Skip to main content

Effects of Age, Disease, and Drugs on Bone Density

  • Chapter
Bone Densitometry in Clinical Practice

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Practice ((CCP))

  • 60 Accesses

Abstract

When the clinician must quantify the effects of a disease process on the skeleton, the sites affected by that disease process must be known in order to choose the appropriate skeletal region to measure. Similarly, if the effect of a disease process on the skeleton is to be followed over time with densitometry, the expected magnitude of the change must be known in order to choose the appropriate interval between measurements.* The sites expected to be affected by certain drugs and the magnitude of changes with time must also be appreciated for similar reasons. All of this must be appreciated against the background of the expected age-related changes in bone density. Brief summaries of the effects of age, disease, and drugs on the skeleton follow. The reader is referred to the cited references for more detailed descriptions of the actual studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Faulkner RA, Bailey DA, Drinkwater DT, McKay HA, Arnold C, Wilkinson AA (1996) Bone densitometry in Canadian children 8–17 years of age. Calcif Tissue Int 59: 344–351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lu PW, Briody JN, Ogle GD, Morley K, Humphries IR, Allen J, et al. (1994) Bone mineral density of total body, spine, and femoral neck in children and young adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res 9: 1451–1458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Zanchetta JR, Plotkin H, Alvarez Filgueira ML (1995) Bone mass in children: normative values for the 2–20-year-old population. Bone 16: 393S - 399S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sabatier JP, Guaydier-Souquieres G, Laroche D, Benmalek A, Fournier L, Guillon-Metz F, et al (1996) Bone mineral acquisition during adolescence and early adulthood: a study in 574 healthy females 10–24 years of age. Osteoporosis Int 6: 141–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Moreira-Andres MN, Canizo FJ, Papapietro K, Rejas J, Hawkins FG (1995) Comparison between spinal and radial bone mineral density in children measured by X-ray absorptiometry. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 8: 35–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Teegarden D, Proulx WR, Martin BR, Zhao J, McCabe CP, Lyle RM, et al. (1995) Peak bone mass in young women. J Bone Miner Res 10: 711–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mazess RB, Barden HS (1990) Interrelationships among bone densitometry sites in normal young women. Bone Min 11: 347–356.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mazess RB, Barden HS (1991) Bone density in premenopausal women: effects of age, dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, and birth-control pills. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 132–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hansen MA (1994) Assessment of age and risk factors on bone density and bone turnover in healthy premenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 4: 123–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rodin A, Murby B, Smith MA, Caleffi M, Fentiman I, Chapman MG, Fogelman I (1990) Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of 225 Caucasian women. Bone 11: 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bonnick SL, Nichols DL, Sanborn CF, Lloyd K, Payne SG, Lewis L, Reed CA (1997) Dissimilar spine and femoral z-scores in premenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 61: 263–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C (1993) The effects of menopause on longitudinal bone loss from the spine. Calcif Tissue Int 52: 340–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gambacciani M, Spinette A, Taponeco F, Cappagli B, Maffei S, Manetti P, Piaggesi L, Fioretti P (1994) Bone loss in perimenopausal women: a longitudinal study. Maturitas 18: 191–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C (1993) Spine and femur densitometry at the menopause: are both sites necessary in the assessment of risk of osteoporosis? Calcif Tissue Int 52: 344–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lai K, Rencken M, Drinkwater BL, Chesnut CH. (1993) Site of bone density measurement may affect therapy decision. Calcif Tissue Int 53: 225–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mazess RB, Barden HS, Eberle RW, Denton MD (1995) Age changes of spine density in posterior-anterior and lateral projections in normal women. Calcif Tissue Int 56: 201–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Davis JW, Ross PD, Wasnich RD (1994) Evidence for both generalized and regional low bone mass among elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 3: 305–309.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Greenspan SL, Maitland-Ramsey L, Myers E (1996) Classification of osteoporosis in the elderly is dependent on site-specific analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 58: 409–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mazess RB, Barden HS, Drinka PJ, Bauwens SF, Orwoll ES, Bell NH (1990) Influence of age and body weight on spine and femur bone mineral density in U.S. white men. J Bone Miner Res 5: 645–652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kayath MJ, Vieira JGH (1997) Osteopenia occurs in a minority of patients with acromegaly and is predominant in the spine. Osteoporosis Int 7: 226–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kotzmann H, Bernecker P, Hubsch P, Pietschmann P, Woloszczuk W, Svoboda T, Gerer G, Luger A (1993) Bone mineral density and parameters of bone metabolism in patients with acromegaly. J Bone Miner Res 8: 459–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Penis P, Guanabens N, Pares A, Pons F, del Rio L, Nomegal A, et al. (1995) Vertebral fractures and osteopenia in chronic alcoholic patients. CalcifTissue Int 57: 111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Prezelj J, Kocijancic A (1993) Bone mineral density in hyperandrogenic amenorrhoea. Calcif Tissue Int 52: 422–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Drinkwater B, Nilson K, Chesnut CH, Bremner WJ, Shainholtz S, Southworth MB (1984) Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. N Engl J Med 311: 277–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rigotti NA, Nussbaum SR, Herzog DB, Neer RM (1984) Osteoporosis in women with anorexia nervosa. N Engl JMed 311: 1601–1606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hay PJ, Delahunt JW, Hall A, Mitchell AW, Harper G, Salmond C (1992) Predictors of osteopenia in premenopausal women with anorexia nervosa. Calcif Tissue Int 50: 498–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Herzog W, Minne H, Deter C, Leidig G, Schellberg D, Wuster C, et al. (1993) Outcome of bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa patients 11.7 years after first admission. JBone Miner Res 8: 597–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Monegal A, Navasa M, Guanabens N, Penis P, Pons F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Rimola A, Rodes J (1997) Osteoporosis and bone mineral metabolism disorders in cirrhotic patients referred for orthotopic liver transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 60: 148–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Munoz-Torres M, Jodar E, Escobar-Jimenez F, Lopez-Ibarra PJ, Luna JD (1996) Bone mineral density by dual X-ray absorptiometry in Spanish patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Calcif Tissue Int 58: 316–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sosa M, Dominguez M, Navarro MC, Segarra MC, Hernandex D, de Pablos P, Betancor P (1996) Bone mineral metabolism is normal in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JDiabetes Complications 10: 201–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Barrett-Connor E, Kritz-Silverstein D (1996) Does hyperinsulinemia preserve bone? Diabetes Care 19: 1388–1392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C (1996) Variability of vertebral and femoral postmenopausal bone loss: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis Int 6: 320–324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bjarnason K, Hassager C, Ravn P, Christiansen C (1995) Early postmenopausal diminution of forearm and spinal bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study. Osteoporosis Int 5: 35–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mellstrom D, Johansson C, Johnell O, Lindstedt G, Lundberg P, Obrant K, et al. (1993) Osteoporosis, metabolic aberrations, and increased risk for vertebral fractures after partial gastrectomy. Calcif Tissue Int 53: 370–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pastores GM, Wallenstein S, Desnick RJ, Luckey MM (1996) Bone density in type 1 Gaucher disease. J Bone Miner Res 11: 1801–1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rude RK, Olerich M (1996) Magnesium deficiency: possible role in osteoporosis associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Osteoporosis Int 6: 453–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Walters JRF, Banks LM, Butcher GP, Fowler CR (1995) Detection of low bone mineral density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in unsuspected suboptimally treated coeliac disease. Gut 37: 220–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Paton NIJ, Macallan DC, Griffin GE, Pazianas M (1997) Bone mineral density in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Calcif Tissue Int 61: 30–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Zanchetta JR, Rodriguez G, Negri AL, del Valle E, Spivacow FR (1996) Bone mineral density in patients with hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. Nephron 73: 557–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pietschmann F, Breslau NA, Pak CYC (1992) Reduced vertebral bone density in hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis. J Bone Miner Res 7: 1383–1388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Silverberg SJ, Locker FG, Bilezikian JP (1996) Vertebral osteopenia: a new indication for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 4007–4012.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Grey AB, Stapleton JP, Evans MC, Tatnell MA, Reid IR (1996) Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 125: 360–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. McDermott MT, Perloff JJ, Kidd GS (1994) Effects of mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism on bone mass in women with and without estrogen replacement therapy. J Bone Miner Res 9: 509–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Koppelman MC, Kurtz DW, Morrish KA, Bou E, Susser JK, Shapiro JR, Loriaux DL (1984) Vertebral body mineral content in hyperprolactinemic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59: 1050–1053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schlechte J, Khoury G, Kathol M, Walker L (1987) Forearm and vertebral bone mineral in treated and untreated hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 1021–1026.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wakasugi M, Wakao R, Tawata M, Naoya G, Koizumi K, Onaya T (1993) Bone mineral density in patients with hyperthyroidism measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Clin Endocrinol 38: 283–286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Campos-Pastor MM, Munoz-Torres M, Escobar-Mimenez F, Ruiz del Almodovar M, Jodar Gimeno E (1993) Bone mass in females with different thyroid disorders: influence of menopausal status. Bone Miner 21: 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Roux C, Abitbol V, Chaussade S, Kolta S, Guillemant S, Dougados M, Amor B, Couturier D (1995) Bone loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Osteoporosis Int 5: 156–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bjarnason I, Macpherson A, Mackintosh C, Buxton-Thomas M (1997) Reduced bone density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 40: 228–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jahnsen J, Falch JA, Aadland E, Mowinckel P (1997) Bone mineral density is reduced in patients with Crohn’s disease but not in patients with ulcerative colitis: a population based study. Gut 40: 313–319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Villareal DR, Murphy WA, Teitelbaum SL, Arens MQ, Whyte MP (1992) Painful diffuse osteosclerosis after intravenous drug abuse. Am J Med 93: 371–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Whyte MP, Teitelbaum SL, Reinus WR (1996) Doubling skeletal mass during adult life: the syndrome of diffuse osteosclerosis after intravenous drug abuse. J Bone Miner Res 11: 554–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Luisetto G, Mastrogiacomo I, Bonanni G, Pozzan G, Botteon S, Tizian L, Galuppo P (1995) Bone mass and mineral metabolism in Klinefelter’s syndrome. Osteoporosis Int 5: 455–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kohlmeier L, Gasner C, Bachrach LK, Marcus R (1995) The bone mineral status of patients with Marfan Syndrome. JBone Miner Res 10: 1550–1555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Johansson C, Roupe G, Lindstedt G, Mellstrom D (1996) Bone density, bone markers and bone radiological features in mastocytosis. Age Ageing 25: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Travis WD, Li C, Bergstralh EJ, Yam LT, Swee RG (1988) Systemic mast cell disease: analysis of 58 cases and literature review. Medicine 67: 345–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Abildgaard N, Brixen K, Kristensen JE, Vejlgaard T, Charles P, Nielsen JL (1996) Assessment of bone involvement in patients with multiple myeloma using bone densitometry. Eur J Haematol 57: 370–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Holmes JA, Evans, WD, Coles RJ, Ramsahoye B, Whittaker JA (1994) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral density in myeloma. Eur J Haematol 53: 309–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Formica CA, Cosman F, Nieves J, Herbert J, Lindsay R (1997) Reduced bone mass and fat-free mass in women with multiple sclerosis: effects of ambulatory status and glucocorticoid use. Calcif Tissue Int 61: 129–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nevitt MC, Lane NE, Scott JC, Hochberg MC, Pressman AR, Genant HK, Cummings SR (1995) Radiographic osteoarthritis of the hip and bone mineral density. Arthritis Rheum 38: 907–916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Preidler KW, White LS, Tashkin J, McDaniel CO, Brossman J, Andresen R, Sartoris D (1997) Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometric densitometry in osteoarthritis of the hip. Influence of secondary bone remodeling of the femoral neck. Acta Radio 138: 539–542.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Sato Y, Maruoka H, Oizumi K, Kikuyama M (1996) Vitamin D deficiency and osteopenia in the hemiplegic limbs of stroke patients. Stroke 27: 2183–2187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sato Y, Maruoka H, Honda Y, Asoh T, Fujimatsu Y, Oizumi K (1996) Development of osteopenia in the hemiplegic finger in patients with stroke. Eur Neurol 36: 278–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Takamoto S, Masuyama T, Nakajima M, Sekiya K, Kosaka H, Morimoto S, Ogihara T, Onishi T (1995) Alterations of bone mineral density of the femurs in hemiplegia. Calcif Tissue Int 56: 259–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Goemaere S, Van Laere M, De Neve P, Kaufman JM (1994) Bone mineral status in paraplegic patients who do or do not perform standing. Osteoporosis Int 4; 138–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Revilla M, de la Sierra G, Aguado F, Varela L, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Rico H (1996) Bone mass in Parkinson’s disease: a study with three methods. Calcif Tissue Int 58: 311–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Turc J, Pages M, Poulles JM, Billey T, Montastruc JL, Ribot C, Rascol A (1993) Bone changes in Parkinson’s disease. Abstract. Neurology 43: A236.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kao CH, Chen CC, Wang SJ, Chia LG, Yeh SH (1994) Bone mineral density in patients with Parkinson’s disease measured by dual photon absorptiometry. Nucl Med Commun 15: 173–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Khovidhunkit W, Epstein S (1996) Osteoporosis in pregnancy. Osteoporosis Int 6: 345–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yamamoto N, Takahashi HE, Tanizawa T, Kawashima T, Endo N (1994) Bone mineral density and bone histomorphometric assessments of postpregnancy osteoporosis: a report of five patients. Calcif Tissue Int 54: 20–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Karantanas AH, Kalef-Ezra JA, Sferopoulos G, Siamopoulos KC (1996) Quantitative computed tomography for spinal bone mineral measurements in chronic renal failure. Br J Radiol 69: 132–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Johnson DW, McIntyre HD, Brown A, Freeman J, Rigby RJ (1996) The role of DEXA bone densitometry in evaluating renal osteodystrophy in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritonial Dial Int 16: 34–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Toyoda T, Inokuchi S, Saito S, Horie Y, Tornita S (1996) Bone loss of the radius in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Orthop Scan 67: 269–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Martin JC, Munro R, Campbell MK, Reid DM (1997) Effects of disease and corticosteroids on appendicular bone mass in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with axial measurements. Br J Rheum 36: 43–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Devlin J, Lilley J, Gough A, Huissoon A, Holder R, Reece R, Perkins P, Emery P (1996) Clinical associations of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of hand bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis. BrJRheum 35: 1256–1262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD (1994) Measurement of hand bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: development of the method and its application in normal volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53: 685–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD (1995) Longitudinal study of hand bone densitometry in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38: 1204–1210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lane NE, Pressman AR, Star VL, Cummings SR, Nevitt MC and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group (1995) Rheumatoid arthritis and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 10: 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Deodhar AA, Woolf AD (1996) Bone mass measurement and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Br J Rheum 35: 309–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Orvieto R, Leichter I, Rachmilewitz EA, Margulies JY (1992) Bone density, mineral content, and cortical index in patients with thalassemia major and the correlation to their bone fractures, blood transfusions, and treatment with desferrioxamine. Calcif Tissue Int 50: 397–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Scialabba FA, DeLuca SA (1990) Transient osteoporosis of thehip. AFP 41: 1759–1760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sambrook PN, Kelly Pi, Fontana D, Nguyen T, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Spratt P (1994) Mechanisms of rapid bone loss following cardiac transplantation. Osteoporosis Int 4: 273–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Castaneda S, Carmona L, Carvajal I, Arranz R, Diaz A, Garcia-Vadillo A (1997) Reduction of bone mass in women after bone marrow transplant. CalcifTissuelnt 60: 343–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kelly PJ, Atkinson K, Ward RL, Sambrook PN, Biggs JC, Eisman JA (1990) Reduced bone mineral density in men and women with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 50: 881–883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Horber FF, Casez JP, Steiger U, Czerniak A, Montandon A, Jaeger P (1994) Changes in bone mass early after kidney transplantation. J Bone Miner Res 9: 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Liberman UR, Weiss SR, Broll J, Minne HW, Quan H, Bell NH, et al. (1995) Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 333: 1437–1443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Chesnut CH, McClung MR, Ensrud KE, Bell NH, Genant HK, Harris ST, et al. (1995) Alendronate treatment of the postmenopausal osteoporotic woman: effect of multiple dosages on bone mass and bone remodeling. Am JMed 99: 144–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gallagher JC, Goldgar D (1990) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with high doses of synthetic calcitriol. A randomized, controlled study. Ann Intern Med 113: 649–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. NEngl JMed 337: 670–676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ (1992) Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 327: 1637–1642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Reid IR, Evans MC, Wattie DJ, Ames R, Cundy TF (1992) Bone mineral density of the proximal femur and lumbar spine in glucocorticoid-treated asthmatic patients. Osteoporosis Int 2: 103–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Laan RFJM, van Riel PLCM, van de Putte LBA, van Erning LJTO, van’t Hof MA, Lemmens JAM (1993) Low-dose prednisone induces rapid reversible axial bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 119: 963–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sambrook P, Birmingham J, Kelly P, Kempler S, Nguyen T, Pocock N, Eisman J (1993) Prevention ofcorticosteroid osteoporosis: a comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and calcitonin. N Engl JMed 328: 1747–1752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Marystone JF, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ (1995) Inhaled and oral corticosteroids: their effects on bone mineral density in older adults. Am J Public Health 85: 1693–1695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Packe GE, Robb O, Robins SP, Reid DM, Douglas JG (1996) Bone density in asthmatic patients taking inhaled corticosteroids: comparison of budesonide and beclomethasone dipropionate. JR Coll Physicians Lond 30: 128–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hillard TC, Whitecroft SJ, Marsh MS, Ellerington MC, Lees B, Whitehead MI, Stevenson JC (1994) Long-term effects of transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy on postmenopausal bone loss. Osteoporosis Int 4: 341–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lees B, Pugh M, Siddle N, Stevenson JC (1995) Changes in bone density in women starting hormone replacement therapy compared with those in women already established on hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis Int 5: 344–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Kohrt WM, Birge SJ (1995) Differential effects of estrogen treatment on bone mineral density of the spine, hip, wrist and total body in last postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis Int 5: 150–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gorday GS (1982) Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 97: 699–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ettinger B, Genant HK, Steiger P, Madvig P (1992) Low-dosage micronized 17(3-estradiol prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166: 479–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Harris ST, Genant HK, Baylink DJ, Gallagher C, Harp SK, McConnell MA, et al. (1991) The effects of estrone (Ogen) on spinal bone density of postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 151: 1980–1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Field CS, Ory SJ, Wahner HW, et al. (1993) Preventive effects of transdermal 17(3-estradiol on osteoporotic changes after surgical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168: 114–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I (1981) Bone mass inpostmenopausal women after withdrawal of oestrogen/gestagen replacement therapy. Lancet 1: 459–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, Wasnich RD, Miller PD, Jackson RD, et al. (1990) Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEngl JMed 323: 73–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Paoletti AM, Serra GG, Cagnacci A, Vacca AMB, Guerriero S, Solla E, Melis GB (1996) Spontaneous reversibility of bone loss induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment. Fertil Steril 65: 707–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Stevenson JC, Lees B, Gardner R, Shaw RW (1989) Comparison of the skeletal effects of goserelin and danazol in premenopausal women with endometriosis. Horm Res 32: S161–5163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Bianchi G, Costantini S, Anserini P, Rovetta G, Monteforte P, Menada MV, Faga L, De Cecco L (1989) Effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist on uterine fibroids and bone density. Maturitas 11: 179–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Johansen JS, Riis BJ, Hassager C, Moen M, Jacobson J, Christiansen C (1988) The effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist analog (nafarelin) on bone metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67: 701–706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Riis BJ, Christiansen C, Johansen JS, Jacobson J (1990) Is it possible to prevent bone loss in young women treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70: 920–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ginsberg JS, Kowalchuk G, Hirsh J, Brill-Edwards P, burrows R, Coates G, Webber C (1990) Heparin effect on bone density. Thromb Haemost 64: 286–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Passeri M, Biondi M, Costi D, Bufalino L, Castiglione GN, Di Peppe C, Abate G (1992) Effect of ipriflavone on bone mass in elderly osteoporotic women. Bone Miner 19: S57 - S62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Adami S, Bufalino L, Cervetti R, Di Marco C, Di Munno O, Fantasia L, et al. (1997) Ipriflavone prevents radial bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass over 2 years. Osteoporosis Int 7: 119–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Cundy T, Evans M, Roberts H, Wattie D, Ames R, Reid IR (1991) Bone density in women receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Br Med J 303: 13–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gennari C, AgnusDei D, Gonnelli S, Nardi P (1989) Effects of nandrolone decanoate therapy on bone mass and calcium metabolism in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Maturitas 11: 187–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lufkin EG, Whitaker MD, Argueta R, Caplan RH, Nickelsen T, Riggs BL (1997) Raloxifene treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. JBone Miner Res 12; S 150.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Delmas PD, Bjarnason NH, Mitlak BH, Ravoux A, Shah AS, Huster WJ, Draper M, Christiansen C (1997) N Engl J Med 337: 1641–1647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. McClung MR, Bensen W, Bolognese MA, Bonnick SL, Ettinger MP, Harris ST, et al. (1997) Risedronate increases BMD at the hip, spine and radius in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Abstract. JBone Miner Res 12: S169.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Stock JL, Avioli LV, Baylink DJ, Chesnut C, Genant HK, Maricic MJ, et al. (1997) Calcitonin-salmon nasal spray reduces the incidence of new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: three-year interim results of the PROOF study. Abstract. J Bone Miner Res 12: S149.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Overgaard K, Hansen MA, Jensen SB, Christiansen C (1992) Effect of salcatonin given intranasally on bone mass and fracture rates in established osteoporosis: a dose-response study. Br Med J 305: 556–561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. ReginsterJY, Deroisy R, Lecart MP, Sarlet N, Zegels B, Jupsin I, et al. (1995) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of intermittent nasal salmon calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal lumbar spine bone loss. Am JMed 98: 452–458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O’Fallon WM, Chao EYS, Wahner HW, Muhs JM, et al. (1990) Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. NEngl JMed 322: 802–809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Pak CYC, Sakhaee K, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Breslau NA, Boyd P, et al. (1994) Slow-release sodium fluoride in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 120: 625–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ryan WG, Wolter J, Bagdade JD (1991) Apparent beneficial effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral content in patients with breast cancer: preliminary study. Osteoporosis Int 2: 39–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Love RR, Mazess RB, Barden HS, Epstein S, Newcomb PA, Jordan C, Carbone PP, DeMets DL (1992) Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl JMed 326: 852–886.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Grant DJ, McMurdo MET, Mole PA, Paterson CR, Davies RR (1993) Suppressed TSH levels secondary to thyroxine replacement therapy are not associated with osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 39: 529–533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Affinito P, Sorrentino C, Farace JM, di Carlo C, Moccia G, Canciello P, Palomba S, Nappi C (1996) Effects of thyroxine therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with hypothyroidism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75: 843–848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Guo CY, Weetman AP, Eastell R (1997) Longitudinal changes of bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women on thyroxine. Clin Endocrinol 46: 301–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ross DS (1993) Bone density is not reduced during the short-term administration of levothyroxine to postmenopausal women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized, prospective study. Am JMed 95: 385–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Kraszewski A (1980) Prospective double-blind trial of synthetic steroid (Org OD 14) for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Br Med J 280: 1207–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Rymer J, Chapman MG, Fogelman I (1994) Effect of tibolone on postmenopausal bone loss. Osteoporosis Int 4: 314–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Lippuner K, Haenggi W, Birkhaeuser MH, Casez J, Jaeger P (1997) Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss using tibolone or conventional peroral or transdermal hormone replacement with 1713-estradiol and dydrogesterone. J Bone Miner Res 12: 806–812.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bonnick, S.L. (1998). Effects of Age, Disease, and Drugs on Bone Density. In: Bone Densitometry in Clinical Practice. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2780-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2780-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2782-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2780-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics