Abstract
As with many social programs, long-term care (LTC) was not planned; most countries drifted into programmatic responses to an aging society. It is now necessary to rationalize what has evolved in bits and pieces. LTC poses a special problem because it covers so many aspects of life. It is essentially care in response to chronic dependency. It crosses many boundaries: physical and mental health care, health and social care, social services and housing, formal services, and family care.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kane RA, Kane RL. Long-Term Care: Principles, Programs, and Policies. New York: Springer; 1987.
Weissert WG. Seven reasons why it is so difficult to make community-based long-term care cost-effective. Health Serv Res. 1985; 20: 423–434.
Kane RA. The noblest experiment of them all: learning from the national channeling evaluation. Health Serv Res. 1988; 23 (1): 189–198.
Weissert WG, Wan TTH, Livieratos BB. Effects and Costs of Day Care and Homemaker Services for the Chronically III: A Randomized Experiment. (DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79–3258): Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology, National Center for Health Services Research, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Services Research; 1980.
GAO. Entering a Nursing Home—Costly Implications for Medicaid and the Elderly (PAD-80–12). Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office; 1979.
Kemper P. Evaluation of the National Channeling Demonstration: overview of the findings. Health Serv Res. 1988; 23 (1): 161–174.
Carcagno GJ, Kemper P. The evaluation of the national long term care demonstration: an overview of the channeling demonstration and its evaluation. Health Serv Res. 1988; 23(l): l-22.
The Pepper Commission. A Call for Action: The Pepper Commission U.S. Bipartisan Commission on Comprehensive Health Care (Final Report): Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990.
General Accounting Office. Long-term care: Diverse, growing population includes millions of Americans of all ages (GAO/HEHS-95–26): Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office; 1994.
Vladeck BC, Miller NA, Clauser SB. The changing face of long-term care. Health Care Financing Review. 1993; 14 (4): 5–23.
Kane RA, Wilson KB. Assisted Living in the United States: A New Paradigm for Residential Care for Frail Older Persons? Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons; 1993.
WHO. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A Manual of Classification Relating to the Consequences of Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1980.
Kane RA, Kane RL. Assessing the Elderly: A Practical Guide to Measurement. Lexington, MA: DC Heath; 1981.
McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.
Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffee MW. Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA. 1963; 185: 914–919.
Lawton MP, Moss M, Fulcomer M, Kleban MH. A research and service oriented multilevel assessment instrument. J Gerontol. 1982; 37 (l): 91–99.
Kemper P, Murtaugh CM. Lifetime use of nursing home care. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 595–600.
Kane RL, Kane RA. Transitions in long-term care. In: Ory MG, Bond K, eds. Aging and Health Care: Social Science and Policy Perspectives. London: Routledge; 1989.
Isaacs B, Livingstone M, Neville Y. Survival of the Unfittest. London: Routledge and K. Paul; 1972.
Manton KG, Corder LS, Stallard E. Estimates of change in chronic disability and institutional incidence and prevalence rates in the U.S. elderly population from the 1982, 1984, and 1989 national long term care survey. J Gerontol Soc Sci. 1993; 48 (4): S153 - S166.
DesHarnais S, Cheney J, Fleming S. Trends and regional variations in hospital utilization and quality during the first two years of the prospective payment system. Inquiry. 1988; 25: 374–382.
Guterman S, Eggers P, Riley G, Greene T, Terrell S. The first three years of Medicare prospective payment: an overview. Health Care Financ Rev. 1988; 9 (3): 67–82.
Kane RL, Kane RA. Posthospital care: a mystery and an opportunity. In: Vladeck BC, Alfano GJ, eds. Medicare and Extended Care: Issues, Problems, and Prospects. Owings Mills, MD: Rynd Communications; 1987.
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission. Medicare and the American Health Care System (Report to Congress). 1993.
Vladeck BG. Unloving Care: The Nursing Home Tragedy. New York: Basic Books; 1980.
Friedlob A. The Use of Physical Restraints in Nursing Homes and the Allocation of Nursing Resources. University of Minnesota, HSRA; 1993.
Mendelson MA. Tender Loving Greed. New York: Knopf; 1974.
Moss FE, Halamandaris VJ. Too Old, Too Sick, Too Bad: Nursing Homes in America. Germantown, MD: Aspen Systems; 1977.
Kane RL, Bell R, Riegler S, Wilson A, Kane RA. Assessing the outcomes of nursing home patients. J Gerontol. 1983; 38: 385–393.
Kane RL, Bell RM, Riegler SZ, Wilson A, Keeler E. Predicting the outcomes of nursing-home patients. Gerontologist. 1983; 23 (2): 200–206.
Garrard J, Kane RL, Radosevich DM, et al. Impact of geriatric nurse practitioners on nursing-home residents’ functional status, satisfaction, and discharge outcomes. Med Care. 1990; 28 (3): 271–283.
Kane RL, Bell RM, Riegler SZ. Value preferences for nursing-home outcomes. Gerontologist. 1986; 26: 303–308.
Katz K, Branch LG, Branson MH, Papsidero JA, Beck JC, Greer DS. Active life expectancy. N Engl J Med. 1983; 309: 1218–1224.
Rogers A, Rogers RG, Branch LG. A multistage analysis of active life expectancy. Public Health Rep. 1989; 104: 222–226.
Manton KG. A longitudinal study of functional change and mortality in the United States. J Gerontol. 1988; 43 (5): S153–161.
Boaz RF. Improved versus deteriorated physical functioning among long-term disabled elderly. Med Care. 1994; 32 (6): 588–602.
Siu AL, Ouslander JG, Osterweil D, Reuben DB, Hays RD. Change in self-reported functioning in older persons entering a residential care facility. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993; 46 (10): 1093–1101.
Boult C, Boult L, Murphy C, Ebbitt B, Luptak M, Kane RL. A controlled trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 465–470.
Larson EB. Exercise, functional decline, and frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39 (6): 635–636.
Tinetti M, Baker D, McAvay G, et al. A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling among elderly people living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331 (13): 821–827.
Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (25): 1769–1775.
Kosecoff J, Kahn KL, Rogers WH, et al. Prospective payment system and impairment at discharge. The “quicker-and-sicker” story revisited. JAMA. 1990; 264 (15): 1980–1983.
Malone JK, Chase D, Bayard JL. Caring for nursing home residents. J Health Care Benefits. 1993; January/February: 51–54.
Polich CL, Bayard J, Jacobson RA, Parker M. A nurse-run business to improve health care for nursing home residents. Nurs Econ. 1990; 8 (2): 96–101.
Harrington C, Lynch M, Newcomer RJ. Medical services in social health maintenance organizations. Gerontologist. 1993; 33 (6): 790–800.
Harrington C, Newcomer RJ, Moore TG. Factors that contribute to Medicare HMO risk contract success. Inquiry. 1988; 25: 251–262.
Harrington C, Newcomer RJ, Preston S. A comparison of S/HMO disenrollees and continuing members. Inquiry. 1993; 30 (4): 429–440.
Manton KG, Newcomer R, Vertrees JC, Lowrimore GR, Harrington C. A method for adjusting capitation payments to managed care plans using multivariate patterns of health and functioning: the experience of Social/health maintenance organizations. Med Care. 1994; 32 (3): 277–297.
Newcomer R, Harrington C, Friedlob A. Awareness and enrollment in the Social/HMO. Gerontologist. 1990; 30 (1): 86–93.
Newcomer R, Manton K, Harrington C, Yordi C, Vertrees J. Case mix controlled service use and expenditures in the social/health maintenance organization demonstration./Gerontol Med Sci. 1995; 50A (1): M35 - M44.
Newcomer RJ, Harrington C, Friedlob A. Social health maintenance organizations: assessing their initial experience. Health Serv Res. 1990; 25 (3): 425–454.
Leutz W, Greenlick MR, Ripley J, Ervin S, Feldman E. Medical services in Social HMOs: a reply to Harrington et al. Gerontologist. 1995; 35 (l): 6–8.
Kane RL, Illston LH, Miller NA. Qualitative analysis of the Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). Gerontologist. 1992; 32: 771–780.
Prohaska T, Mermelstein R, Miller B, Jack S. Functional status and living arrangements. In: Van Nostrand JF, Furner SE, Suzman R, eds. Health Data on Older Americans: United States, 1992. Vital and Health Statistics. Hyattsville MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1993: 3(27).
Kovar MG. Aging in the eighties, age 65 and over and living alone, contacts with family, friends, and neighbors. Preliminary data from the Supplement on Aging to the National Health Interview Survey: US, January-June 1984. Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 116. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 86–1250. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service; 1986.
Hing E. Use of nursing homes by the elderly: preliminary data from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey, Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 135. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 87–1250. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service; 1987.
Havlik RJ, Liu MG, Kovar MG, et al., eds. Health statistics on older persons, US, 1986. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 3, No. 25. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 87–1409. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service; 1987.
Sekscenski ES. Discharges from nursing homes: preliminary data from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey, Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 142. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 87–1250. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service; 1987.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kane, R.L., Kane, R.A. (1997). Long-Term Care. In: Cassel, C.K., et al. Geriatric Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2705-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2705-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2707-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2705-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive