 1323–1326.
Kocher, D.C. (1983): External Dosimetry, in: Radiological Assessment, J.E. Till & H.R. Meyer (eds.), U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, NUREG/CR-3332, 8.1–8.52.
Kramer, R., Drexler, G. (1982): On the Calculation of the Effective Dose Equivalent, Rad. Prot. Dosim. Vol. 3, No 1/2, 13–24.
Luckey, T.D. (1980): Hormesis with Ionizing Radiation, Boca Raton, Florida CRC Press, Inc..
Matthies, M., Eisfeld, K., Paretzke, H.G., Pröhl, G., Wirth, E. (1982): Simulation des Transfers von Radionukliden in landwirtschaftlichen Nahrungsketten, GSF-Bericht, GSF-S-882.
McKusick, V.A. (1983): Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 6th ed., Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
NIH (1985): Report of the National Institutes of Health ad hoc Working Group to Develop Radioepidemiological Tables, NIH Publication No. 85 2748, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C..
Nothdurft, W. (1985): Knochenmark, in: Handbuch der Radiologie, Berlin, Springer, vol. XX, 235–264.
Otake, M., Yoshimaru, H., Schuh, W.J. (1988): Severe Mental Retardation among the Prenatally Exposed Survivors of the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Comparison of the T6SDR and D586 Dosimetry Systems, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, RERF TR.
Pampfer, S., Streffer, C. (1988): Prenatal Death and Malformations after Irradiation of Mouse Zygotes with Neutrons or X-Rays, Teratology 37, 1–9.
Patterson, M.C., Bech-Hanssen, N.T., Smith, P.J., Mulvihill, J.J. (1984): Radiogenic Neoplasia, Cellular Radiosensivity and Faulty DNA Repair, in: Radiation Carcinogenesis, J.D. Boice & J.F. Fraumeni (eds.), New York, Raven Press, 319–336.
Preston, D.L., Kato, H., Kopecki, K.J., Fujita, Sh. (1987): Cancer Mortality among A-Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Life Span Study Report 10, Part 1, 1950–1982, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, RERF TR 1–86.
Pröhl, G., Friedland, W., Paretzke, H.G. (1986): Intercomparison of the Terrestrial Food Cham Models FOOD-MARC and ECOSYS, GSF-Bericht, GSF 18/86.
Roedler, H.D. (1977): Strahlenexposition des Patienten durch Radiopharmaka — Grenzen der Genauigkeit von Dosisberechnungen, Dissertation, FU Berlin.
Roman, E., Beral, V., Carpenter, L., Watson, A., Barton, C., Ryder, H., Aston, D.L. (1987): Childhood Leukaemia in the West Berkshire and Basingstroke and North Hampshire District Health Authorities in Relation to Nuclear Establishments in the Vicinity, Lancet, 17–22.
Schuh, W.J., Otake, M., Neel, J.V. (1981): Genetic Effects of the Atomic Bombs: A Reappraisal, Science 213, 1220–1227.
Shellabarger, C.J., Chmelevsky, D., Kellerer, A.M. (1980): Induction of Mammary Neoplasms in the Sprague-Dawley Rat by 430 keV Neutrons and XRays, J. Natl. Cancer 164, 821–833.
Shimizu, Y., Kato, H., Schull, W.J., Preston, D.L., Fujita, Sh., Pierce, D.A. (1987): Comparison of Risk Coefficients for Site-Specific Cancer Mortality Based on the D586 and T6SDR Shielded Kerma and Organ Doses, Life Span Study Report 11, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, RERF TR 12–87.
Snyder, W.S., Fisher, L., Ford, M.R. (1969): Estimates of Absorbed Fractions for Monoenergetic Photon Sources Uniformly Distributed in Various Organs of a Heterogeneous Phantom, MIRD Pamphlet 5, J. Nucl. Med. 10, Suppl..
Sonntag von, C. (1987): The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology, London, Taylor & Francis.
Stather, J.W., Greenhalgh, J.R. (1983): The Metabolism of Iodine in Children and Adults, NRPB — R 140, Didcot.
Stewart, A., Kneale, G.W. (1968): Changes in the Cancer Risk Associated with Obstetric Radiography, Lancet, No 7534, 104–107.
SSK 1985 (Strahlenschutzkommission): Wirkungen nach pränataler Bestrahlung, Bundesminister des Innern (ed.), vol. 2, Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Strlsch V 1989 (Strahlenschutzverordnung): Verordnung über den Schutz vor Schäden durch ionisierende Strahlen.
Streffer, C. (1969): Strahlen-Biochemie, Heidelberger Taschenbücher 59/60, Berlin, Springer.
Streffer, C., Müller, W.-U. (1984): Radiation Risk from Combined Exposure to Ionizing Radiations and Chemicals, Adv. Radiat. Biol. 11, 173–210.
Streffer, C., van Beuningen, D. (1985): Zelluläre Strahienbiologie und Strahlen-Pathologie, Handbuch der Radiologie, Berlin, Springer, vol. XX, 1–39.
Streffer, C. (1985): Mechanismen der strahlenbedingten Kanzerogenese: Aspekte zellbiologischer und tierexperimenteller Untersuchungen, in: Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, Stuttgart, G. Thieme, vol. XXVIII, 34–47.
Streffer, C. (1987): Risiko nach Strahlenexpositionen während der pränatalen Entwicklung des Menschen, in: Strahlenschutz in Forschung und Praxis, Stuttgart, G. Thieme, vol. XXVIII, 34–47.
Trott, K.R. (1985): Strahlenwirkungen auf die Abdominalorgane, in: Handbuch der Radiologie, Berlin, Springer, vol. XX, 69–100.
UNSCEAR 1977 (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation): Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York.
UNSCEAR 1982 (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation): Ionizing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects, United Nations, New York.
UNSCEAR 1986 (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation): Genetic and Somatic Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York.
UNSCEAR 1988 (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation): Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pinkau, K. et al. (1998). Scientific-Medical Foundations of Radiation Protection. In: Environmental Standards. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2797-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2797-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5027-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2797-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive