Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth, Development, and Critical Disease

  • Chapter
Endocrinology of Critical Disease

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 4))

Abstract

Normal growth and development is testimony to the overall good general health of a child or adolescent. What constitutes the range of normal varies with the age, gender, and genetic background of the individual. Deviation from a previously defined pattern of growth or failure to undergo adolescent development at the appropriate time or tempo can often be the first clue to an underlying disease process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sinclair D. Human Growth After Birth, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, London, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tanner JM, Goldstein H, Whitehouse RH. Standards for children’s heights at ages 2–9 years allowing for height of parents. Arch Dis Child 1970; 45: 755–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rallison ML. Growth Disorders in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. John Wiley, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vaughan VC III. Growth and development. In: Vaughan VC, McKay RJ, Behrman RE, eds. Nelson’s Textbook of Pediatrics, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1979; 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Smith DW, Truog W, Rogers JE, Greitzer Li, Skinner AL, McCann JJ, Harvey MA. Shifting linear growth during infancy: illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy. J Pediatr 1976; 89: 225–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tanner JM. Fetus into Man; Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Roche AF, Himes JH. Incremental growth charts. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 2042–2052.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Baumgartner RN, Roche AF, Himes JH. Incremental growth tables. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 711–722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. World Health Organization. Measuring change in nutritional status. Geneva, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in patterns of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 291–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in patterns of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child 1970; 45: 13–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zapf J, Schmid CH, Froesch ER. Biological and immunological properties of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 13: 3–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Blizzard RM. Psychosocial short stature. In: Lifshitz, F, ed. Pediatric Endocrinology, 2nd ed. Dekker, New York, 1990, pp. 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wales JKH, Gibson AT. Short term growth: rhythms, chaos, or noise? Arch Dis Child 1994; 71: 84–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kaiser BA, Polinsky MS, Stover J, Morgenstern BZ, Baluarte HJ. Growth of children following the initiation of dialysis: a comparison of three dialysis modalities. Pediatr Nephrol 1994; 8: 733–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rees L, Rigden SP, Chantler C. The influence of steroid therapy and recombinant human erythropoietin on the growth of children with renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 1991; 5: 556–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Allen DB, Goldberg BD. Stimulation of collagen synthesis and linear growth by growth hormone in glucocorticoid-treated children. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 416–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Betts PR, MacGrath G. Growth patterns and dietary intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency. Br Med J 1974; 2: 189–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fine RN. Growth after renal transplantation in children. Journal of Pediatrics 1987; 110: 414–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Stablein DM. Annual report 1992: North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Presented at the Annual NAPRTCS Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, October 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rizzoni G, Broyer M, Brunner FP, et al. Combined report on regular dialysis and transplantation of children in Europe. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc-Eur Renal Assoc 1985; 21: 66–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schafer F, Seidel C, Binding A, Gasser T, Largo RH, Prader A, Scharer K. Pubertal growth in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res 1990; 28: 5–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hodson EM, Brown AS, Roy LP, Rosenberg AR. Insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor-binding protein and growth in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1992; 6: 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jasper HG, Ferraris JR. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and growth in children undergoing henodialysis or after successful renal transplantation. Medicina 1991; 51: 127–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Samaan NA, Freeman RM. Growth hormone levels in severe renal failure. Metab Clin Exp 1970; 19: 102–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Postel-Vinay MC, Tar A, Crosnier H, Broyer M, Rappaport R, Tonshoff B, Mehls O. Plasma growth hormone-binding activity is low in uraemic serum. Pediatr Nephrol 1991; 5: 545–547.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Blum WF. Insulin-like growth factors (Igfs) and IGF binding proteins in chronic renal failure: evidence for reduced secretion of Igfs. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 379: S24–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chan W, Valerie KC, Chan JCM. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in uremic rats: growth hormone resistance and nutritional intake. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 790–795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Powell DR, Liu F, Baker B, Lee PD, Belsha CW, Brewer ED, Hintz RL. Characterization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in chronic renal failure serum. Pediatr Res 1993; 33: 136–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Valentini RP, Mudge NA, Bunchman TE. Dialysis modality comparison of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 removal in children: could this have a potential growth benefit? Adv Peritoneal Dial 1994; 10: 327–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hammerli I, Neuhaus T, Leumann E, Nussli R, Vischer D, Zachmann M Therapy with growth hormone in pediatric patients with chronic kidney insufficiency. J Suisse Med 1994; 124: 1575–1580.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fine RN, Pyke-Grimm K, Nelson PA, Boechat MI, Lippe BM, Yadin O, Kamil E. Recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure: long-term (1- to 3-year) outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 1991; 5: 477–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fine RN, Yadin O, Moulton L, Nelson PA, Boechat MI, Lippe BM. Five years experience with recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol 1994; 7: 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lippe B, Yadin O, Fine RN, Moulton L, Nelson PA. Use of recombinant human growth hormone in children with chronic renal insufficiency: an update. Horm Res 1993; 40: 102–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Van Renen MJ, Hogg RJ, Sweeney AL, Henning PH, Penfold JL, Jureidini KF. Accelerated growth in short children with chronic renal failure treated with both strict dietary therapy and recombinant growth hormone. Pediatr Nephrol 1992; 6: 451–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Johansson G, Sietneiks A, Janssens F, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal disease, before transplantation or with functioning renal transplants: An interim report on five European studies. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990; 370: 36–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rees L, Rigden S, Ward G, Preece MA. Treatment of short stature in renal disease with recombinant human growth hormone. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 856–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mehls O, Broyer M. Growth response to recombinant human growth hormone in short prepubertal children with chronic renal failure with or without dialysis. The European/Australian Study Group. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994; 399: 81–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fine RN, Kohault EC, Brown D, Perlman AJ. Growth after recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal failure: a report of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Genentech Cooperative Study Group. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 374–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rongen-Westerlaken C, van Es A, Wit J-M, et al. Growth hormone therapy in Turner’s syndrome: impact of injection frequency and initial bone age. Am J Dis Child 1992; 146: 817–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rosenfeld RG, Frane J, Attie KM, et al. Six-year results of a randomized, prospective trial of human growth hormone and oxandrolone in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 1992; 121: 49–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Furlanetto RW, et al. Guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children with short stature. A report by the Drug and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 857–867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tonshoff B, Dietz M, Haffner D, Tonshoff C, Stover B, Mehls O. Effects of two years of growth hormone treatment in short children with renal disease. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 379: S33–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Van Es A. Growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic renal failure after renal transplantation: combined data from European clinical trials. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 379: S42–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Challa A, Krieg RJ, Thabet MA, Veldhuis JD, Chan JCM. Metabolic acidosis inhibits growth hormone secretion in rats: mechanism of growth retardation. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: E547–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Caldas A, Broyer M, Dechaux M, Kleinknecht C. Primary distal tubular acidosis in childhood: clinical study and long-term follow-up of 28 patients. J Pediatr 1992; 121: 233–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsau YK, Chen CH, Tsai WS, Chiou YM. Renal tubular acidosis in childhood. Acta Paediatr Sinica 1990; 31: 205–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pinkel D. Curing children of leukemia. Cancer 1987; 59: 1683–1691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Morris-Jones PH, Craft AW. Childhood cancer at what cost? Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 638–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goldman JM. Prospects for cure in leukemia. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 985–994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sklar CA. Growth and pubertal development in survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatrician 1991; 18: 53–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cohen A, van Lint MT, Uderzo C, Rovelli A, Lavagetto A, Vitale V, Morchio A, Locasciulli A, Bacigalupo A, Romano C. Growth in patients after allogenic bone marrow transplant for hematological diseases in childhood. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15: 343–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Avizonis VN, Fuller DB, Thomson JW, Walker MI, Nilsson DE, Menlove RL. Late effects following central nervous system radiation in a pediatric population. Neuropediatrics 1992; 23: 228–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bozzola M, Giorgiani G, Locatelli F, Cisternino M, Gambarana D, Zecca M, Torcetta F, Severi F. Growth in children after bone marrow transplantation. Horm Res 1993; 39: 122–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Rappaport R, Brauner R. Growth and endocrine disorders secondary to cranial irradiation. Pediatr Res 1989; 25: 561–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Morris-Jones PH, Price DA. Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 1988; 1: 490–462.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Shalet SM, Clayton PE, Price DA. Growth and pituitary function in children treated for brain tumors or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Horm Res 1988; 30: 53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kirk JA, Raghupathy P, Stevens MM, Cowell CT, Menser MA, Bergin M, Tink A, Vines RH, Silink M. Growth failure and growth hormone deficiency after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 1987; 1: 190–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wells RJ, Foster MB, D’Ercole J, McMillan CW. The impact of cranial irradiation on the growth of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Dis Child 1988; 137: 37–39.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Robinson LL, Nesbit ME, Sather HN, Meadows AT, Ortega JA, Hammond GD. Height of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Late Effects Study Committee of Childrens Cancer Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 1985; 13: 14–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Schimpff SG, Diggs GH, Wiswell JG, Salvatore PC, Wiernik PH. Radiation related thyroid dysfunction: implications for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 91–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dacou-Voutetakis C, Kitra V, Grafakos S, Polychronopoulou S, Drakopoulou M, Haidas S. Auxologic data and hormonal profile in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoid leukemia. Amer J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 15: 277–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sainsbury CPQ, Newcombe RG, Hughes IA. Weight gain and height velocity during prolonged first remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60: 832–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Schoenle EJ, Zapf J, Prader A, Torresani T, Werder EA, Zachmann M. Replacement of growth hormone (GH) in normally growing GH-deficient patients operated for craniopharyngioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 374–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shalet SM. Gonadal function following radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy in children. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 1989; 58: 1–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shalet SM, Crowne EC, Didi MA, Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Wallace WH. Irradiation-induced growth failure. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 6: 513–526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Brauner R. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal function after treatment of cancers. Ann Endocrinol 1995; 56: 127–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Leiper AD, Stanhope R, Kitching P, Chessells JM. Precocious and premature puberty associated with treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 1107–1112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Quigley C, Cowell C, Jimenez M, Burger H, Kirk J, Bergin M, Stevens M, Simpson J, Silink M. Normal or early development of puberty despite gonadal damage in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 143–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rappaport R, Brauner R, Czernichow P, Thibaud E, Renier D, Zucker JM, Lemerle J. Effect of hypothalamic and pituitary irradiation on pubertal development in children with cranial tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 1164–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Oberfield SE, Allen JC, Pollack J, New MI, Levine LS. Long-term endocrine sequelae after treatment of medulloblastoma: prospective study of growth and thyroid function. J Pediatr 1986; 108: 219–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Marky I, Mellander L, Lannering B, Albertsson-Wikland K. A longitudinal study of growth and growth hormone secretion in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 1991; 19: 258–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Brauner R, Fontoura M, Zucker JM, Devergie A, Souberbbielle JC, Prevot-Saucet C, Michon J, Gluckman E, Griscelli C, Fischer A, et al. Growth and growth hormone secretion after bone marrow transplantation. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68: 58–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Cicognani A, Emanuele C, Vecchi V, Cau M, Balsamo A, Pirazzoli P, Tosi M, Rosito P, Paolucci G. Differential effects of 18- and 24-Gy cranial irradiation on growth rate and growth hormone release in children with prolonged survival after acute lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Dis Child 1988; 142: 1199–1202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Shalet SM, Price DA, Beardwell CG, Jones PH, Pearson D. Normal growth despite abnormalities of growth hormone secretion in children treated for acute leukemia. J Pediatr 1979; 4: 719–722.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Blatt J, Bercu BB, Gillin JC, Mendelson WB, Poplack DG. Reduced pulsatile growth hormone secretion in children after therapy for acute leukemia. J Pediatr 1984; 108: 182–186.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Brauner R, Prevot C, Roy MP, Rappaport R. Growth, growth hormone secretion and somatomedin C after cranial irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acta Endocrinol 1986; 279: 178–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cowell CT, Quigley CA, Moore B, Kirk JA, Bergin M, Jimenez M, Stevens MM, Howard NJ, Menser MA, Silink M. Growth and growth hormone therapy in children treated for leukemia. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988; 343: 152–161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Moell C, Garwicz S, Westgren U, Wiebe T, Albertsson-Wikland K. Suppressed spontaneous secretion of growth hormone in girls after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 258–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Ellis F. Dose, time and fractionation: a clinical hypothesis. Radiology 1969; 20: 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Pearson D, Jones PH. The effect of various doses of cerebral irradiation on growth hormone production in childhood. Clin Endocrinol 1976; 5: 287–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Arslanian SA, Becker DJ, Lee PA, Drash AL, Foley TP Jr.. Growth hormone therapy and tumor recurrence. Findings in children with brain neoplasms and hypopituitarism. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139: 347–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Gattamaneni HR, Price DA. Does growth hormone therapy cause relapse of brain tumors? Lancet 1987; 1: 711–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Livesey EA, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CGD, Whitton AC, Bloom HJ, Tobias JS, Godlea TN, Britton J. Endocrine disorders following treatment of childhood brain tumors. B J Cancer 1990; 61: 622–625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Price DA. Growth response to growth hormone therapy following cranio-spinal irradiation. Eur J Pediatr 1988; 147: 597–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Nasiff E, Weinberger M, Sherman B, Brown K. Extrapulmonary effects of maintenance corticosteroid therapy with alternate day prednisolone and inhaled beclomethasone in children with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 518–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Ninan TK, Russell G. Asthma, inhaled corticosteroid treatment, and growth. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 703–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Balfour-Lynn L. Growth and childhood asthma. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 1049–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rivkees SA, Danon M, Herrin J. Prednisone dose limitation of growth hormone treatment of steroid-induced growth failure. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 322–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Falliers CJ, Tan LS, Szentivanyi J, Jorgensen JR, Bukantz SC. Childhood asthma and steroid therapy as influences on growth. Am J Dis Child 1963; 105: 127–137.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Reimer LG, Morris HG, Ellis FE. Growth of asthmatic children during treatment with alternate-day steroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 55: 224–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Avioli LV. Glucocorticoid effects on statural growth. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 27–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Crowley S, Hindmarsh PC, Matthews DR, Brook CG. Growth and the growth hormone axis in prepubertal children with asthma. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 297–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Wolthers OD, Pedersen S. Controlled study of linear growth in asthmatic children during treatment with inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Pediatr 1992; 89: 839–842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Toogood JH, Frankish CW, Jennings BH, Baskerville JC, Borga O, Lefcoe NM, Johansson SA. A study of the mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of inhaled budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 872–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Newman SP, Pavia D, Morer F. Deposition of pressurised aerosols in the human respiratory tract. Thorax 1981; 36: 52–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Newman SP, Miller AB, Lennard-Jones TR. Improvement of pressurised aerosol/deposition with Nebuhaler spacer device. Thorax 1984; 39: 935–941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Merkus Pi, van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Duiverman EJ, van Houwelingen HC, Kerrebijn KF, Quanjer PH. Long-term effects of inhaled corticosteroids on growth rate in adolescents with asthma. Pediatrics 1993; 91: 1121–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Price JF. Asthma, growth and inhaled corticosteroids. Resp Med 1993; 87: 23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ruiz RG, Price JF. Growth and adrenal responsiveness with budesonide in young asthmatics. Resp Med 1994; 88: 17–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Volovitz B, Amir J, Malik H, Kauschansky A, Varsano I. Growth and pituitary-adrenal function in children with severe asthma treated with inhaled budesonide. N Eng J Med 1993; 329: 1703–1708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Allen DB, Mullen M, Mullen B. A meta-analysis of the effect of oral and inhaled corticosteroids on growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 967–976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Wales JKH, Barnes MD, Swift PGP. Growth retardation in children on steroids for asthma. Lancet 1991; 338: 1535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hollman GA, Allen DB. Overt glucocorticoid excess due to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Pediatrics 1988; 81: 452–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Barnes NC. Safety of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids. Resp Med 1993; 87: 27–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Boner AL, Piacentini GL. Inhaled corticosteroids in children. Is there a “safe” dosage? Drug Safety 1993; 9: 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wooton SA, Murphy JL, Bond SA, Ellis JE, Jackson AA. Energy balance and growth in cystic fibrosis. J R Soc Med 1991; 84: 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Littlewood JM, MacDonald A. Rationale of modern dietary recommendations in cystic fibrosis. J R Soc Med 1987; 80: 16–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hubbard VS. Nutritional considerations in cystic fibrosis. Semin Resp Med 1985; 6: 308–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Roy CC, Darling P, Weber AM. A rational approach to meeting the macro-and micronutrient needs in cystic fibrosis. J Paediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1984; 3: S154–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Bell L, Linton W, Corey ML, Durie P, Forstner GG. Nutrient intakes of adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Can Diet Assoc 1981; 42: 62–71.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Buchdahl RM, Fully Lare C, Marchant JL, Warner JO, Brueton MJ. Energy and nutrient intakes in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 373–378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Chase HP, Long MA, Lavin MH. Cystic fibrosis and malnutrition. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 337–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Vaisman N, Pencharz PB, Corey M, Canny GJ, Hahn E. Energy expenditure in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1987; 111: 496–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Shepherd RH, Holt TL, Vasques-Velasquez L, Coward WA, Prentice A, Lucas A. Increased energy expenditure in young children with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 1988; 1: 1300–1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Karlberg J, Kjellmer I, Kristiansson B. Linear growth in children with cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80: 508–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Byard PJ. The adolescent growth spurt in children with cystic fibrosis. Ann Hum Biol 1994; 21: 229–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Eigen H, Rosenstein BJ, FitzSimmons S, Schidlow DV. A multicenter study of alternate-day prednisone therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Prednisone Trial Group. J Pediatr 1995; 126: 515–523.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Allen DB, Brook CGD, Bridges NA, Hindmarsh PC, Guyda HJ, Frazier D. Therapeutic controversies: Growth hormone (GH) treatment of non-GH deficient subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1239–1248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Bronstein MN, Sokol RJ, Abman SH, Chatfield BA, Hammond KB, Hambidge KM, Stall CD, Accurso FJ. Pancreatic insufficiency, growth, and nutrition in infants identified by newborn screening as having cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1992; 120: 533–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Tomersko JL, Stallings VA, Scanlin TF. Dietary intake of healthy children with cystic fibrosis compared with normal control children. Pediatr 1992; 90: 547–553.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Carroccio A, Pardo F, Montalto G, Iapichino L, Soresi M, Averna MR, Iacono G, Notarbartolo A. Use of famotidine in severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with persistent maldigestion on enzymatic replacement therapy. A long-term study in cystic fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1441–1446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Zipf WB, Kien CL, Horswill CA, McCoy KS, O’Dorisio T, Pinyerd BL. Effects of tolbutamide on growth and body composition of nondiabetic children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1991; 30: 309–314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Thommessen M, Heiberg A, Kase BF. Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992; 46: 457–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Jackson M, Poskitt EM. The effects of high-energy feeding on energy balance and growth in infants with congenital heart disease and failure to thrive. Br J Nutr 1991; 65: 131–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hansen SR, Dorup I. Energy and nutrient intakes in congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82: 166–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tambic-Bukovac L, Malcic I. Growth and development in children with congenital heart defects. Lijecnicki Vjesnik 1993; 115: 79–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Bode SH, Bachman EH, Gudmand-Hoyer E, Jensen GB. Stature of adult coeliac patients: no evidence for decreased attained height. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991; 45: 145–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Groll A, Candy DCA, Preece MA, Tanner JM, Harries JT. Short stature as the primary manifestation of coeliac disease. Lancet 1980; 2: 1097–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Rosenbach Y, Dinari G, Zahavi I, Nitzan M. Short stature as the major manifestation of celiac disease in older children. Clin Pediatr 1986; 25: 13–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Hernandez M, Argente J, Navarro A, Caballo N, Barrios V, Hervas F, Polanco I. Growth in malnutrition related to gastrointestinal diseases: coeliac disease. Horm Res 1992; 38: 79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Damen GM, Boersma B, Wit JM, Heymans HS. Catch-up growth in 60 children with celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994; 19: 394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Radzikowski A, Kulus M, Krauze A, Wojnar M, Koczynski A. Growth, bone age and nutritional status in neglected coeliac disease. Materia Medica Polona 1991; 23: 146–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Boersma B, Wynne HJ, Wit JM. A mathematical model describing catch-up growth in celiac disease. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 1097–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Kanof ME, Lake AM, Bayless TM. Decreased height velocity in children and adolescents before the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1523–1527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kirschner BS, Sretton MM. Somatomedin-C levels in growth impaired children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 830–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Brain CE, Savage MO. Growth and puberty in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 8: 83–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Grinspoon SK, Donovan DS, Bilezikian JP Aetiology and pathogenesis of hormonal and metabolic disorders in HIV infection. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8: 735–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Grinspoon SK, Bilezikian JP. HIV disease and the endocrine system. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1360–1364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Strauss KW. Endocrine complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 1441–1444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Masharani U, Schambelan M. The endocrine complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Adv Int Med 1993; 38: 323–336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mauras N, Merimee T, Rogol AD. Function of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the profoundly growth-retarded diabetic child: evidence for defective target organ responsiveness in the Mauriac syndrome. Metabolism 1991; 40: 1106–1111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Malone JI, Lowitt S, Duncan JA, Shah SC, Vargas A, Root AW. Hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia, and growth retardation in children with diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 298–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Penfold J, Chase HP, Marshall G, Walravens CF, Walravens PA, Garg SK. Final adult height and its relationship to blood glucose control and microvascular complications in IDDM. Diabetic Med 1995; 12: 129–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Lee TJ, Stewart-Brown S, Wadsworth J, Savage DCL. Growth in children with diabetes. In: Borms J, ed. Human Growth and Development Plenum, New York, 1984, pp 613–618.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Thon A, Heinze E, Feilen K-D, Holl RW, Schmidt H, Koletzko S, Wendel U, Nothjunge J. Development of height and weight in children with diabetes mellitus: report on two prospective multicentre studies, one cross-sectional, one longitudinal. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151: 258–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Brown M, Ahmed ML, Clayton KL, Dunger DB. Growth during childhood and final height in type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Med 1994; 11: 182–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Price D, Burden A. Growth of children before onset of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1393–1395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Clarke WL, Vance ML, Rogol AD. Growth and the child with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 101–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Vanelli M, de Fanti A, Adinolfi B, Ghizzoni L. Clinical data regarding the growth of diabetic children. Horm Res 1992; 37: 65–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Salardi S, Tonoili S, Tassoni P, Tellarini M, Mazzanti L, Cacciari E. Growth and growth factors in diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 57–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Dunger DB, Edge JAE, Ahmed ML. Diabetes mellitus and growth. Unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Jackson R, Holland E, Chatman T, Guthrie D, Hewett J. Growth and maturation of children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1978; 1: 94–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Hjelt K, Braendholt V, Kamper J, Vestermark S. Growth in children with diabetes mellitus. Dan Med Bull 1983; 30: 28–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Herber SM, Dunsmore IR. Does control affect growth in diabetes mellitus? Acta Paediatr Scand 1988; 77: 303–305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Clarson C, Daneman D, Ehrlich RM. The relationship of metabolic control to growth and pubertal development in children with insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res 1988; 2: 237–241.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Wise JE, Kolb EL, Sauder SE. Effect of glycemic control on growth velocity in children with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 826–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Batch JA, Werther GA. Changes in growth hormone concentrations during puberty in adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes. Clin Endocrinol 1992; 36: 411–416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Clark PA, Clarke WL, Peddada S, Reiss A, Langlois C, Nieves-Rivera F, Rogol AD, unpublished. The effect of pubertal status on the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis in boys with diabetes mellitus.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Edge JA, Dunger DB, Matthews DR, Gilbert JP, Smith CP. Increased overnight growth hormone concentrations in diabetic compared to normal adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 1356–1362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Holl RW, Siegler B, Scherbaum WA, Heinze E. The serum growth hormone-binding protein is reduced in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 165–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Batch JA, Baxter RC, Werther G. Abnormal regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:96’1 968.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Clayton KL, Holly JMP, Carlsson LMS, Jones J, Cheetham TD, Taylor AM, Dunger DB. Loss of the normal relationships between growth hormone, growth hormone-binding protein and insulin-like growth factor-1 in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41: 517–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Nieves-Rivera F, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD, Branscom DK, Martha PM Jr, Clarke WL. Alterations in growth hormone secretion and clearance in adolescent boys with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 638–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Oster MH, Fielder PJ, Levin N, Cronin MJ. Adaption of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I axis to chronic and severe calorie or protein malnutrition. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2258–2265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Abdenur JE, Pugliese MT, Cervantes C, Fort P, Lifshitz F. Alterations in spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion and the response to GH-releasing hormone in children with nonorganic nutritional dwarfing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 930–934.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Hochberg Z, Hertz P, Colin V, Ish-Shalom S, Yeshurun D, Youdim M, Amit T. The distal axis of growth hormone (GH) in nutritional disorders: GH-binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-1, and IGF-1 receptors in obesity and anorexia nervosa. Metabolism 1992; 41: 106–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Smith WJ, Underwood LE, Clemmons DR. Effects of calorie or protein restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding proteins in children and adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 443–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Laron Z, Klinger B. Laron syndrome: clinical features, molecular pathology and treatment. Horm Res 1994; 42: 198–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Laron Z. Laron type dwarfism (hereditary somatomedin deficiency): a review. Adv Int Med Pediatr Idlebey, Springer-Verlag, 1984, p. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Lovinger RD, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: four cases secondary to hypothalamic hormone deficiencies. J Pediatr 1975; 87: 1171–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Wit JM, Kamp GA, Rikken B. Spontaneous growth and response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Wit JM, van Unen H. Growth of infants with neonatal growth hormone deficiency. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 920–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Boersma B, Rikken B, Wit JM. Catch-up growth in early treated patients with growth hormone deficiency. Dutch Growth Hormone Working Group. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72: 427–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Shih KC, Ho LT, Kuo HF, Chang TC, Liu PC, Chen CK, Tiu CM. Linear growth response to recombinant human growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency. Chinese Med J 1994; 54: 7–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, et al. Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 1532–1540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Zantleifer D, Awadalla S, Brauner R. Growth response to growth hormone during the first year as a diagnosis criterion of growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res 1993; 40: 123–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Rosenbaum M, Gertner JM, Gidfar N, Hirsh J, Leibe R. Effects of systemic growth hormone (GH) administration on regional adipose tissue in children with non-GH deficient short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 151–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Saggesse G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Cinquanta L, Di Nero G. Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone on bone and mineral metabolism in children with growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 37–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Stanhope R, Albanese A, Hindmarsh P, Brook CG. The effects of growth hormone therapy on spontaneous sexual development. Horm Res 1992; 38: 9–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Dussault JH, Coulombe P, Laberge C, Letarte J, Guyda H, Khoury K. Preliminary report on a mass screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 1975; 86: 670–674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. LaFranchi S. Congenital hypothyroidism: a newborn screening success story? Endocrinologist 1994; 4: 477–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  183. Grant DB. Growth in early treated congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 464–468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Glorieux J, Dussault JH, Morissette J, Desjardins M, Letarte J, Guyda H. Follow-up at ages 5 and 7 years on mental development in children with hypothyroidism detected by Quebec Screening Program. J Pediatr 1985; 107: 913–915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Fisher DA, Foley BL. Early treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 785–789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ozer G, Yuksel B, Kozanoglu M, Serbest M, Turgut C. Growth and development of 280 hypothyroidic patients at diagnosis. Acta Paediatr Japonica 1995; 37: 145–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Van Wyk JJ, Grumbach MM. Syndrome of precocious menstruation and galactorrhea in juvenile hypothyroidism: an example of hormonal overlap in pituitary feedback. J Pediatr 1960; 57: 416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Rivkees SA, Bode HH, Crawford JD. Long-term growth in juvenile acquired hypothyroidism: the failure to achieve normal adult stature. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 599–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Strickland AL, Underwood LE, Voina SJ, French FS, Van Wyk JJ. Growth retardation in Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1972; 123: 207–213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Lee PA, Weldon VV, Migeon CJ. Short stature as the only sign of Cushing’s syndrome. J Pediatr 1975; 86: 89–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Streeten DHP, Faas FH, Elders MJ, Dalakos TG, Voorhess M. Hypercortisolism in childhood: shortcomings of conventional diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics 1975; 56: 797–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. McArthur RG, Cloutier MD, Hayles AB, Sprague RE. Cushing’s disease in children. Findings in 13 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1972; 47: 318–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP. Cushing’s syndrome in children and adolescents: presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 629–636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Jennings AS, Liddle GW, Orth DN. Results of treating childhood Cushings’s disease with pituitary irradiation. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 957–962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Chan JC, Alon U, Hirschman GM. Renal hypophosphatemic rickets. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 533–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Chesney RW, Mazess RB, Rose P, Hanstra AJ, DeLuca HF, Breed AL. Long-term influence of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) and supplemental phosphate in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Pediatr. 1983; 71: 559–567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Tsuru N, Chan JCM, Chinchilli V. Renal hypophosphatemic rickets: growth and mineral metabolism after treatment with calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and phosphate supplementation. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 108–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Pronicka E, Rowinska E, Buczen K, Lorenc R, Gradzka I. Growth rate in children with vitaminD-dependent rickets in relation to 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 dosage. Endokrynologia Polska 1992; 43: 145–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Wilson DM, Lee PD, Morris AH, Reiter EO, Gertner JM, Marcus R, Quarmby VE, Rosenfeld RG. Growth hormone therapy in hypophosphatemic rickets. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145: 1165–1170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Pamela A. Clark MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alan D. Rogol MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    K. Patrick Ober MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Clark, P.A., Rogol, A.D. (1997). Growth, Development, and Critical Disease. In: Ober, K.P. (eds) Endocrinology of Critical Disease. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 4. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2584-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2584-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-032-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2584-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation