Abstract
Advances in medical science during the past half century have allowed people to survive many acute illnesses that previously would have resulted in death. Yet success is often incomplete, substituting a chronic disease rather than curing the disease. Most Americans age with one or more degenerative or disabling diseases, and many will require daily assistance toward the end of life. In many chronic disease states, it may be difficult or impossible to identify a point at which a gradually worsening patient becomes terminally ill. In the process of ongoing care, however, physicians and patients often become aware that the likely benefits of certain treatments or diagnostic tests are outweighed by the discomfort and other burdens associated with them and that an overall palliative approach has become preferable. For some patients, no treatment offers hope for prolongation of life or restoration of function, but palliation of symptoms and maintenance of function are virtually always important.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
The President’s Commission for the Study of Ethics and Medicine. Deciding to forgo Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1983.
Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying: A Report by the Hastings Center. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1987.
Current Opinions of the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association. Chicago: AMA; 1986.
Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL. The economics of dying. The illusion of cost savings at the end of life. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (8): 540–544.
Teno J, Murphy D, Lynn J, et al. Prognosis-based futility guidelines: does anyone win? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 1–6.
Emanuel EJ, Weinberg DS, Gonin R, et al. How well is the Patient Self-Determination Act working?: an early assessment. Am J Med. 1993; 95 (6): 619–628.
Uhlman RF, Clark H, Pearlman RA, et al. Medical management decisions in nursing home patients. Principles and policy recommendations. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106: 879–885.
Holtzman J, Pheley AM, Lurie N. Changes in orders limiting care and the use of less aggressive care in a nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 275–279.
Fried TR, Gillick MR. Medical decision-making in the last six months of life: choices about limitation of care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 303–307.
Murphy DJ, Burrows D, Santilli S, et al. The influence of the probability of survival on patients’ preference regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330 (8): 545–549.
Uhlmann RF, Pearlman RA, Cain KC. Physicians’ and spouses’ predictions of elderly patients’ resuscitation preferences. J Gerontol. 1988; 43: M115 - M121.
Seckler AB, Meier DE, Mulvihill M, et al. Substituted judgment: how accurate are proxy predictions? Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115: 92–98.
Teno J, Hakim RB, Knaus WA, et al. Preferences for CPR: physician-patient agreement and hospital resources. J Gen Intern Med. 1995; 10 (4): 179–186.
Schmitz RN, O’Brien M. Observations on nutrition and hydration in dying cancer patients. In: Lynn J, ed. By No Extraordinary Means. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1989: 29–40.
Cruzan Director, Missouri Department of Health, 110 S. Ct. 284; 1990: 2855.
Mullen MT, van der Wal G, van Eijk JThM, et al. Voluntary active euthanasia and assisted suicide in Dutch nursing homes: are the requirements for prudent practice properly met? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 624–629.
Bernât JL, Gert B, Mogielnicki RP. Patient refusal of hydration and nutrition: an alternative to physician-assisted suicide or voluntary active euthanasia. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153: 2723–2728.
Teno J, Lynn J. Voluntary active euthanasia: the individual case and public policy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39: 827–830.
Sanger MA, Easterling DE, Kindig DA, et al. Changes in the location of death after passage of Medicare’s prospective payment system. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320 (7): 433–439.
Pritchard R, Teno J, Fisher E, et al. Regional variation in site of death. J Gen Intern Med. 1994;9:suppl. 1: 64.
Christakis NA. Timing of referral of terminally ill patients to an outpatient hospice. J Gen Intern Med. 1994; 9: 314–320.
The Hospice Help Line 1–800–658–8898 or The National Hospice Organization, 1901 North Moore Street, Suite 901, Arlington, VA 22209, to locate hospice programs.
Foley C. The treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med. 1985; 313 (2): 84–95.
Ferrell BA. Pain management in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39: 64–73.
WHO Expert Committee. Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Technical Report Series 804. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990.
Daut RL, Cleeland CS, Flanery RC. The development of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other diseases. Pain. 1983; 17: 197–210.
Graham C, Bond SS, Gerkovich MM, et al. Use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in the assessment of cancer pain: replicability and consistency. Pain. 1980; 8: 377–387.
Wallenstein SL. Measurement of pain and analgesia in cancer patients. Cancer. 1984; 53: 2217–2384.
Silvestri GA, Mahler DA. Evaluation of dyspnea in the elderly patient. Clin Chest Med. 1993; 14 (3): 393–404.
Coyle N, Adelhardt J, Foley KM, et al. Character of terminal illness in the advanced cancer patient: pain and other symptoms during the last four weeks of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990; 5: 83–93.
Bonica JJ. Treatment in cancer pain. Current status and future needs. In: Fields H, et al., eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1985:589-616.
Foley KM: Pain syndromes in patients with cancer. In: Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol 2. International Symposium on pain in Advanced Cancer. New York: Raven Press; 1979: 59–76.
Mogielnicki RP, Nelson WA, Dulac JA. A study of the dying process in elderly hospitalized males. J Cancer Education. 1990; 5 (2): 135–145.
Reuben DB, Mor V. Dyspnea in terminally ill cancer patients. Chest. 1986; 89: 234–236.
Bruera E, deStoutz N, Velasco-Leiva A, et al. Effects of oxygen on dyspnoea in hypoxaemic terminal-cancer patients. Lancet. 1993; 342: 13–14.
Dean NC, Brown JK, Himmelman RB, et al. Oxygen may improve dyspnea and endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and only mild hypoxemia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146 (4): 941–945.
Bruera E, MacEachern T, Ripamonti C, et al. Subcutaneous morphine for dyspnea in cancer patients. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 906–907.
Cohen MH, Anderson AJ, Krasnow SH, et al. Continuous intravenous morphine for severe dyspnea. South Med J. 1991; 84 (2): 229–234.
Saunders C. Principles of symptom control in terminal care. Med Clin North Am. 1982; 66: 1169–1183.
Massie MJ, Holland JC. Depression and the cancer patient. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51: 12–17.
Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA. 1989; 262: 2551–2556.
Kukull WA, Brenner DE, Speck CE, et al. Causes of death associated with Alzheimer disease: variation by level of cognitive impairment before death. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 723–726.
Collins C, Ogle K. Patterns of predeath service use by dementia patients with a family caregiver. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 719–722.
Volicer L. Need for hospice approach to treatment of patients with advanced progressive dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986; 34: 655–658.
Enck RE. Alzheimer’s disease and hospice care. Am J Hosp Care. 1987; 4 (l): 19–20.
Volicer L, Collard A, Hurley A, et al. Impact of special care unit for patients with advanced Alzheimer’s disease on patients’ discomfort and costs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994; 42: 597–603.
Hockley JM, Dunlop R, Davies RJ. Survey of distressing symptoms in dying patients and their families in hospital and the response to a symptom control team. Br Med J. 1988; 296: 1715–1717.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goodlin, S., Lynn, J. (1997). Care Near the End of Life. In: Cassel, C.K., et al. Geriatric Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2705-0_58
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2705-0_58
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2707-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2705-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive