C-myc as a Tumor Marker for Primary Human Cancers

  • Taro Shuin
Chapter
Part of the Contemporary Biomedicine book series (CB, volume 12)

Abstract

Activated proto-oncogenes play an important role in the development and progression of human cancers. C-myc, one of these protooncogenes, was first identified through its homology to the cancer inducing oncogene present in avian myelocytoma virus MC29 (Duesberg et al., 1977). Molecular studies have revealed that c-myc protein is one of the essential proteins for cellular DNA replication and enhancement of mRNA transcription. Both c-myc messenger RNA and protein have very short half-lives (<30 min) (Dani et al., 1984; Rabbitts et al., 1985; Jones and Cole, 1987). C-myc protein is phosphorylated at serine and threonine, and binds to specific sequences of genomic DNA in a manner analogous to c-fos and c-jun (Ariga et al., 1989; reviewed by Cole, 1986). However, actual functions and regulatory mechanisms of its expression have not been fully clarified. Recently, Max and DMax, two proteins that can form heterodimers with c-myc protein, were discovered (Makela et al., 1992). Studies on these proteins may further clarify the precise actions of c-myc.

Keywords

Human Papilloma Virus Testicular Cancer Cancer Marker SCLC Cell Line Primary Human Cancer 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ali, I. U., R. Lidereu, C. Theililet, and R. Callahan (1987), Science 238, 185.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Alitalo, K., P. Koskinen, T. P. Makela, K. Saksela, L. Sistonen, and R. Winqvist (1987), Biochem. Biophis. Acta 907, 1.Google Scholar
  3. Allum, W. H., K. M. Newbold, F. Macdonald, B. Russell, and H. Stokes (1987), Br. J. Cancer 56, 785.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Ariga, H., Y. Imamura, and S. M. Ariga (1989), EMBO J. 8, 4273.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. Baker, V. V., K. D. Hatch, and H. M. Shingleton (1988), J. Surg. Oncol. 39, 225.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bigner, S. H., P. C. Burger, A. J. Wong, M. H. Werner, S. R. Hamilton, L. H. Muhlbaier, B. Vogelstein, and D. D. Bigner (1988), J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 47, 191.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Bisceglie, A. M. D. (1989), Medical Clinics of North America 73, 985.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Blick, M., E. Westin, J. Gutterman, F. Wong-Staal, R. Gallo K. MaCredie, M. Keating, E. Murphy (1984), Blood 64, 1234.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. Bloomfield, D. C., D. I. Goldman, G. Slimena, R. Berger G. H. Borgstorm, L. Brandt, D. Ctovsky, A. de la Chapelle, G. W. Drewald, O. M. Garson, S. Garwicz, D. K. Golomb, D. K. Hossfeld, S. D. Lawler, F. Mitelman, P. Nilsson, R. V. Pierre, P. Philip, E. Piligogina, J. D. Rowley, M. Sakurai, A. A. Sandberg, L. M. Secker Walker, G. Tricot, H. Van Den Berghe, A. Van Orshioven, P. Vuopio, and J. Ehang-Peng (1986), Blood 67, 415.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Boehm, T. L. J., H. P. Hirth, B. Kornhuber, and D. Drohovsky (1987), Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 23, 871.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Borg, A. B., M. Ferno, H. Olsson, and H. Sigurdsson(1992), Int. J. Cancer, 51, 687.Google Scholar
  12. Bos, J. L., E. R. Fearon, S. R. Hamilton, M. V. Vries, J. H. Boom, A. J. Eb, and B. Vogelstein(1987), Nature 327, 293.Google Scholar
  13. Butturini, A. and R. P. Gale (1988), Int. J. Cell Cloning 6, 2.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Buttyan, R., I. S. Sawczuk, M. C. Benson, J. D. Siegal, and C. A. Olsson (1987), The Prostate 11, 327.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Callahan, R. and G. Campbell (1989), J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 23, 1780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Callahan, R. (1989), Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol 13. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.Google Scholar
  17. Carney, D. N., A. F. Gazdar, G. Bepler, J. G. Guccion, P. J. Marangos, T. W. Moody, M. K. Zweig, and J. D. Minna (1985), Cancer Res. 45, 2913.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Chan, S. and K. Sikola, K. (1987) Cancer Surveys 6, 185.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Choo, K., K. Chong, H. Chou, L. Liew, and C. Liou (1989), Biochem. Biophis. Res. Comm. 158, 334.Google Scholar
  20. Cline, M. J. and H. Battifola (1987), Cancer 60, 2669.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Cline, M. J., H. Battifora, and J. Yokota (1987), J. Clin. Oncol. 5, 999.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Cole, M. D. (1986), Ann. Rev. Genet. 20, 361.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Collins, S. and M. Groudine (1982), Nature 298, 679.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Cotter, F. E. and E. Zucca (1991), Ann Oncol. 2 (5), 335.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. Croce, C. M. (1987), Cell 49, 155.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Dani, C., J. M. Blanchard, M. Piechaczyk, S. EI Sabouty, L. Marty and P. Jeanteur (1984), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7046.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Davies, P., C. L. Eaton, T. D. France, and M. E. A. Phillips (1988), Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 11(Suppl. 2) SI.Google Scholar
  28. Diaz, M. O., M. M. LeBeau, A. Harden, and J. D. Rowley (1985), Leukemia Res. 9, 1437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Di Luca, D., S. Costa, P. Monini, A. Rotola, P. Terzano, A. Savioli, W. Grignioni, and E. Cassai (1989), Int. J. Cancer 43, 570.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Duesberg, P. H., K. Bister, and P. K. Vogt (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4320.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Durst, M., C. M. Croce, L. Gissmann, E. Schwartz, and K. Huebner (1987), Proc. Natl. Acd. Sci. USA 84, 1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Engelhard, H. H., A. B. Butler, and K. D. Bauer (1989), J. Neurosurg. 71, 224.Google Scholar
  33. Erisman, M. D., J. K. Scott, and S. M. Astrin(1989), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 4264.Google Scholar
  34. Erisman, M. D., S. Litwin, R. D. Keidan, R. L. Comis, and S. M. Astrin (1988), Cancer Res. 48, 1350.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. Erisman, M. D., P. G. Rothberg, D. E. Ronald, C. C. Morse, J. M. Spandorfer, S. M. and Astrin (1985), Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 1969.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Escot, C., C. Theillet, R. Lidereau, F. Spyratos, M. H. Champeme, J. Gest, and R. Callahan (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4834.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Fleming, W. H., A. Hamel, R. MacDonald, E. Ramsey, N. M. Pettigrew, B. Johnsom, J. G. Dodd, and R. J. Matusik (1986), Cancer Res. 46, 1535.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Forrester, K., C. Almoguera, K. Han, W. E. Grizzle, and M. Perucho (1987), Nature 327, 298.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Franssila, K.O. (1990), in Anderson’s Pathology, vol. 2 ( Kissane, J. M., ed.), Mosbys, St. Louis.Google Scholar
  40. Fujimoto, M., P. J. Sheridan, Z. D. Sharp, F. J. Weakner, K. S. Kagan-Hallet, and J. L. Story (1989), J. Neurosurg. 70, 910.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Garcia, I., P. Dietrich, M. Apro, G. Vauthier, L. Vadas, and E. Engel (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 6675.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  42. Gazdar, A. F., D. N. Carney, M. M. Nau, and J. D. Minna (1985), Cancer Res. 45, 2924.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  43. Gemma, A., T. Nakajima, M. Shiraishi, M. Noguchi, M. Gotoh, S. Takao, H. Nitani and Y. Shimosato (1988), Cancer Res. 48, 6025.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Goeltz, S. E., S. S. R. Hamilton, and B. Vogelstein (1985), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 130, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Gu, J. (1988), Carcinogenesis 9, 697.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Gu, J., L. Hu, Y. Cheng, and D. Wan (1986), J. Cell. Physiol. 4 (Suppl), 13.Google Scholar
  47. Guerin, M., M. Barrois, M., M. J. Terrier, M. Spielmann, and G. Riou (1988), Oncogene Res. 3, 21.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Hayashi, H., M. Taira, Y. Tatibana, and K. Isono (1989), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 162, 1260.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Haywood, W. S., B. G. Neel, and M. S. Astrin (1981), Nature 290, 475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Hendy-Ibbs, P., H. Cox, G. I. Evan, and J. V. Watson (1987), Br. J. Cancer 55, 275.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Himeno, Y., Y. Fukuda, M. Hatanaka, and H. Imura (1988), Liver 8, 208.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  52. Imazeki, H., H. Hayashi, M. Taira, Y. Ito, Y. Tabata, S. Onoda, K. Isono, and M. Tatibana (1989), Cancer 64, 704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Johnson, B. E., J. Batty, I. Linoila, K. L. Becker, R. W. Macuch, R. H. Snider, D. N. Carney, and J. D. Minna (1986), J. Clin. Invest. 78, 525.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Johnson, B. E., D. C. Ihde, R. W. Macuch, A. F. Gazdar, G. C. Carney, H. Oie, E. Russell, M. M. Nau, and J. D. Minna, (1987), J. Clin. Invest. 79, 1629.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Jones, D. J., Ghosh, A. K., Moore, M. and Schofield, P. F. (1987), Br. J. Cancer 56, 779.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Kinouchi, T., S. Saiki, T. Naoe, A. Uenaka, T. Kotake, H. Shiku, and E. Nakayama (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 3627.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Kintzler, K. W., B. A. Zehnbauer, G. M. Brodeur, R. C. Seeger, J. M. Trent, P. S. Melzter, and B. Vogelstein (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Kovac, G., R. Erlandsson, F. Boldog, S. Ingvarsson, R. Muller-Brechlin, G. Klein, and J. Sumegi (1988), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Law, D. J., S. Olschwang, J. P. Monpezat, D. Lefrancois, D. Jagelman, N. J. Petrelli, G. Thomas, and A. P. Feinberg (1988), Science 241, 961.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Lazo, P. A., J. A. DiPaolo, and N. C. Popescu (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 4305.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Lee, W. M. F. (1989), in Oncogenes (Benz, C. and E. Liu, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.Google Scholar
  62. Leppert, M., M. Dobbs, P. Scambler, P. Connell, Y. Nakamura, D. Stauffer, S. Woodward, R. Burt, J. Huges, E. Gardner, M. Lathrop, J. Wasmuth, J. M. Lalouel, and R. White (1987), Science 238, 1411.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Liu, E. (1989), in Oncogene (Benz, C, and E. Liu, eds.), Klnwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.Google Scholar
  64. Lundberg, C., L. Skoog, W. K. Cavenee, and M. Nordenskjold (1987), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2372.Google Scholar
  65. Makela, T. P., P. J. Koskinen, I. Vastrik, and K. Alitalo (1992), Science 256, 370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Mariani, B. D. and R. T. Schimke (1984), J. Biol. Chem. 259, 1901.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Mavilio, F., M. Sposi, M. Petrini, L. Bittero, M. Marinucci, G. De Rossi, S. Amadori, F. Mandelli, C. Peschle (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4394.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Misaki, H., T. Shuin, M. Yao, Y. Kubota, and M. Hosaka (1989), Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 80 (10), 1509.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Mulder, P. M., W. Keijzer, A. Verkerk, A. J. M. Boot, E. F. Prins, T. A. W. Splinter, and J. L. Bos (1989), Oncogene 4, 1345.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Muller, J. W., R. Sinn, P. K. Pattengale, R. Wallace, and P. Leder (1988), Cell 54, 105.Google Scholar
  71. Nag, A. and R. G. Smith (1989), Prostate, 15, 115.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Nakasato, F., H. Sakamoto, M. Mori, K. Hayashi, Y. Shimosato, M. Nishi, S. Takao, K. Nakatani, M. Terada, and T. Sugimura (1984), Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 75, 737.Google Scholar
  73. Nambu, S., K. Inoue, and H. Sasaki (1987), Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 78, 695.Google Scholar
  74. Nomura, N., T. Yamamoto, K. Toyoshima, H. Ohami, K. Akimaru, S. Sasaki, Y. Nakagami, H. Kanauchi, T. Shoji, Y. Hiraoka, M. Matsui, and R. Ishizaki (1986), Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 77, 1188.Google Scholar
  75. Ninomiya, I., Y. Yonemura, H. Matsumoto, K. Sugiyama, T. Kamata, K. Miwa, I. Miyazaki, and H. Shiku (1991), Oncology, 48 (2), 149.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Ocadiz, R., R. Sauceda, M. Cruz, A. N. Graef, and P. Griglio, (1987), Cancer Res. 47, 4173.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  77. Preisler, H. D., H. Sato, Y. Li, G. Stein, and J. Stein (1987a), Cancer Res. 47, 3747.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  78. Preisler, H. D., A. J. Kinniburgh, G. Wei-Dong, and S. Khan, (1987b), Cancer Res. 47, 874.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Preisler, H. D., H. Sato, P. Yang, M. Wilson, C. Kaufman, and R. Watt (1988), Leukemia Res. 12, 507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Preisler, H. D., A. Raza, A. Larson, M. Lebeau, G. Browman, J. Goldberg, H. Grunwald, R. Vilger, L. Verkh, P. Singh, A. M. Block, and A. Sandberg (1989), Blood 73, 255.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  81. Raab-Traub, N. (1989), in Oncogenes (Benz, C. and F. Liu, ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.Google Scholar
  82. Rabbitts, P. H., J. V. Watson, A. Lamond, A. Forster, M. A. Stinson, G. Evan, W. Fischer, E. Atherton, R. Sheppard, and T. H. Rabbitts (1985), EMBO J. 4, 2009.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  83. Reitsma, P. H., P. G. Rothberg, S. M. Astrin, J. Trial, and Z. Bar-Shavit (1983), Nature 306, 492.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. Riou, G., M. Barrois, M. G. Le, M. George, V. D. Doussal, and C. Haie (1987), Lancet ii 761.Google Scholar
  85. Riou, G. F. (1988), Cancer Surveys 7, 441.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  86. Riou, G. F., J. Bourhis, and M. G. Le (1990), Anticancer Res. 10 (5A), 1225.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Rothberg, P. G., M. D. Erisman, R. E. Diehl, U. G. Rovigatti, and M. Susan (1984), Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 1096.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  88. Rothberg, P. G., J. M. Spandorfer, M. D. Erisman, R. N. Staroscik, H. F. Sears, R. O. Petersen, and S. M. Astrin (1985), Br. J. Cancer 52, 629.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Schmid, P. Schulz, W. A. and H. Hameister (1989), Science 243 226.Google Scholar
  90. Seshadri, R., C. Matthews, A. Dovorovic, and D. J. Horsfall (1989), Int. J. Cancer 43, 270.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Shibuya, M., J. Yokota, and Y. Ueyama (1985), Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 414.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  92. Shimizu, M., J. Yokota, N. Mori, T. Shuin, M. Shinoda, M. Terada, and M. Oshimura (1990), Oncogene 5, 185.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  93. Shiraishi, M., M. Noguchi, Y. Shimosato, and T. Sekiya (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 6474.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Sikora, K., G. Evan, and J. Watson (1987a), Int. J. Androl. 10, 57.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Sikora, K., S. Chan, G. Evan, H. Gabra, N. Markham, J. Stewart, and J. Watson (1987b), Cancer 59, 1289.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  96. Sinn, E., W. Muller, P. Pattengale, I. Tepler, R. Wallace, and P. Leder (1987), Cell 49, 465.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  97. Slamon, D. J., G. M. Clark, S. G. Wong, W. J. Levin, A. Ullrich, and W. L. McGuire (1987), Science 235, 177.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. Slamon, D. J., W. Godolphin, L. A. Jones, J. A. Holt, S. T. Wong, D. E. Keith, W. J. Levin, S. G. Stuart, J. Udove, A. Ullrich, and M. F. Press (1989), Science 244, 707.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. Spandidos, D. A., J. K. Field, N. J. Agnantis, G. Evan, and J. P. Moore (1989), Anticancer Res. 9, 821.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Spandidos, D. A., M. Karayianis, M. Yiagnisis, K. Papadimitriou, and J. K. Field (1991), Digestion, 50 (3–4), 127.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. Stark R. G., M. Debatisse, E. Guilotto, and G. M. Wahl (1989), Cell 75, 901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Stewart, T. T., P. K. Pattengale, and P. Leder (1984), Cell 38, 627.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. Stewart, J., G. Evan, J. Watson, and K. Sikora (1986), Br. J. Cancer 53, 1.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. Su, T.-S., L.-H. Lin, W.-Y. Lui, C. Chang, C.-K. Chou, L.-P. Ting, C.-P. Hu, S.-H. Han, and F.-K. P’eng (1985), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 132, 264.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. Suchy, B. K., M. Sarafoff, R. Kerler, and H. M. Rabes, (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 6781.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. Sugio, K., S. Kurata, M. Sasaki, J. Soejima, and T. Sasazuki (1988), Cancer Res. 48, 4855.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Terrier, P., Z.-M. Sheng, M. Schlumberger, M. Tubiana, B. Caillou, J.-P. Travagli, P. Fragu, C. Parmentier, and G. Riou (1988), Br. J. Cancer 57, 43.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. Theillet, C., R. Lidereau, C. Escot, P. Hutzell, M. Brunet, G. Gest, J. Schlom, and R. Callahan, (1986), Cancer Res. 46, 4776.Google Scholar
  109. Thor, A., N. Ohuchi, P. H. Hand, R. Callahan, M. O. Weeks, C. Theillet, R. Lidereau, C. Escot, D. L. Page, V. Vilasi, and J. Schlom (1986), Lab. Invest. 55, 603.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  110. Tiniakos, D., D. A. Spandidos, A. Kakkanas, A. Pintzas, L. Pollice, and G. Tiniakos (1989), Anticancer Res. 9, 715.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Trent, J., P. Meltzer, M. Rosenblum, G. Harsh, K. Kinzler, R. Mashal, A. Feinberg, and B. Vogelstein (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 470.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Tsuboi, K., K. Hirayoshi, K. Takeuchi, H. Sabe, Y. Shimada, G. Ohshio, T. Tobe, and M. Hatanaka (1987), Biochem. Biophis. Res. Commun. 146, 699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. Tsuda, H., S. Hirohashi, Y. Shimosato, T. Hirota, S. Tsugane, H. Yamamoto, N. Miyajima, K. Toyoshima, T. Yamamoto, J. Yokota, T. Yoshida, H. Sakamoto, M. Terada and T. Sugimura (1989), Cancer Res. 49, 3104.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  114. Varley, J. M., J. E. Swallow, W. J. Brammar, J. L. Whittaker, and R. A. Walker (1987), Oncogene 1, 423.Google Scholar
  115. Venturelli, D., B. Lange, F. Narni, L. Selleri, M. T. Mariano, U. Torelli, M. Gewirtz, and B. Calabretta (1988), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3590.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. Vogelstein, B., E. R. Fearon, S. T. Kern, S. R. Hamilton, A. C. Preisinger, Y. Nakamura, and R. White (1989), Science 244, 207.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. Vogelstein, B., E. R. Fearon, S. R. Hamilton, S. E. Kern, A. C. Preisinger, M. Leppert, Y.Nakamura, R. White, A. M. M. Smits, and J. L. Bos (1988), N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 525.Google Scholar
  118. Watson, J. V., J. Stewart, G. I. Evan, A. Ritson, and K. Sikora (1986), Br. J. Cancer 53, 331.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. Westin, E. H., F. Wong-Staal, E. P. Gelman, R. Dalla-Fvera, and T. S. Papas (1982), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2490.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. Williams, M. E.,H. J. Frierson, S. Tabbarah, and P. S. Ennis (1990), Am J Clin Pathol. 93 (6), 754–759.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Wong, A. J., W. J. Ruppert, J. Eggleston, S. R. Hamilton, S. B. Baylin, and B. Vogelstein (1986), Science 233, 461.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  122. Wyllie, F. S., N. R. Lemoine, E. D. Williams, and D. Wynford-Thomas (1989), Br. J. Cancer 60, 561.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Yamamoto, T., W. Yasui, A. Ochiai, H. Ito, K. Abe, N. Yanaihara, and E. Tahara (1987), Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) 78, 1169.Google Scholar
  124. Yamashita, S., J. Ong, J. A. Fagin, and S. Melmed (1986), J. Clinic. Endocrinol. Metab. 63, 1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. Yao, M., T. Shuin, H. Misaki, and Y. Kubota(1988), Cancer Res. 48, 6753.Google Scholar
  126. Yesner, R. (1985), N. Engl. J. Med. 312, 652.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Yokota, J., Y. T. Yokota, H. Battifora, C. R. Fevre, and M. J. Cline (1986), Science 231, 261.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  128. Yokota, J., M. Wada, T. Yoshida, M. Noguchi, T. Terasaki, Y. Shimosato, Y. Sugimura, and M. Terada (1988), Oncogene 6, 607.Google Scholar
  129. Yoshimine, T.,T. Hayakawa, and H. Mogami (1988), Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 157, 2022.Google Scholar
  130. Zbar, B., H. Brauch, C. Talmage and M. Linehan (1987), Nature 327, 721.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1995

Authors and Affiliations

  • Taro Shuin

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations