Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

  • Chapter
Diseases of the Thyroid

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 2))

  • 114 Accesses

Abstract

The term autoimmune thyroid disease (or actually, diseases) (AITD) actually encompasses several conditions with widely disparate clinical and laboratory expression (1,2) Yet there is a common thread linking their autoimmune etiology(ies) that unites them all under the above generic term. Moreover, in addition to those entities that may strictly fall under that heading, there are other thyroid conditions (e.g., subacute thyroiditis, nontoxic nodular goitre, and papillary thyroid carcinoma) that are not primary autoimmune diseases, but nevertheless may manifest (secondary) immunologic disturbances (see Table 1) (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Volpé R. Autoimmune diseases of the endocrine system. CRC, Boca Raton, 1990, pp. 1–364.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Weetman AP, McGregor AM. Autoimmune thyroid disease: further developments in our understanding. Endoc Rev 1994; 15: 788–830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hashimoto H Zur Kenntis der lymphomatosen Veranderung der Schilddruse (Struma lymphomatosa). Acta Klin Chir 1912;97:219–248.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Nagataki S, Yamashita S, Tamai H. Immunogenetics of autoimmune endocrine disease. In: Volpé R, ed. Autoimmune Diseases of the Endocrine System. CRC, Boca Raton, 1990, pp. 51–72.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Plotnikoff N, Murgo A, Faith R, Wybran J. Stress and Immunity. CRC, Boca Raton, 1991, pp. 1–558.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Handbook of Human Stress and Immunity. Academic, San Diego and London, 1994, pp. 1–414.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Holt PG. Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokers. Thorax 1987; 42: 241–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wachtel SS, Koo GC, Boyce EA. Evolutionary conservation of HY male antigen. Nature 1975; 254: 270–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nelson JL, Steinberg AD. Sex steroids, autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. In: Berczi I, Kovacs K, eds. Hormones and immunity. MTP Press, Lancaster, England, 1987, pp. 93–119.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Olsen NJ, Watson MB, Henderson GS, Kovacs WJ. Androgen deprivation induces phenotypic and functional changes in the thymus of adult male mice. Endocrinology 1991; 129: 2471–2476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Viselli SM, Stanziale S, Shults K, Kovacs WJ, Olsen NJ. Castration alters peripheral immune function in normal male mice. Immunology 1995; 84: 337–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Svejgaard A, Platz P, Ryder LR. In: Volpé R, ed. HLA and Endocrine Disease. Autoimmunity in Endocrine Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, pp. 93–107.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Farid NR, Bear JC. The human major histocompatibility complex and endocrine disease. Endocr Rev 1981; 2: 50–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mangklabruks A, Cox N, DeGroot LJ. Genetic factors in autoimmune thyroid disease analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of candidate genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 236–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Garcia-Ameijeiras A, Gladman DD, Chan JYC, Volpé R. Studies of restriction fragment length polymorphism of DR and DQ genes in HLA-DR3 positive patients with Graves’ disease or systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Invest Med 1993; 16: 326–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yanagawa T, Mangklabruks A, Chang YB, Okamoto Y, Fisfalen ME, Curran PG, DeGroot LJ. Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen DQA*0501 allele associated with genetic susceptibility to Graves’ disease in a Caucasian population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 1569–1574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Badenhoop K, Schwarz G, Walfish PG, Drummond V, Usadel KH, Bottazzo GF. Susceptibility to thyroid autoimmune disease: molecular analysis of HLA-D region genes identifies new markers for goitrous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1131–1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Farid NR, Shi Y, Zou M, Stenzky V, Zhonglin W, Stephens HAF, Bottazzo GF. Immunogenetics of Hashimoto disease: the 11th Histocompatibility Workshop experience. In: Nagataki S, Mori T, Torizuka K, eds. Eighty Years of Hashimoto Disease, Excerpta Medica, International Congress Series 1028, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tandon N, Zhang L, Weetman AP. HLA associations with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 34: 383–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McLachlan S. Editorial: The genetic basis of autoimmune thyroid disease: time to focus on chromosomal loci other than the major histocompatibility complex (HLA in man). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 605A - 605C.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zheng RQH, Abney ER, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Dayan C, Maini RN, Feldmann M. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-I and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 on human thyroid epithelial cells in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s disease. J Autoimmunity 1990; 3: 727–736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ratanachaiyavong S, Demaine AG, Campbell RD, McGregor AM. Heat shock protein 70 and complement C4 genotypes in patients with hyperthyroid Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84: 48–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Trieb K, Sztankay A, Hermann M, Gratzl R, Szabo J, Jindal S, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Do heat shock proteins play a role in Graves’ disease? Heat shock protein-specific T-cells from Graves’ disease thyroids do not recognize thyroid epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 528–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Resetkova E, Kawai K, Enomoto T, Arreaza G, Togun R, Foy TM, Noel RJ, Volpé R. Antibody to gp39, the ligand for CD40, significantly inhibits humoral responses for Graves’ thyroid tissues xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Thyroid 1996; 6: 267–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, Wakeham A, Shahinian A, Lee KP, Thompson CB, Griesser H, Mak TW. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science 1995; 270: 985–988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Saji M, Moriarity J, Ban T, Singer D, Kohn LD. Major histocompatibility complex Class I gene expression in rat thyroid cells is regulated by hormones, methimazole, and iodide as well as interferon. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 871–878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tomer Y, Davies TF. Infection, thyroid disease and autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 107–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Krieg AM, Steinberg AD. Review: Retroviruses and autoimmunity. J Autoimmunity 1990; 3: 137–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Volpé R. A perspective on human autoimmune thyroid disease: is there an abnormality of the target cell which predisposes to the disorder? Autoimmunity 1992; 12: 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wilkin TJ. Receptor autoimmunity in endocrine disorders. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1318–1324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wilkin TJ. The primary lesion theory of autoimmunity: a speculative hypothesis. Autoimmunity 1990; 7: 225–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Martin A, Davies TF. T cells in human autoimmune thyroid disease: emerging data shows the lack of need to invoke suppressor T cell problems. Thyroid 1992; 2: 247–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wick G, Muller PU, Kuhn L, Lefkovits I. Molecular analysis of genetically determined target cell abnormalities in spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Immunobiology 1990; 181; 414–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rose NR, Bacon LD, Sundick RS, Kong YM. The role of genetic factors in autoimmunity. In: Meischer PA, Bolis L, Gorini S, Lambo TA, Nossal GJV, Torrigiani G, eds. The Menarini Series of Immunopathology-First Symposium on Organ-specific Autoimmunity. Schwabe, Basel, Switzerland, 1978, pp. 225–233.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Volpé R. Subacute thyroiditis. In: Burrow GN, Oppenheimer J, Volpé R, eds. Thyroid Function and Disease. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 179–19.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bottazzo GF, Pujol-Borell R, Hanafusa T, Feldmann M. Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 1983; 2: 1115–1119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bottazzo GF, Mirakian R, De Lazzari F, Mauerhoff T, Todd I, Pujol-Borrel R. Autoimmune endocrine/organ specific disorders: Clinical diagnostic relevance and novel approach to pathogenesis. In: Berczi I, Kovacs K, eds. Hormones and immunity. MTP, Norwell, MA, 1987, pp. 296–311.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gaulton GN, Stein ME, Safko B, Stadecker MJ. Direct induction of la antigen on murine thyroid-derived epithelial cells by reovirus. J Immunol 1989; 142: 3821–3825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Neufeld BS, Platzer M, Davies TF. Reovirus induction of MHC Class II antigen in rat thyroid cells. Endocrinology 1980; 124: 543–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Ciampiolillo A, Mirakian R, Schulz T, Vittoria M, Buscema M, Pujol-Borrell R, Bottazzo GF. Retrovirus-like sequences in Graves’ disease: implications for human autoimmunity. Lancet 1989; 2: 1096–1099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wick GB, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Trieb K, Kalischnig A, Aguzzi A. Human foamy virus antigens in thyroid tissue of Graves’ disease patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1992; 99: 153–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wick GB, Trieb K, Aguzzi A, Recheis H, Anderl H, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Possible role of human foamy virus in Graves’ disease. Intervirology 1993; 35: 101–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rossini AA, Williams RM, Mordes JP, Appel C, Like AA. Spontaneous diabetes in the gnotobiotic BB/W rat. Diabetes 1989; 28: 1031–1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tominaga T, Katamine S, Namba H, Yokoyama N, Nakamura S, Morita S, Yamashita S, Izumi M, Miyamoto T, Nagataki S. Lack of evidence of the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related sequences in patients with Graves’ disease. Thyroid 1991; 1: 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Humphrey M, Baker JR, Carr E, Wartofsky L, Mosca J, Drabick JJ, Burke D, Djuh YY, Burman KD. Absence of retroviral sequences in Graves’ disease. Lancet 1991; 337: 17, 18.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Yanagawa T, Ito K, Kaplan EL, Ishikawa N, DeGroot LJ. Absence of association between human Spumaretrovirus and Graves’ disease. Thyroid 1995; 5: 379–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Heneine W, Musey VC, Sinha SD, Landay A, Northrup G, Khabbaz R, Kaplan JE. Absence of evidence for human Spumaretrovirus sequences in patients with Graves’ disease. J Acquir Immun Defic Dis and Hum Retrovirol 1995; 9: 99, 100.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Newmann-Haefelin D, Fleps U, Renne R, Schweizer M. Foamy viruses. Intervirology 1993; 35: 196–207.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Mowat WM. Interferon and Class II antigen expression in autoimmunity. Lancet 1986; 2: 283.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Aguayo J, Michaud P, Iitaka M, Row VV, Volpé R. Lack of effect of methimazole on thyrocyte cell surface antigen expression. Autoimmunity 1989; 2: 133–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kasuga Y, Matsubayashi S, Sakatsume Y, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpé R. Effects of long term, high dosage bovine thyrotropin administration on human thyroid tissues from patients with Graves’ disease and normal subjects xenografted into nude mice. Endocr Pathol 1990; 1: 220–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kasuga Y, Matsubayashi S, Sakatsume Y, Akasu F, Jamieson C, Volpé R. The effect of xeno-transplantation of human thyroid tissue following radioactive iodine ablation on thyroid function in the nude mouse. Clin Invest Med 1991; 14: 277–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Iwatani Y, Gerstein HC, Iitaka M, Row VV, Volpé R. Thyrocyte HLA-DR expression and interferon gamma production in autoimmune thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 695–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kasuga Y, Matsubayashi S, Sakatsume Y, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpé R. Effects of recombinant human interferon gamma on human thyroid tissues from patients with Graves’ disease and normal subject transplated into nude mice. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 1: 220–227.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kasuga Y, Matsubayashi S, Akasu F, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpé R. Effects on recombinant human interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha with or without interferon gamma on human thyroid tissues from Graves’ disease and normal subjects xenografted into nude mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 97: 133–138.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Wenzel B, Heeseman J, Wenzel KW, Schrieber EC. Antibodies to plasmid-encoated protein of enteropathic Yersinia in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Lancet 1988; 1: 56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ingbar SH, Weiss M, Cushing GW, Kasper DL. A possible role for bacterial antigen in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. In: Pinchera A, Ingbar SH, McKenzie JM, Fenzi GF, eds. Thyroid Autoimmunity, Plenum, New York, 1987, pp. 35–42.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  58. Heyma P, Harrison LC, Robins-Browne R. Thyrotropin binding sites on Yersinia enterocolitica recognized by immunoglobulins from humans with Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 64: 249–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Burman KD, Lukes YG, Gemiski P. Molecular homology between the human TSH receptor and Yersinia enterocolitica (Abstract). Thyroid 1991;(Suppl 1):S-62.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Arscott P, Rosen ED, Koenig RJ, Kaplan MM, Ellis T, Thompson N, Baker JR. Immunoreactivity to Yersinia enterocolitica antigens in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 295–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Resetkova E, Notenboom R, Arreaza G, Mukuta T, Yoshikawa N, Volpé R. Seroreactivity to bacterial antigens is not a unique phenomenon in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease in Canada. Thyroid 1994; 4: 269–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wolf MW, Misaki T, Bech K, Tvede M, Silra JE, Ingbar SE. Immunoglobulins of patients recovering from Yersinia enterocolitica infections exhibit Graves’-like activity in human thyroid membranes. Thyroid 1991; 1: 315–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sakata S, Matsuda M, Komaki T, Kojima N, Yabuuci E, Miura K. Production of anti–TSH receptor antibodies in rats by immunization with Yersinia enterocolitica. Abstract 12–18–073, in Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Endocrinology, Kyoto, July 17 – 23, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lahat N, Hirose W, Davies TF. Enhanced induction of thyroid cell MHC Class II antigen expression in rats highly responsive to thyroglobulin. Endocrinology 1989; 124: 1754–1759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Volpé R, Kasuga Y, Akasu F, Morita T, Resetkova E, Arreaza G, Volpé R. The use of SCID mouse and nude mouse as models for the study of human autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Immunol Immunopath 1993;67:93–99.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dawe K, Hutchings P, Champion B, Cooke A, Roitt IR. Autoantigens in thyroid disease. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1993; 14: 285–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ludgate M, Vassart G. The molecular genetics of three thyroid autoantigens: thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase and the thyrotrophin receptor. Autoimmunity 1990; 7: 201–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cuddihy RM, Dutton CM, Bahn RS. A polymorphism in the extracellular domain of the thyrotropin receptor is highly associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in females. Thyroid 1995; 5: 89–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bohr URM, Behr M, Loos U. A heritable point mutation in an extracellular domain on the TSH receptor involved in the interaction with Graves’ immunoglobulins. Biochem Biophys Acta 1993; 1216: 504–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Watson PF, French A, Pickerill AP, McIntosh RS, Weetman AP. Lack of association between a polymorphism in the coding region of the thyrotropin receptor and Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1032–1035.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Murakami M, Myashita K, Monden T, Yamada M, Iriuchijima T, Mori M. Evidence that a soluble form of TSH receptor is present in the peripheral blood of patients with Graves’ disease. In: Nagataki S, Mori T, Torizuka K, eds. Eighty Years of Hashimoto Disease, Excerpta Medica, International Congress Series 1028, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 683–685.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Weetman AP, Volkman DJ, Burman KD, Margolick JB, Petrick P, Weintraub BD, Fauci AS. The production and characterization of thyroid derived T cell lines in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopath 1986; 39: 139–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Volpé R, Edmonds MW, Lamki L, Clarke PV, Row VV. The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease: a disorder of delayed hypersensitivity? Mayo Clin Proc 1972; 47: 824–834.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ahmann A, Burman KD. Role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease. In: Wall JR, ed. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1987; 16: 287–326.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Yoshikawa N, Arreaza G, Morita T, Mukuta T, Resetkova E, Akasu F, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpé R. Effect of removing human Graves’ thyroid xenografts after eight weeks in nude mice and rexenografting them into SCID mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 367–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yoshikawa N, Arreaza G, Mukuta T, Resetkova E, Miller N, Jamieson C, Nishikawa M, Inada M, Volpé R. Effect of FK-506 on xenografted human thyroid tissue in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41: 31–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Aguayo J, Sakatsume Y, Jamieson C, Row VV, Volpé R. Nontoxic nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma are not associated with peripheral blood sensitization to thyroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 145–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sakatsume Y, Matsubayashi S, Kasuga Y, Aguayo J, Row VV, Volpé R. Lack of response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to thyroid microsomal antigen in nontoxic nodular goiters. Regional Immunol 1990; 3: 42–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sakatsume Y, Matsubayashi S, Kasuga Y, Miller N, Jamieson C, Volpé R. CD4 cells from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease secrete interferom gamma after stimulation with thyroid microsomal antigen: CD8 cells suppress this secretion. J Endocrinol Invest 1990; 13: 717–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Akasu F, Kasuga Y, Matsubayashi S, Carayon P, Volpé R. Studies of CD4+ helper/inducer T lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 1991; 1: 215–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tandon N, Freeman M, Weetman AP. T cell responses to synthetic peroxidase peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86: 56–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Nagayama Y, Rapoport B. Thyroid stimulatory autoantibodies in different patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not all recognize the same components of the human thyrotrophin receptor: selective role of receptor amino acids Ser 25-Glu 30. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 1425–1430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Davies TF, Martin A, Concepcion ES, Graves P, Cohen L, Ben-Nun A. Evidence of limited variability of antigen receptors on intrathyroidal T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 238–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Davies TF, Concepcion ES, Ben-Nun A, Graves PN, Tarjan G. T cell receptor V gene use in autoimmune thyroid disease: direct assessment by thyroid aspriation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:660–666.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Navarrete C, Bottazzo GF. In search of TCR restriction in autoreactive T cell in human auto-immunity: why is it so elusive? Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 91: 189–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. McIntosh RS, Watson PF, Pickerill AP, Davies R, Weetman AP. No restriction of intrathyroidal T cell receptor Valpha families in the thyroid of Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 91: 147–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Landay A, Gartland GL, Clement LT. Characterization of a phenotypical subpopulation of Leu-2 cells that suppresses T cell proliferative responses. J Immunol 1983; 131: 2757–2761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Clement LT, Dagg MK, Landay A. Characterization of human lymphocyte subpopulations: alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor and effector cells are phenotypically distinct from Leu-2 + suppresor cells. J Clin Immunol 1984; 4: 395–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Yoshikawa N, Morita T, Resetkova E, Arreaza G, Carayon P, Volpe R. Reduced activation of suppressor T lymphocytes by specific antigens in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1993; 15: 609–617.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Iwatani Y, Amino N, Miyai K. Peripheral self-tolerance and autoimmunity: the protective role of expression of Class II histocompatibility antigens on non-lymphoid cells. Biomed Pharmacother 1989; 43: 593–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Dorf ME, Kuchroo V, Collins M. Suppressor T cells: some answers but more questions. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 241–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Volpe R. Suppressor T lymphocyte dysfunction is important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 1993; 3: 345–350.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Volpe R. Immunoregulation in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 1994; 4: 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Chen X, Shelton J, McCullagh P. Suppression of anti-thyrocyte autoreactivity by the lymphocytes of normal fetal lambs. Autoimmunity 1995; 8: 539–559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Chen X, McCullagh P. Expression and regulation of anti-thyroid autoimmunity directed against cultivated rat thyrocytes. Autoimmunity 1995; 8: 521–538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Volpe R, Row VV. Role of antigen specific suppressor T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. In: Walfish PG, Wall JR, Volpe R, eds. Autoimmunity and Thyroid, Academic, Orlando, FL 1984, pp. 79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Gerstein HC, Rastogi B, Iwatani Y, Iitaka M, Row VV, Volpe R. The decrease in nonspecific lymphocytes in female hyperthyroid Graves’ disease is secondary to the hyperthyroidism. Clin Invest Med 1987; 10: 337–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Chan JYC, Walfish PG. Activated (la +) T lymphocytes and their subsets in autoimmune thyroid disease: analysis by dual laser flow microfluorocytometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 403–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Derfler K, Kassal H, Knapp W, Krisch K, Liszka K, Smyth PPA, Waldhausl W. Immunological features of nonimmunogenic hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 150–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Parry CH. Collections from the unpublished medical writings of the late Caleb Hillier Parry, vol. 2, Underwood, London, 1825, pp. 111–128.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hennemann G. Historical aspects about the development of our knowledge of morbus Basedow. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14: 617–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ferguson-Rayport SM. The relation of emotional factors to the recurrence of Graves’ disease. Canad MAJ 1956; 15: 993–998.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Gibson JC. Emotions and the thyroid gland: a critical appraisal. J Psychosomatic Res 1962; 6: 93–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hadden DR, McDevitt DG. Environmental stress and thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 1974; 2: 577, 578.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Harris T, Creed F, Brugha TS. Stressful life events and Graves’ disease. Br J Psych 1992; 161: 535–541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hobbs JR. Stress and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 427, 428.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kung AW. Life events, daily stresses and coping in patients with Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol 1995; 42: 303–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. LeClere J, Weryha G. Stress and autoimmune endocrine disease. Horm Res 1989; 31: 90–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Morillo E, Gardner LI. Bereavement as an antecedent factor in the thyrotoxicosis of childhood: four case studies with survey of possible metabolic pathways. Psychosomatic Med 1979; 41: 545–555.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Petticrew M. Stress and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Rosch PJ. Stress and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rosch PJ. Stressful life events and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 566, 567.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Shlomo YB, Chaturvedi N. Stress and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1992; 339: 427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Sonino N, Girelli ME, Boscaro M, Fallo F, Busnardo B, Fava GA. Life events in the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease: a controlled study. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbn) 1993; 128: 293–296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wimsa B, Adami HO, Berstrom R, et al. Stressful life events and Graves’ disease. Lancet 1991; 338: 1475–1479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Brown DM, Lowman JT. Thyrotoxicosis occurring in two patients on prolonged high doses of steroids. N Engl J Med 1964; 270: 278–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. McDougall IR, Greig WR, Gray HW, Smith JFB. Thyrotoxicosis developing during cyclophosphamide therapy. Brit M J 1971; 4: 275, 276.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Weinberg K, Parkman R. Age, the thymus, and T lymphocytes. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 182, 183.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Gray J, Hoffenberg R. Thyrotoxicosis and stress. Quart J. Med 1985;54:153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mukuta T, Yoshikawa N, Arreaza G, Resetkova E, Leushner J, Song YH, Akasu F., Onaya T, Volpé R. Activation of T cell subsets by synthetic TSH receptor peptides and recombinant glutamate decarboxylase in autoimmune thyroid disease and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1264–1272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. McLachlan SM, Taverne J, Atherton MC, Cooke A, Middleton S, Pegg CAS, Clark F, Rees Smith B. Cytokines, thyroid autoantibody synthesis and thyroid cell survival in culture. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 79: 175–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nagayama Y, Izumi M, Ashizawa K, Kiriyama T, Yokoyama N, Morita S, Ohtakara S, Fukuda T, Eguchi K, Morimoto I, Okamoto S, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S. Inhibitory effect of interferon gamma on the response of human thyrocytes to thyrotropin stimulation: relationship between the response to TSH and the expression of DR antigen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 949–953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Kennedy RL, Jones TH. Cytokines in endocrinology: their roles in health and disease. J Endocrinol 1990; 129: 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Dinarello CA. The biology of interleukin-1. Chem Immunol 1992; 9: 27–66.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Arreaza G, Yoshikawa N, Resetkova E, Mukuta T, Barsuk A, Muellin C, Volpé R. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human thyroid cells before and after xenografting in nude and severe combined immunodeficient mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3724–3731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kabel PJ, Voorbij JAM, De Haan M, Van Der Gaag RD, Drexhage HA. Intrathyroidal dendritic cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 199–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Iwatani Y, Iitaka M, Row VV, Volpé R. Effect of HLA-DR positive thyrocytes on in vitro thyroid autoantibody production. Clin Invest Med 1988; 11: 279–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Weetman AP. Review: Antigen presentation in the pathogenesis of autoimmune endocrine disease. Autoimmunity 1995; 8: 305–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Dustin ML, Springer TA. Role of lymphocyte adhesion receptors in transient interactions and cell locomotion. Ann Rev Immunol 1991; 9: 27–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Weetman AP, Cohen SB, Makgoba MW, Borysiewicz LK. Expression of an intracellular adhesion molecule, ICAM-I, by human thyroid cells. J Endocrinol 1989; 122: 185–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Zheng RQH, Abney ER, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Dayan C, Maini RN, Feldmann M. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 on human thyroid epithelial cells in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases. J Autoimmunity 1990; 3: 727–736.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Tandon N, Makgoba MW, Gahmberg CG, Weetman AP. The expression and role in T cell adhesion on LFA-32 and ICAM-2 on human thyroid cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 64: 30–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Heufelder AE, Goellner JR, Wenzel BE, Bahn RS. Immunohistochemical detection and local-ization of a 72-kilodalton heat shock protein in autoimmune thyroid disease ization of a 72-kilodalton heat shock protein in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 528–535.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Weetman AP. The immunomodulatory effects of antithyroid drugs. Thyroid 1994; 4:145,146. 134a.Strakosch et al. Immunology of autoimmune thyroid disease. N Engl J Med 1982; 1499–1507.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Nordyke RA, Gilbert FI, Miyamoto LA, Fleury KA. The superiority of antimicrosomal over antithyrogobulin antibodies for detecting Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Arch Int Med 1993; 153: 862–865.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Chazenbalk GD, Portolano S, Russo D, Hutchison JS, Rapoport B, Mclachlan S. Human organ-specific autoimmune disease. Molecular cloning and expression of an autoantibody gene repertoire for a major autoantigen reveals an antigenic immunodominant region and restricted immunoglobulin gene usage in the target organ. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 62–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Weetman AP. Thyroid peroxidase as an antigen in autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 80: 1–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. How J, Topliss DJ, Strakosch C, et al. T lymphocyte sensitization and suppressor T lymphocyte defect in patients long after treatment for Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol 1983; 18: 61–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Weetman AP, McGregor AM, Hall R. Evidence for an effect of antithyroid drugs on the natural history of Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 21: 163–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Ratanachaiyawong S, McGregor AM Immunosuppressive effects of antithyroid drugs. Clinics Endocrin Metab 1985; 14: 449–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Volpe R, Karlsson FA, Jansson R, Dahlberg PA. Thyrostatic drugs act through modulation of thyroid cell activity to induce remissions in Graves’ disease. Acta Endocrinol 1987; 115 (Suppl. 281): 305–311.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Reinwein D, Benker G, Lazarus JH, Alexander WD, and the European Multicentre Study Group on Antithyroid Drug Treatment. A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves’ disease therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 1516–1521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Villar LM, Garcia-Robles R, Gonzalez-Porque P, Sancho J, Varelâ C. Methimazole has no dose-related effect on the serum concentrations of soluble Class I major histocompatibility complex antigens, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and beta, microglobulin in patients with Graves’ disease. Thyroid 1996; 6: 29–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Paschke R, Vogg M, Kristoferitsch R, Aktuna D, Wawschinek O, Eber O, Usadel KH. Methimazole has no dose-related effect on the intensity of the intrathyroidal autoimmune process in relapsing Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2470–2474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Totterman TH, Karlsson FA, Bengtsson M, Mendel-Hartvig I. Induction of circulating activated suppressor-like T cells by methimazole therapy for Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Koukkou E, Panayiotidis P, Alevizou-Terzaki V, Thalassinos N. High levels of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors in hyperthyroid patients: correlation with serum thyroid hormones and independence from the etiology of the hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 771–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Volpe R. Immunoregulation of autoimmune thyroid disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 44–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Volpe R. Evidence that the immunosuppressive effects of anti-thyroid drugs are mediated through actions on the thyroid cell, modulating thyrocyte-immunocyte signalling: a review. Thyroid 1994; 4: 217–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Weetman AP. Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: pathophysiology. Lancet 1991; 338: 25–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Volpe R. Graves’ ophthalmopathy and hyperthyroidism-one or two separate diseases? Dev. Ophthalmol 1993; 25: 101–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P. Pathogeneis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993; 4: 270–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Weetman AP, Cohen S, Gatter K. Fells D, Shine B. Immunohistochemical analysis of the retrobulbar tissue in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 75: 222–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bahn R, Heufelder A. Role of connective tissue autoimmunity in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Autoimmunity 1992; 13: 75–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Feliciello A, Pocellini A, Ciullo I, Bonavolonta G, Avvedimento EV, Fenzi GF. Expression of thyrotropin receptor mRNA in healthy and Graves’ disease retroorbital tissue. Lancet 1993; 342: 337, 338.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Bahn RS, Dutton CM, Heufelder AE, Sarkar G. A genomic point mutation in the extracellular domain of the thyrotropin receptor in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 256–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Heufelder AE. Involvement of the orbital fibroblast and TSH receptor in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 1995; 5: 331–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Paschke R, Vassart G, Ludgate M. Current evidence for and against the TSH receptor being the common antigen in Graves’ disease and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol 1995; 42: 565–569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Toring O, Wallin G, Ljunggren JG, Blomgren H, Taube A, the Thyroid Study Group. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1733–1738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, et al. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves’ ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1349–1352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Toft AD. Thyroxine therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 174–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert Volpé MD, FRCP(C), FACP, FRCP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

    Lewis E. Braverman MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Volpé, R. (1997). Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. In: Braverman, L.E. (eds) Diseases of the Thyroid. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 2. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2594-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2594-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2596-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2594-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation