Skip to main content

Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Preparation (SR-3) on Brain Lipids, Biochemistry, and Behavioral and Cognitive Functions

  • Chapter
Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology

Abstract

From the time of written history people have tended to divide the world of nutrition into two sections. One section includes all foods that are “fit” for eating, the other section, no less important, includes all the foods that are “unfit” to consume. People have also cherished the belief that certain foods are “good for thought” and other foods are “bad for thought” (Harris, 1985). Furthermore, there are yet those who believe that certain foods contain magical powers. If you want to be brave—it is claimed—the heart of the lion is good food for you. Finally, there is widespread acceptance that certain foods can heal various diseases. The effect of food on thought and behavior has been demonstrated in Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland. Alice not only could change her height when she was drinking the liquid, but also refered to a “treacle well” which could “cure” snakebites and various diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agranof, R. W. and Hajra, A. K. (1994) Lipids, in Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, 5th ed. ( Seigel G. S., ed.), Raven, New York, pp. 97–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloia, R. C., Paxton, J., Daviau, J. S., van Gelb, O., Mlekusch, W., Truppe, W., Meyer, J. A., and Brauer, F. S. (1985) Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on rat brain microsome lipid composition, membrane fluidity and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Life Sci. 36, 1003–1017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. H. (1980) Diet, neurotransmitter and brain function. Br. Med. Bull. 37, 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbeeny, C. M., Meyers, D. S., Hillyer, D. E., and Bergquist, K. E. (1995) Metabolic alterations associated with the antidiabetic effect of beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonists in obese mice. Am. J. Physiol. 268, 678–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzanti, V., Battino, M., Baracca, A., Cavazzoni, M., Cocchi, M., Noble, R., Maranesi, M., Turchetto, E., and Lenaz, G. (1994) The effect of dietary lipid changes on the fatty acid composition and function of liver, heart and brain mitochondria in the rat at different ages. Br. J. Nutr. 71, 193–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan, N. G., Birkle, D. L., Tang, W., and Reddy, T. S. (1986) The accumulation of free arachidonic acid, diacylglycerols, prostaglandins, and lipoxygenase reaction products in the brain during experimental epilepsy. Adv. Neurol. 44, 879–902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict, C. R., Anderson, G. H., and Sole, M. J. (1983) The influence of oral tyrosine and tryptophan feeding on plasma catecholamines in man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 38, 429–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J., Glen, E., Glen, I., MacDonnel, L., and Skinner, F. (1987) Essential fatty acids, mean cell volume and nuclear magnetic resonance brains of ethanol dependent human subjects. Alcohol Alcohol. Suppl. 1, 577–581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biagi, P. L., Bordoni, A., Hrelia, S., Celadon, M., and Horrobin, D. F. (1991) Gammalinolenic acid dietary supplementation can reverse the aging influence on rat liver microsome delta 6-desaturase activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1083, 187–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkle, D. L. (1993) Regional and temporal variations in the accumulation of unesterified fatty acids and diacylglycerols in the rat brain during kainic acid induced limbic seizures. Brain Res. 613, 115–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borlak, J. T. and Welch, V. A. (1994) Health implications of fatty acids. Arzneimittelforschung 44, 976–981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourre, J. M., Bonneil, M., Clement, M., Dumont, O., Durand, G., Lafont, H., Nalbone, G., and Piciotti, M. (1993) Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 48, 5–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourre, J. M., Dumont, O., and Durand, G. (1993). Brain phospholipids as dietary source of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids for nervous tissue in the rat. J. Neurochem. 60, 2018–2028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukbulatova, L. S., Obidin, A. B., Guliaeva, N. V., Airapetiants, M. G., and Kruglikov, R. I. (1990) Effect of conditioned-reflex bilateral avoidance learning on lipid components of the rat brain. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Meditsin. 109, 315–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burov, IuV., Robakidze, T. N., and Voronin, A. E. (1992) A comparative study on the effects of amiridin on learning and memory of old rats during passive avoidance test. Biull. Eksp. Biol Meditsin. 113, 43–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherayil, G. D. (1990) Effects of in vitro hyperthermia on fatty acids of red blood cells and plasma lipids from patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 95, 141–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clandinin, M. T., Field, C. J., Hargreaves, K., Morson, L., and Zsigmond, E. (1985) Role of diet fat in subcellular structure and function. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 546–556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornford, E. M. and Oldenforf, W. H. (1986) Epilepsy and the blood-brain barrier. Adv. Neurol. 44, 787–812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coscina, D. V., Yehuda, S., Dixon, L. M., Kish, S. J., and Leprohon-Greenwood, C. E. (1986) Learning is improved by soybean oil diet in rats. Life Sci. 38, 1789–1794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, W. S., Gillotte, K. L., Lund-Katz, S., Johnson, W. J., Rothblat, G. H., and Phillips, M. C. (1995) The effect of high density lipoprotein phospholipid acyl chain composition on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5882–5890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deliconstantinos, G., Villiotou, V., and Stavrides, J. C. (1995) Met-enkephalin receptor-mediated increase of membrane fluidity modulates nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP production in rat brain synaptosomes. Neurochem. Res. 20, 217–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeWille, J. W. and Farmer, S. J. (1992) Postnatal dietary fat influences mRNAS involved in myelination. Dev. Neurosci. 14, 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhopeshwarkar, G. A. (1983) Nutrition and brain development, Plenum, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, O., Menez, J. F., and Leonard, B. E. (1992) Effects of an oil enriched in gamma linolenic acid on locomotor activity and behaviour in the Morris Maze, following in utero ethanol exposure in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 30, 65–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enslen, M., Milon, H., and Malnoe, A. (1991) Effect of low intake acid composition and exploratory behavior in rats. Lipids 26, 203–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann, A., Bernhardt, I., Herrmann, A., and Glaser, R. (1990) Species-dependent differences in the influence of ionic strength on potassium transport of erythrocytes. The role of membrane fluidity and Ca2+. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 9, 577–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esteva, O., Baudet, M. F., Lasserre, M., and Jacotot, B. (1986) Influence of the fatty acid composition of high-density lipoprotein phospholipids on the cholesterol efflux from cultured fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 875, 174–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D. (1981) Effects of the diet on brain function. Acta Astron. 8, 1035–1042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D. and Wurtman, R. J. (1971) Brain serotonin content: Increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 174, 1023–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernstrom, J. D. and Wurtman, R. J. (1972). Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science 178, 414–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, E. J. (1989) Multiple sclerosis. Thomas, Springfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firestone, L. L., Alifmoff J. K., and Miller, K. W. (1994) Does general anesthetic-induced desensitization of the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor correlate with lipid disordering? Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 508–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, C. J. and Wecker, L. (1987) Concomitant increases in the levels of choline and free fatty acids in rat brain: Evidence supporting the seizure-induced hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. J. Neurochem. 48, 1178–1184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, T. M. and McNamee, M. G. (1986) Correlation between acetylcholine receptor function and structural properties of membranes. Biochemistry 25, 830–840.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galarza De Bo, E. R., Atlasovich, F. M., Ermacora, M. R., Torea, J. H., Pasquini, J. M., Santome, J. A., and Soto, E. E. (1992) Rat brain fatty acid-binding protein during development. Neurochem. Int. 21, 237–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galli, C. and Petroni, A. (1990) Eicosanoids and the central nervous system. Uppsala J. Med. Sci. 48 (Suppl.), 133–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giocondi, M. C., Mamdouh, Z., and Le Grimellec, C. (1995) Benzyl alcohol differently affects fluid phase endocytosis and exocytosis in renal epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1234, 197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godoy, C. M. and Cukierman, S. (1994) Multiple effects of protein kinase C activators on Na+ currents in mouse neuroblastoma cells. J. Membr. Biol. 140, 101–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., Cox, B. M., Klee, W. A., and Nirenberg, M. (1977) Endorphin from pituitary inhibits cyclic AMP formation in homogenates of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells. Nature 265, 362–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gore, J. and Hoinard, C. (1993) Linolenic acid transport in hamster intestinal cells is carrier-mediated. J. Nutr. 123, 66–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grandgirard, A., Bourre, J. M., Julliard, F., Homayoun, P., Dumont, O., Piciotti, M., and Sebedio, J. L. (1994) Incorporation of trans long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat brain structures and retina. Lipids 29, 251–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, C. E. and Winocur, G. (1990) Learning and memory impairment in rats fed a high saturated fat diet. Behay. Neural Biol. 53, 74–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, Z. Z., Soderberg, M., Sindelar, R, and Edlund, C. (1994) Content and fatty acid composition of cardiolipin in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem. Int. 25, 295–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagve, T. A., Lie, O., and Gronn, M. (1993) The effect of dietary n-3 fatty acid on osmotic fragility and membrane fluidity of human erythrocytes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investi. 215 (Suppl.), 75–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. A. and Bruno, R. (1985) Membrane disordering by anesthetic drugs: Relationship to synaptosomal sodium and calcium fluxes. J. Neurochem. 44, 1274–1281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R. T., Adams, C. E., Nelson, R. A., Grater, S. J., Jaskiewicz, J. A., Johnson, S. B., and Erdman, J. W., Jr. (1995) Patients with anorexia nervosa demonstrate deficiencies of selected essential fatty acids, compensatory changes in nonessential fatty acids and decreased fluidity of plasma lipids. J. Nutr. 125, 901–907.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R. T., Johnson, S. B., and Kokmen, E. (1989) Deficiencies of polyunsaturated fatty acids and replacement by nonessential fatty acids in plasma lipids in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 4720–4724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horrobin, D. F. (1977) Schizophrenia as a prostaglandin deficiency disease. Lancet 1, 936, 937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrobin, D. F. (1978) Schizophrenia as a prostaglandin deficiency disease. Prostaglandin Ther. 4, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, J. D., Cuthbert, J. A., and Spady, D. K. (1993) Dietary fatty acids regulate hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) transport by altering LDL receptor protein and mRNA levels. J. Clin. Invest. 92, 743–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, J. and Davis, L. L. (1993) The substrate specificity of brain microsomal phospholipase D. T Biochem. J. 295, 793–798.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houslay, M. D. and Stanley, K. K. (1982) Dynamics of Biological Membranes, Wiley, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, K., Lauridsen, E., and Clausen, J. (1994) The uptake of Na-selenite in rat brain. Localization of new glutathione peroxidases in the rat brain. Biol. Trace Element Res. 46, 91–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulse, D., Kusel, J. R., O’Donnell, N. G., and Wilkinson, P. C. (1994) Effects of anaesthetics on membrane mobility and locomotor responses of human neutrophils. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 8, 241–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, J. X., Man, S. F., Hirsh, A. J., and Clandinin, M. T. (1994) Characterization of platelet-activating factor binding to human airway epithelial cells: modulation by fatty acids and ion-channel blockers. Biochem. J. 303, 795–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karim, S. M. M. (ed.) (1979) Practical Applications of Prostagladins and their Synthesis Inhibitors. MTP Press, Lancaster, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, A. R. and Yehuda, S. (1985) Learning-induced changes in brain membrane cholesterol and fluidity: Implications for brain aging. Int. J. Neurosci. 28, 73–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlschutter, A., Hubner, C., and Gartner, J. (1988) Decreased membrane fluidity of lymphocytes from patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Am. J. Med. Gen. 5 (Suppl.), 203–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laposata, M. (1995) Fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Path. 104, 172–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazo, O., Singh, A. K., and Singh, I. (1991) Postnatal development and isolation of peroxisomes from brain. J. Neurochem. 56, 1343–1353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lejoyeux, M., Daveloose, D., Maziere, J. C., Ades, J., and Viret, J. (1993) A spin label study of the membrane effect of various psychoactive drugs in human erythrocytes. Life Sci. 52, 7–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, E., Garofalo, C., Thibault, L., Dionne, S., Daoust, L., Lepage, G., and Roy, C. C. (1992) Intraluminal and intracellular phases of fat absorption are impaired in essential fatty acid deficiency. Am. J. Physiol. 262, 319–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Candales, A., Bosner, M. S., Spilburg, C. A., and Lange, L. G. (1993) Cholesterol transport function of pancreatic cholesterol esterase: directed sterol uptake and esterification in enterocytes. Biochemistry 32, 12085–12089.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundbaek, J. A. and Andersen, O. S. (1994) Lysophospholipids modulate channel function by altering the mechanical properties of lipid bilayers. J. Gen. Physiol. 104, 645–673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, M. A., Voss, K. L., and Gower, A. J. (1994) Impaired spatial memory in aged rats is associated with alterations in inostitol phospholipid metabolism. Neuroreport 5, 1493–1497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malnoe, A., Won, H., and Reme, C. (1990) Effect of in vivo modulation of membrane docosahexaenoic acid levels on the dopamine-dependent adenylate cyclase activity in the rat retina. J. Neurochem. 55, 1480–1485.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medow, M. S., Kieffer, L. B., and Trachtman, H. (1994) Increased lipid fluidity in synaptosomes from brains of hyperosmolal rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1193, 323–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moltz, H. (1993) Fever: causes and consequences. Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 17, 237–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, I., Hiramatsu, M., Toda, N., Koide, Y., and Miyagawa, E (1994) Effects of alcohol on membrane fluidity of human erythrocyte. Acta Med. Okayama 48, 117–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, R, Conserva, A. R., Lippolis, R., Casalino, E., and Landriscina, C. (1991) Differential action of thyroid hormones on the activity of certain enzymes in rat kidney and brain. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 46, 169–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, B. M., Prendergast, F. G., Holman, R., Kuntz, S. M., and LaRusso, N. F. (1991) Alterations in the structure, physicochemical properties, and pH of hepatocyte lysosomes in experimental iron overload. J. Clin. Invest. 88, 1207–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakada, T., Kwee, I. L., and Ellis, W. G. (1990) Membrane fatty acid composition shows delta-6-desaturase abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport 1, 153–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nariai, T., DeGeorge, J. J., Greig, N. H., Genka, S., Rapoport, S. I., and Purdon, A. D. (1994) Differences in rates of incorporation of intravenously injected radiolabeled fatty acids into phospholipids of intracerebrally implanted tumor and brain in awake rats. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 12, 213–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro, E., Romero, S. D., and Yaksh, T. L. (1989) CNS stimulation and PGE2 release. III. Pentamethylenetetrazole-induced seizures. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 180–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ney, D. M., Ziboh, V. A., and Schneeman, B. O. (1987) Reduction in plasma apolipoprotein E and HDL1 levels in rats with essential fatty acid deficiency. J. Nutr. 117, 2016–2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, H. J. and Taylor, J. (1994) Central nervous system demyelinating disease and increased release of cholesterol into the urinary system of rats. Lipids 29, 611–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, S., Woo, E., Smith, A. D., French, J. M., Gale, M. M., Sinclair, H. M., Bates, D., and Shaw, D. A. (1990) Red blood cell and adipose tissue fatty acids in mild inactive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 82, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi, S. T., Tominaga, T., and Katsuoka, M. (1989) Inhibition of ischemic brain edema formation by post-ischemic administration of prostaglandin oligomer. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 37 107–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oka, T. and Hori, T. (1994) EP1-receptor mediation of prostaglandin E2-induced hyperthermia in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 267, 289–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okuyama, H. (1992) Minimum requirements of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids for the function of the central nervous system and for the prevention of chronic disease. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200, 174–176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oloyede, O. B., Folayan, A. T., and Odutuga, A. A. (1992) Effects of low-iron status and deficiency of essential fatty acids on some biochemical constituents of rat brain. Biochem. Int. 27, 913–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oner, G. and Senturk, U. K. (1995) Reversibility of manganese-induced learning defect in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 33, 559–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palestini, P., Masserini, M., Fiorilli, A., Calappi, E., and Tettamanti, G. (1993) Age-related changes in the ceramide composition of the major gangliosides present in rat brain subcellular fractions enriched in plasma membranes of neuronal and myelin origin. J. Neurochem. 61, 955–960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parent, A., Rowe, W., Meaney, M. J., and Quirion, R. (1995) Increased production of inositol phosphates and diacyglycerol in aged cognitively impaired rats after stimulation of muscarinic, metabotropic-glutamate and endothelin receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272, 1110–1116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepe, S., Bogdanov, K., Hallaq, H., Spurgeon, H., Leaf, A., and Lakatta, E. (1994) Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modulates dihydropyridine effects on L-type Ca2+ channels, cytosolic Ca2+, and cotranction Ca2+, and contraction in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8832–8836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrou, S., Ordway, R. W., Kirber, M. T., Dopico, A. M., Hamilton, J. A., Walsh, J. V., Jr., and Singer, J. J. (1995) Direct effects of fatty acids and other charged lipids on ion channel activity in smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 52, 173–178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, D. J., Mahadevappa, V. G., Ackman, R. G., and Holub, B. J. (1987) Ingestion of fish oil or a derived n-3 fatty acid concentrate containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) affects fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids of rat brain, sciatic nerve and retina. J. Nutr. 117, 1663–1670.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, B. M. Kim, D. K., Bonventre, J. V., and Kish, S. J. (1995) Characterization of a novel phospholipase A2 activity in human brain. J. Neurochem. 64, 2213–2221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, B. M., and Kish, S. J. (1994) Characterization of lysophospholipid metaboliz-ing enzymes in human brain. J. Neurochem. 63, 1839–1848.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, D. L., Swaiman, K. F., Torres, F., and Hansen, J. (1985) Early biochemical and EEG correlates of the ketogenic diet in children with atypical absence epilepsy. Pediatr. Neurol. 1, 104–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaechter, J. D. and Benowitz, L. I. (1993) Activation of protein kinase C by arachidonic acid selectively enhances the phosphorylation of GAP-43 in nerve terminal membranes. J. Neurosci. 13, 4361–4371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheuer, K., Stoll, S., Paschke, U., Weigel, R., and Muller, W. E. (1995) N-methyl-Daspartate receptor density and membrane fluidity as possible determinants of the decline of passive avoidance performance in aging. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 50, 65–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, F., Butko, P., Hapala, I., and Scallen, T. J. (1990) Intermembrane cholesterol transfer: Role of sterol carrier proteins and phosphatidylserine. Lipids 25, 669–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, R. D. and Yu, X. (1992) Inhibition of GABA-gated chloride channel function by arachidonic acid. Brain Res. 585, 405–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellinger, M., Weinman, S. A., Henderson, R. M., Zweifach, A., Boyer, J. L., and Graf, J. (1992) Anion channels in rat liver canalicular plasma membranes reconstituted in planar. Am. J. Physiol. 262, 1027–1032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senisterra, G. and Epand, R. M. (1993) Role of membrane defects in the regulation of the activity of protein kinase C. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 378–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shanklin, J., Whittle, E., and Fox, B. G. (1994) Eight histidine residues are catalytically essential in a membrane-associated iron enzyme, stearolyl-CoA desaturase, and are conserved in alkane hydroxylase and xylene monooxygenase. Biochemistry 33, 12, 787–12, 794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, S. G., Otterness, I. G., and Stitt, J. T. (1994) A study of the mechanism of action of the mild analgesic dipyrone. Agents Actions 41, 188–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu, T. and Wolfe, I. S. (1990). Arachidonic acid cascade and signal transduc-tion. J. Neurochem. 55, 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, C. W., Ruwe, W. D., and Myers, R. D. (1994) Prostaglandins and hypothalamic neurotransmitter receptors involved in hyperthermia: a critical evaluation. Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 18, 1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, B. J. and Nicoloson, G. L. (1972) The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membrane. Science 178, 720–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, E. R., Watt, C., Besson, J. A., and Best, R V. (1993) Differences in the fatty acid composition of the gray and white matter of different regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects. Brain 116, 717–725.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, S. J., Cox, K. J., Lombardi, J. V., Ho, C., Kelly, M. B., Rubin, E., and Stubbs, C. D. (1993) Inhibition of protein kinase C by alcohols and anaesthetics. Nature 364, 82–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderberg, M., Edlund C., Kristensson, K., and Dallner, G. (1991) Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lipids 26, 421–425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sri Kantha, S., Matsumura, H., Kubo, E., Kawase, K., Takahata, R., Serhan, C. N., and Hayaishi, O. (1994) Effects of prostaglandin D2, lipoxins and leukotrienes on sleep and brain temperature of rats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 51, 87–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strubbs, C. D. and Smith, A. D. (1984) The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 779, 89–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sved, A. F. (1983) Precursor control of the function of monoaminergic neurons, in Nutrition and Behavior vol. 5 ( Wurtman, R. J. and Wurtman, J. J., eds.), Raven, New York, pp. 223–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swank, R. L. and Grimsgaard, A. (1988) Multiple sclerosis: the lipid relationship. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 48, 1387–1393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szamel, M., Leufgen, H., Kurrle, R., and Resch, K. (1995) Differential signal transduction pathways regulating interleukin-2 synthesis and interleukin-2 receptor expression in stimulated human lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1235, 33–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tacconi, M. T., Cizza, G., Fumagalli, G., Sarzi Sartori, R, and Salmona, M. (1991) Effect of hypothyroidism induced in adult rats on brain membrane fluidity and lipid content and composition. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 71, 85–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toth, P., Lukacs, H., Hiatt, E. S., Reid, K. H., Iyer, V., and Rao, C. V. (1994) Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin affects sleep-wake phases and other associated behaviors in cycling female rats. Brain Res. 654, 181–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, K., Ueno, Y., Nishio, I., and Masuyama, Y. (1992) Membrane fluidity as a genetic marker of hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 20 (Suppl.), 11–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umezawa, M., Ohta, A., Tojo, H., Yagi, H., Hosokawa, M., and Takeda, T. (1995) Dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance influences learning and memory in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM). Brain Res. 669, 225–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooijen, L. A., Vadnal, R., Dobard, P., and Bazan, N. G. (1986) Enhanced inositide turnover in brain during bicuculline-induced status epilepticus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 136, 827–834.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viani, P., Cervato, G., Fiorilli, A., and Cestaro, B. (1991) Age-related differences in synaptosomal peroxidative damage and membrane properties. J. Neurochem. 56, 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visioli, F., Rodriguez de Turco, E. B., Kreisman, N. R., and Bazan, N. G. (1994) Membrane lipid degradations related to interictal cortical activity in a series of seizures. Metab. Brain Dis. 9, 161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, P. E. (1992) Do essential fatty acids play a role in brain and behavioral development? Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 16, 193–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, P. E., Huang, Y. S., Bulman-Fleming, B., Levesque, S., and McCutcheon, D. (1994a) The effects of dietary fatty acid composition combined with environmental enrichment on brain and behavior in mice. Behay. Brain Res. 60, 125–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, P. E., Huang, Y. S., Coscina, D. V., Levesque, S., and McCutcheon, D. (1994b) Brain and behavioral effects of dietary n-3 deficiency in mice: a three generational study. Dev. Psychobiol. 27, 467–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. A. and Deber, C. M. (1993). The structure and function of central nervous system myelin. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 30, 29–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. and Tocher, D. R. (1991) Lipid and fatty acid composition is altered in plaque tissue from multiple sclerosis brain compared with normal brain white matter. Lipids 26, 9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woollett, L. A. and Dietschy, J. M. (1994) Effect of long-chain fatty acids on lowdensity-lipoprotein-cholesterol metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60 (Suppl. 6), 991–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J. (1982) Nutrients that modify brain function. Sci. Am. 246, 50–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R. J. and Wurtman, J. J. (1984). Nutritional control of central neurotrans- mitters, in Psychobiology of Anorexia Nervosa ( Pirke K. M., and Ploog D., eds.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 4–12.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, N., Hashimoto, A., Takemoto, Y, Okuyama, H., Nomura, M., Kitajima, R., Togashi, T., and Tamai, Y. (1988) Effect of the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on lipid compositions and learning ability of rats. II. Discrimination process, extinction process, and glycolipid compositions. J. Lipid Res. 29, 1013–1021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, N., Okaniwa, Y., Mori, S., Nomura, M., and Okuyama, H. (1991) Effects of a high linoleate and a high-alpha-linolenate diet on the learning ability of aged rats. Evidence against an autoxidation-related lipid peroxide theory of aging. J. Gerontol. 46, 17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S. (1987) Nutrients, brain biochemistry, and behavior: a possible role for the neuronal membrane. Int. J. Neurosci. 35, 21–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S. (1993) Nutrition, nutrients and epilepsy, in ( Mostofsky, D. I., ed.), Neurobehavioral Treatment of Epilepsy, Eribaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 123–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S. and Carasso, R. L. (1987) Effects of dietary fats on learning, pain threshold, thermoregulation and motor activity in rats: Interaction with the length of feeding period. Int. J. Neurosci. 32, 919–925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S., Carasso, R. L., and Mostofsky, D. I. (1994) Essential fatty acid preparation (SR-3) raises the seizure threshold in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 254, 193–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S., Carasso, R. L., and Mostofsky, D. I. (1995) Essential fatty acids preparation (SR-3) rehabilitates learning deficits induced by A64A and 5,7-DHT. Neuroreport 6, 511–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S., Leprohon-Greenwood, C. E., Dixon, L. M., and Coscina, D. V. (1986) Effects of dietary fat on pain threshold, thermoregulation and motor activity in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. 24, 1775–1777.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, S., Rabinovitz, S., Mostofsky, D. I., Huberman, M., and Sredni, B. (1997) Essential fatty acids preparation rehabilitates biochemical and cognitive functions in EAE rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behay. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, G. S., Steinkirchner, T. M., Rao, G. A., and Larkin, E. C. (1986) Effect of prena- tal iron deficiency on myelination in rat pups. Am. J. Pathol. 125, 620–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerouga, M., Beauge, F., Niel, E., Durand, G., and Bourre, J. M. (1991) Interactive effects of dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and chronic ethanol intoxication on synaptic membrane lipid composition and fluidity in rats. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1086, 295–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yehuda, S., Rabinovitz, S., Mostofsky, D.I. (1997). Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Preparation (SR-3) on Brain Lipids, Biochemistry, and Behavioral and Cognitive Functions. In: Yehuda, S., Mostofsky, D.I. (eds) Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2582-7_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2582-7_18

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-017-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2582-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics