Abstract
The constructs of stress and coping have held an important role in theories about the development of problems of childhood and adolescents and in intervention models about how to prevent the occurrence of such problems (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994; Rolf, Masten, Cicchetti, Nuechterlein, & Weintraub, 1990; Cowen, 1980; Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994; Hetherington & Blechman, 1996). Stress has been implicated in the development of a wide range of problems, and a rich literature has developed on factors that enable children to be resilient against the negative effects of stress (Gore & Eckenrode, 1994). In a parallel fashion, improving child and adolescent adaptation to stress has been identified as one of the most promising approaches to preventing the development of problems of childhood and adolescence (Compas, Phares, & Ledoux, 1989; Cowen, 1985; Bloom, 1990). For example, in their comprehensive annotated bibliography of primary prevention programs between 1983 and 1991, Trickett, Dahiyal, and Selby (1994) identified 169 citations concerning prevention programs under the headings of stressful life events, social support, and crisis intervention. Many of these stress-based preventive interventions have been empirically evaluated and found to have beneficial effects (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994; Price, Cowen, Lorion, & Ramos-McKay, 1988). Unfortunately, however, the links between the theoretical and intervention research literatures are not strong.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, C., & Hammen, C. (1993). Stress exposure and stress generation in children of depressed mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 354–359.
Ayers, T. S. (1991). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternative theoretical models. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., & Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923–958.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator—mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
Barrera, M., Jr. (1981). Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In B. Gottlieb (Ed.), Social networks and social support (pp. 69–96). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Barrera, M., Jr. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413–441.
Barrera, M., Jr., & Garrison-Jones, C. (1992). Family and peer social support as specific correlates of adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 1–16.
Barrera, M., Jr., Chassin, L., & Rogosch, F. (1993). Effects of social support and conflict on adolescent children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 602–612.
Barrera, M., Jr., & Li, S. (1996). The relation of family support to adolescents’ psychological distress and behavior problems. In G. R. Pierce, B. S. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 313–343). New York: Plenum Press.
Benson, L. T., & Deeter, T. E. (1992). Moderators of the relation between stress and depression in adolescents. The School Counselor, 39, 189–194.
Blakely, C., Mayer, J., Gottschalk, R., Schmitt, N., Davidson, W., Roitman, D., & Emshoff, J. (1987). The fidelity-adaptation debate: Implications for the implementation of public sector social programs. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 253–268.
Bloom, B. L. (1990). Stressful life events and the prevention of psychopathology. In NIMH (Ed.), Conceptual research models for preventing mental disorders (pp. 63–90). DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 90–1713, Washington, DC.
Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., & Hitt, J. C. (1992). Coping scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 195–214.
Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. (1978). Benefits of adolescents of informal helping relationships with their parents and peers. Psychological Reports, 42, 1175–1184.
Caplan, R. D., Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H., & van Ryn, M. (1989). Job seeking, reemployment, and mental health: A randomized field experiment in coping with job loss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 759–769.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283.
Cauce, A. M., Felner, R. D., Primavera, J., & Ginter, M. A. (1982). Social support in high risk adolescents: Structural components and adaptive impact. American Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 417–428.
Cauce, A. M., Hannan, K., & Sargeant, M. (1992). Life stress, social support, and locus of control during early adolescence: Interactive effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 787–798.
Cauce, A. M., Reid, M., Landesman, S., & Gonzales, N. (1990). Social support in young children: Measurement, structure, and behavioral impact. In B. Sarason, I. Sarason, & G. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 64–94). New York: Wiley.
Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. F. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 47–59.
Chassin, L., Presson, C., Sherman, S. J., Montello, D., & McGrew, J. (1986). Changes in peer and parent influence during adolescence: Longitudinal versus cross-sectional perspectives on smoking initiation. Developmental Psychology, 22, 327–334.
Cherlin, A. (1992). Marriage, divorce and remarriage. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300–314.
Coddington, R. D. (1972). The significance of life events as etiologic factors in the diseases of children: A study of a normal population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, 205–213.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–317.
Coie, J. D., Watt, N., West, S. G., Hawkins, D., Asarnow, J., Markman, H., Ramsey, S., Shure, M., & Long, B. (1993). The science of prevention: A conceptual framework for and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist, 48(10), 1013–1022.
Compas, B. E., Malcarne, V., & Fondacaro, K. (1988). Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 405–411.
Compas, B. E., Phares, V., & Ledoux, N. (1989). Stress and coping preventive interventions for children and adolescents. In L. A. Bond & B. E. Compas (Eds.), Primary prevention and promotion in the schools (pp. 319–340). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Compas, B. E., Wagner, B. M., Slavin, S. L., & Vannatta, K. (1986). A prospective study of life events, social support, and psychological symptomatology during the transition from high school to college. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 241–258.
Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., & Schulz, M. S. (1996). Thinking about risk and resilience in families. In E. M. Hetherington & E. A. Blechman (Eds.), Stress, coping and resiliency in children and families (pp. 10–38). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cowen, E. L. (1980). The wooing of primary prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 258–284.
Cowen, E. L. (1985). Person centered approaches to primary prevention in mental health: Situationfocused and competence enhancement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 31–48.
Cowen, E. L., Wyman, P. A., Work, W. C., & Parker, G. R. (1990). The Rochester Child Resilience Project (RCRP): Overview and summary of first year findings. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 193–212.
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1994). Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution. New York: Guileford Press.
Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1978). Some issues in research on stressful life events. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 7–15.
DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Brand, S., Adan, A., & Evans, E. G. (1992). A prospective study of life stress, social support, and adaptation in early adolescence. Child Development, 63, 542–557.
DuBois, D. F., Felner, R. D., Meares, H., & Krier, M. (1994). Prospective investigation of the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, life stress, and social support on early adolescent adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 511–522.
DuBois, E. R., & Ullman, D. G. (1989). Assessing social support in elementary school children: The survey of children’s social support. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18, 52–64.
Dubow, E. F., Schmidt, D., McBride, J., Edwards, S., & Merk, F. L. (1993). Teaching children to cope with stressful experiences: Initial implementation and evaluation of a primary prevention program. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 428–440.
Dubow, E. F., Tisak, J., Causey, D., Hryshko, A., & Reid, G. (1991). A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problem-solving skills: Contributions to children’s behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Development, 62, 583–599.
Durlak, J., & Wells, A. (in press). Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology,
Ebata, A. T., & Moos, R. H. (1991). Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Applied and Developmental Psychology, 12, 33–54.
Ebata, A., & Moos, R. (1994). Personal, situational, and contextual correlates of coping in adolescence. Journal of research on adolescence, 4, 99–125.
Elias, M., Gara, M., Schuyler, T., Branden-Muller, L., & Sayette, M. (1986). The promotion of social competence: Longitudinal study of a preventive school-based program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 409–417.
Elias, M., Gara, M., Ubriaco, M., Rothbaum, P., Clabby, J., & Schuyler, T. (1986). The impact of a preventive social problem-solving intervention on children’s coping with middle-school stressors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 259–275.
Elias, M., & Weissberg, R. (1990). School-based social competence promotion as a primary prevention strategy: A tale of two projects. In R. P. Lorion (Ed.), Protecting the children: Strategies for optimizing emotional and behavioral development (pp. 177–200). New York: Haworth Press.
Emery, R., & Forehand, R. (1994). Parental divorce and children’s well-being: A focus on resilience. In R. Haggerty, L. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 64–100). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Felner, R. D., & Adan, A. (1988). The school transitional environment project: An ecological intervention and evaluation. In R. H. Price, E. L. Cowen, R. P. Lorion, & J. Ramos-McKay (Eds.), Fourteen ounces of prevention: A casebook for practitioners (pp. 111–123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Felner, R. D., Brand, S., DuBois, D. L., Adan, A., Mulhall, P. F., & Evans, E. G. (1995). Socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences, and socioemotional and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Investigation of a mediated effects model. Child Development, 66, 774–792.
Felner, R. D., Terre, L., & Rowlison, R. (1988). A life transition framework for understanding marital dissolution and family reorganization. In S. Wolchik & P. Karoly (Eds.), Children of divorce: Empirical perspective on adjustment (pp. 35–66). New York: Gardner Press.
Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839–852.
Folmer, H. (1981). Measurement of the effects of regional policy instruments by means of linear structural equation models and panel data. Environmental and Planning A, 13, 1435–1448.
Freedman, D. A. (1987). As other see us: A case study in path analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 12, 101–128.
Fuligni, A. J., & Eccles, J. S. (1993). Perceived parent-child relationship and early adolescents’ orientation toward peers. Developmental Psychology, 29, 622–632.
Gamble, W. (1994). Perceptions of controllability and other stressor event characteristics as determinants of coping among young adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 65–84.
Games, P. (1988). Correlation and causation: An alternative view. The Score, 9–10.
Gersten, J. C., Beals, J., & Kallgren, C. A. (1991). Epidemiology and preventive interventions: Parental death in childhood as a case example. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 481–500.
Gersten, J. C., Langner, T. S., Eisenberg, J. G., & Simcha-Fagan, O. R. (1977). An evaluation of the etiological role of stressful life changes in psychological disorders. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18, 228–244.
Gillham, J., Reivish, K., Jaycox, L., & Seligman, M. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6, 343–351.
Glyshaw, K., Cohen, L. H., & Towbes, L. C. (1989). Coping strategies and psychological distress: Prospective analyses of early and middle adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 607–623.
Gonzalez, N., Gunnoe, M., Jackson, K., & Samaniego, R. (1996). Validation of a multicultural events scale for urban adolescents: Preliminary strategies for enhancing cross-ethnic and cross-language equivalence. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Gore, S., & Eckenrode, J. (1994). Context and process in research on risk and resilience. In R. Haggerty, L. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 19–63). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Graziano, A. M., & Diament, D. M. (1992). Parent behavioral training: An examination of the paradigm. Behavior Modification, 16, 3–38.
Greenberg, M. T., Seigel, J. M., & Leitch, C. J. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 373–386.
Greenberg, M., Kusche, C., Cook, E., & Quamma, J. (1995). Promoting emotional competence in school-aged deaf children. The effects of the PATHS curriculum. Developmental Psychopathology, 5, 191–213.
Grych, J., & Fincham, F. (1993). Children’s appraisals of marital conflict: Initial investigations of the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Development, 64, 215–230.
Grych, J., Seid, M., & Fincham, F. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development, 63, 558–572.
Guerra, H. G., Huesmann, L. R., Tolan, P. H., Van Acker, R., & Eron, L. (1995). Stressful events and individual beliefs as correlates of economic disadvantage and aggression among urban children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 518–528.
Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending, processes of self-environment organization. New York: Academic Press.
Haan, N. (1982). The assessment of coping, defense, and stress. In L. Goldberg & S. Brezwitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 254–269). New York: Free Press.
Haggerty, R., Sherrod, L., Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1994). Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hammen, C., & Goodman-Brown, T. (1990). Self-schemas and vulnerability to specific life stress in children at risk for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 215–227.
Hetherington, E. M., & Blechman, E. A. (1996). Stress, coping and resiliency in children and families. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hirsch, B. J., & DuBois, E. F. (1992). The relation of peer social support and psychological symptomatology during the transition to junior high school: A two-year longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 333–347.
Hirsch, B. J., & Reischl, T. (1985). Social networks and developmental psychopathology: A comparison of adolescent children of depressed, arthritic, or normal parent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 272–281.
Hoffman, M. A., & Levy-Shiff, R. (1994). Coping and locus of control: Cross-situational transmission between mothers and adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 391–405.
Johnson, J., & Bradlyn, A. (1988). Life events and adjustment in childhood and adolescence: Methodological and conceptual issues. In L. Cohen (Ed.), Life events and psychological functioning: Theoretical and methodological issues (pp. 64–95). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kahn, H. A., & Sempos, C. T. (1989). Statistical methods in epidemiology. New York: Oxford.
Kliewer, W. (1991). Coping in middle childhood: Relations to competence, type A behavior, monitoring, blunting, and locus of control. Developmental Psychology, 27, 689–697.
Kliewer, W., & Sandler, I. (1992). Locus of control and self-esteem as moderators of stressor—symptom relations in children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 393–413.
Kliewer, W., Sandler, I. N., & Wolchik, S. A. (1994). Family socialization of threat appraisal and coping: Coaching, modeling and family context. In K. Hurrelman & F. Nestmann (Eds.), Social networks and social support in childhood and adolescence (pp. 271–291). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Knitzer, J., & Aber, J. (1995). Young children and poverty: Facing the facts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 174–176.
Krohne, H. W., & Rogner, J. (1982). Repression-sensitization as a central construct in coping research. In H. W. Krohne & L. Laux (Eds.), Achievement, stress, and anxiety (pp. 167–193). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Leitenberg, H., Yost, L. W., & Carroll-Wilson, M. (1986). Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 528–536.
Lengua, L. J., & Sandler, I. N. (1996). Self-regulation as a moderator of the relation between coping and symptomatology in children of divorce. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 681–701.
Licitra-Kleckler, D. M., & Waas, G. A. (1993). Perceived social support among high-stress adolescents: The role of peers and family. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 381–402.
Lindner, M. S., Hagan, M. S., & Brown, J. C. (1992). The adjustment of children in nondivorced, divorced single-mother, and remarried families. In E. M. Hetherington & W. G. Clingempeel (Eds.), Coping with marital transitions: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57 (No. 2–3), 35–72.
Lipsey, M. (1990). Theory as method: Small theories of treatments. In L. Sechrest, E. Perrin, & J. Bunker (Eds.), Research methodology: Strengthening causal interpretations of nonexperimental data (pp. 33–53). Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
Lorion, R., Price, R., & Eaton, W. (1989). The prevention of child and adolescent disorders: From theory to research. In D. Schaffer, I. Philips, & N. Enzer (Eds.), Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol and other drug use in children and adolescents (pp. 55–97). Washington, DC: Office of Substance Abuse Prevention Monograph-2 (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90–1646).
MacKinnon, D. (1994). Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series, 139, 127–153.
MacKinnon, D., & Dwyer, J. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Research, 17, 144–158.
MacKinnon, D., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J. (1995). A simulation study of mediated effects measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 41–62.
Mayer, J., & Davidson, W. (in press). Dissemination of innovations. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), The handbook of community psychology. New York: Plenum Press.
Maton, K. (1990). Meaningful involvement in instrumental activity and well-being: Studies of older adolescents and at risk urban teen-agers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 297–320.
Mazur, E., Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. N. (1992). Negative cognitive errors and positive illusions for negative divorce events: Predictors of children’s psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 523–542.
McGrath, J. E. (1970). A conceptual formulation for research on stress. In J. E. McGrath (Ed.), Social and psychological factors in stress (pp. 10–21). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Menaghan, E. G. (1983). Individual coping efforts: Moderators of the relationship between life stress and mental health outcomes. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 157–191). New York: Academic Press.
Miller, S. M., Brody, D. S., & Summerton, J. (1988). Styles of coping with threat: Implications for health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 142–148.
Miller, S., & Green, M. (1985). Coping with stress and frustration: Origins, nature, and development. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The socialization of emotions (pp. 263–313). New York: Plenum Press.
Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. (Eds.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Institute of Mental Health. (1995). A plan for prevention research for the national institute of mental health: A report to the national advisory mental health council. NIH Publication 96–4093. Rockville, Maryland.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1992). Children coping with uncontrollable stressors. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 1, 183–189.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1986). Learned helplessness in children: A longitudinal study of depression, achievement, and explanatory style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 435–442.
Nowachek, P. A., & Stoddard, J. J. (1994). Prevalence and impact of multiple childhood chronic illnesses. Journal of Pediatrics, 124, 40–48.
O’Brien, M., Margolin, G., John, R., & Krueger, L. (1991). Mother’s and son’s cognitive and emotional reactions to simulated marital family conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 692–703.
Patterson, G. R. (1975). Families: Application of social learning to family life. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Pedro-Carroll, J., & Cowen, E. (1987). Preventive interventions for children of divorce. In J. P. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment and theory, Vol. 4 (pp. 281–307). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Pierce, G., Sarason, B., Sarason, I., Joseph, H., & Henderson, C. (1996). Conceptualizing and assessing social support in the context of the family. In G. Pierce, B. Sarason, & I. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 3–23). New York: Plenum Press.
Pillow, D. R., Sandler, I. N., Braver, S., Wolchik, S., & Gersten, J. (1991). Theory-based screening for prevention: Focusing on mediating processes in children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 809–837.
Price, R. (1983). The education of a prevention psychologist. In R. Felner, L. Jason, J. Moritsugu, & S. Farber (Eds.), Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice (pp. 290–296). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Price, R. H., Cowen, E. L., Lorion, R. P., & Ramos-McKay, J. (Eds.). (1988). 14 ounces of prevention: A casebook for practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Price, R., & Lorion, R. (1989). Prevention programming as organizational reinvention: From research to implementation. In OSAP Prevention Monograph-2, Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol and other drug use in children and adolescents (pp. 97–123). DHHS Publication No. (ADM)90–1646. Washington, DC.
Quamma, J. P., & Greenberg, M. T. (1994). Children’s experience of life stress: The role of family social support and social problem-solving skills as protective factors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 295–305.
Reifman, A., & Windle, M. (1995). Adolescent suicidal behaviors as a function of depression, hopelessness, alcohol use, and social support: A longitudinal investigation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 329–354.
Rolf, J., Masten, A. S., Cicchetti, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Weintraub, S. (Eds.). (1990). Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Roosa, M., Beals, J., Sandler, I., & Pillow, D. (1990). The role of risk and protective factors in predicting symptomatology in adolescent self-identified children of alcoholic parents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 725–741.
Roosa, M. W., Sandler, I. N., Gehring, M., Beals, J., & Cappo, L. (1988). The Children of Alcoholics Life Events Schedule: A stress scale for children of alcohol abusing parents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 422–429.
Rossman, B., & Rosenberg, M. (1992). Family stress and functioning in children: The moderating effects of children’s beliefs about their control over parental conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 699–715.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819.
Rowlison, R. T., & Felner, R. D. (1988). Major life events, hassles, and adaptation in adolescence: Confounding in the conceptualization and measurement of life stress and adjustment revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 432–444.
Russell, M., Henderson, C., & Blume, S. (1985). Children of alcoholics: A review of the literature. New York: Children of Alcoholics Foundation.
Rutter, M. (1994). Stress research: Accomplishments and tasks ahead. In R. Haggerty, L. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 354–385). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sameroff, A., & Seifer, R. (1990). Early contributors to developmental risk. In J. Rolf, A. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. Neuchterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 52–67). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sandler, I., Braver, S., Wolchik, S., Pillow, D., & Gersten, J. (1991). Small theory and the strategic choices of prevention research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 873–880.
Sandler, I. N., Miller, P., Short, J., & Wolchik, S. A. (1989). Social support as a protective factor for children in stress. In D. Belle (Ed.), Children’s social networks and social supports (pp. 277–307). New York: Wiley.
Sandler, I., & Ramsey, T. B. (1982). Dimensional analysis of children’s stressful life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 285–302.
Sandler, I., Tein, J., & West, S. (1994). Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763.
Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., & Braver, S. (1988). The stressors of children’s postdivorce environments. In S. A. Wolchik & P. Karoly (Eds.), Children of divorce: Empirical perspective on adjustment (pp. 111–143). New York: Gardner Press.
Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., Braver, S., & Fogas, B. (1986). Significant events of children of divorce: Toward the assessment of risky situations. In S. M. Auerbach & A. Stolberg (Eds.), Crisis intervention with children and families (pp. 65–83). New York: Hemisphere.
Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., Braver, S., & Fogas, B. (1991). Stability and quality of life events and psychological symptomatology of children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 501–520.
Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., Baca, L., Pillow, D. R., Gersten, J., Rogosch, F., Virdin, L., Beals, J., Reynolds, K., Kallgren, C., Tein, J., Kriege, G., Cole, E., & Ramirez, R. (1992). Linking empirically based theory and evaluation: The family bereavement program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 491–521.
Seidman, E., Allen, L., Aber, J., Mitchell, C., & Feinman, J. (1994). The impact of school transitions in early adolescence on the self-system and perceived social context of poor urban youth. Child Development, 65, 507–522.
Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sheets, V., Sandler, I., & West, S. (1996). Appraisals of negative events by preadolescent children of divorce. Child Development, 67, 2166–2182.
Short, J., Roosa, M., Sandler, I., Ayers, T., Gensheimer, L., Braver, S., & Tein, J. (1995). Evaluation of a preventive intervention for a self-selected subpopulation of children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 223–248.
Siegel, J. M., & Brown, J. D. (1988). A prospective study of stressful circumstances, illness symptoms, and depressed mood among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 24, 715–721.
Silver, E. J., Coupey, S. M., Bauman, L. J., Doctors, S. R., & Boeck, M. A. (1992). Effects of peer counseling training intervention on psychological functioning of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 110–128.
Skinner, E. A., & Wellborn, J. G. (1994). Coping during childhood and adolescence: A motivational perspective. In R. Lerner, D. Featherman, & M. Perlmuter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior, Vol. 12 (pp. 91–123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Slavin, L. A., & Rainer, K. L. (1990). Gender differences in emotional support and depressive symptoms: A prospective analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 407–421.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in structural equation models. In N. Tuma (Ed.), Sociological methodology1986 (pp. 159–186). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Spacarelli, S. (1994). Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 340–362.
Stice, E., Barrera, M., Jr., & Chassin, L. (1993). Relation of parental support and control to adolescents’ externalizing symptomatology and substance use: A longitudinal examination of curvilinear effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 609–629.
Stolberg, A. L., & Garrison, K. M. (1985). Evaluating a primary prevention program for children of divorce. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 111–124.
Stolberg, A. C., & Mahler, J. (1994). Enhancing treatment gains in a school based intervention for children of divorce through skill training, parental involvement, and transfer procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 147–156.
Stone, A. A., Helder, L., & Schneider, M. S. (1988). Coping with stressful events: Coping, dimensions and issues. In L. H. Cohen (Ed.), Life events and psychological functioning: Theoretical and methodological issues (pp. 182–210). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Suls, J., & Fletcher, B. (1985). The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, 249–288.
Swearingen, E., & Cohen, L. (1985). Life events and psychological distress: A prospective study of young adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1045–1054.
Taylor, R. D., Casten, R., & Flickinger, S. M. (1993). Influence of kinship social support on the parenting experiences and psychosocial adjustment of African-American adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 29, 382–388.
Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 416–423.
Trickett, E., Dahiyal, C., & Selby, P. (1994). Primary prevention in mental health: An annotated bibliography1983–1991. NIH Publication No. 94–3767. Rockville, MD: NIMH.
US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports. (1994). Marital status and living arrangements: March, 1994 Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Wagner, B. M., Compas, B. E., & Howell, D. C. (1988). Daily and major life events: A test of an integrative model for psychosocial stress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 189–207.
Weissberg, R. P., Caplan, M., & Spivo, P. J. (1989). A new conceptual framework for establishing school-based social competence promotion programs. In L. A. Bond & B. E. Compas (Eds.), Primary prevention and promotion in the schools (pp. 255–296). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Weissberg, R., & Greenberg, M. (in press). School and community competence-enhancement and prevention programs. In W. Damon, I. Sigel, & K. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 5, Child psychology in practice (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Werner, E., & Smith, R. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw Hill.
West, S., & Aiken, L. (in press). Towards understanding individual effects in multiple component prevention programs: Design and analysis strategies. In K. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. West (Eds.), New methodological approaches to prevention research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, coping and tobacco and alcohol use in early adolescence. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 67–94). New York: Academic Press.
Wills, T. A. (1986). Stress and coping in early adolescence: Relationships to substance use in urban school samples. Health Psychology, 5, 503–529.
Wills, T. A. (1988). Coping and self-efficacy: Prospective analyses for adolescents in urban school samples. Submitted for publication.
Wills, T. A. (1989). Coping processes and self-efficacy: Prospective analyses in cohorts of urban adolescents. Unpublished manuscript, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology and Albert Einstein Medical School, Bronx, NY.
Wills, T. A. (1990). Social support and the family. In E. Blechman (Ed.), Emotions and the family (pp. 75–98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wills, T. A., Blechman, E. A., & McNamara, G. (1996). Family support, coping and competence. In E. M. Hetherington & E. A. Blechman (Eds.), Stress, coping and resiliency in children and the family (pp. 107–133). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wills, T. A., & Cleary, S. D. (1996). How are social support effects mediated: A test with parental support and adolescent substance use. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Wills, T. A., Mariani, J., & Filer, M. (1996). The role of family and peer relationship in adolescent substance use. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 521–549). New York: Plenum Press.
Wills, T. A., Vaccaro, D., & McNamara, G. (1992). The role of life events, family support, and competence in adolescent substance use: A test of vulnerability and protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 349–374.
Wills, T. A., & Vaughn, R. (1989). Social support and substance use in early adolescence. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 321–339.
Windle, M. (1992). A longitudinal study of stress buffering for adolescent problem behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 28, 522–530.
Wolchik, S. A., Ruehlman, L. S., Braver, S. L., & Sandler, I. N. (1989). Social support of children of divorce: Direct and stress buffering effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 485–501.
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Westover, S., Sandler, I., Martin, A., Lustig, J., Tein, J., & Fisher, J. (1993). The children of divorce parenting intervention: Outcome evaluation of an empirically based program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 293–331.
Wolchik, S., Sandler, I., West, S., & Anderson, E. (1997). Children of divorce: 6-year follow-up of preventive efforts. Unpublished manuscript. Arizona State University.
Worden, J. W., & Silverman, P. R. (1996). Parental death and the adjustment of school-age children. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 33, 91–102.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sandler, I.N., Wolchik, S.A., MacKinnon, D., Ayers, T.S., Roosa, M.W. (1997). Developing Linkages between Theory and Intervention in Stress and Coping Processes. In: Wolchik, S.A., Sandler, I.N. (eds) Handbook of Children’s Coping. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2677-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3269-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2677-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive