Abstract
The majority of our current concepts relating to the biomechanical aspects of human injury have come from research that may be described as macroscopic in nature. To this end human cadaver specimens, various animal models, anthropomorphic test devices, and both analytical and numerical simulations have served as the primary tools of investigation in our field to date. Collectively, the research findings from this endeavor have been responsible for the contemporary views of human injury tolerance criteria and they have led to numerous standards and regulations, and to the design of a safer mechanical environment.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Patrick LM (1962) Protection of the head and neck in sports. JAMA 182: 509–512.
Denny-Brown D, Russell WR (1941) Experimental cerebral concussion. Brain 64: 93–164.
Holbourn AHS (1945) Mechanics of brain injuries. Br Med Bul 3: 147–149.
Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE, Flamm ES, Mahone RH (1966) Cerebral concussion in the monkey: an experimental model. Science 153: 211–212.
Ommaya A, Gennarelli TA (1974) Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness. Brain 97: 633–654.
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE (1972) Pathophysiologic responses of rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, pp 296–308.
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE (1982) Bio-mechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma 22: 680–696.
Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE, Martinez JL (1966) The role of whiplash in cerebral concussion. In Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference, November.
Shatsky S, Alter WA, Evans DE (1974) Traumatic distortions of the primate head and chest: correlation of biomechanical, radio-logical, and pathological data. In Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE, pp 351–381.
Prudenz R, Sheldon C (1946) The lucite calvarium—a method for direct observation of the brain. II. Cranial trauma and brain movement. J Neurosurg 3: 487.
Holbourn AH (1943) Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 2: 438–441.
Abel J, Gennarelli T, Segawa H (1978) 23. Incidence and severity of cerebral concussion in the rhesus monkey following sagittal plane acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp 24. Car Crash Conf. SAE, pp 33–53.
Gennarelli T, Thibault L, Adams J, Graham D, Thompson C, Marcinin R (1982) Diffuse axonal injury and prolonged coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 12: 564–574
Gennarelli TA, Ommaya AK, Thibault LE (1971) Comparison of translational and rotational head motions in experimental cerebral 26. concussion. In Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, November. 27.
Thibault L, Bianchi A, Galbraith J, Gennarelli T (1982) Analysis of the strains induced in physical models of the baboon brain undergoing 28. inertial loading. In Proceedings of the 35th ACEMB 8. 29.
Margulies S, Thibault L. A proposed human tolerance criteria for diffuse axonal injury. J Biomechanics (in press).
Margulies SS, Thibault LE (1989) An analytical 30. model of traumatic diffuse brain injury. J Biomech Eng 111: 241–249.
Ward CC, Thompson RB (1975) The development of a detailed finite element brain model. 31. In Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conf, pp 641–674.
Lee MC, Melvin JW, Ueno K (1987) Finite element analysis of traumatic acute subdural 32. hematoma. In Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conf, pp 67–77.
a. Khalil TB, Viano DC Critical issues in finite element modeling of head impact. In Proceed 34. ings of the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conf, pp 87102.
b. Cheng LY, Rifai S, Khatua T, Pziali RL (1989) 35. Finite element analysis of diffuse axonal injury. In Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conf. 36.
c. Tong P, DiMasi F, Carr G, Galbraith C, Eppinger R, Marcus J, Finite element modeling of head injury response to inertial loading. In Proceedings of the 12th Int Tech Conf of Exp. 37. Safety Vehicles, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Meaney DF (1991) Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma in the subhuman primate and man. University of Pennsylvania PhD 38. dissertation.
Lee YC, Advani SH (1970) Transient response of a sphere to torsional loading-a head injury 39. model. Math Biosci 6: 473–486.
Bycroft GN (1973) Mathematical model of head subjected to an angular acceleration. J Biomech 6: 487–495.
Liu YK, Chandran KB, von Rosenburg DV (1975) Angular acceleration of viscoelastic ( Kelvin) material in a rigid speherical shell-a rotational head injury model. J Biomechan 8: 285–292.
Ljung C (1975) A model for brain deformation due to rotation of the skull. J Biomech 8: 263–274.
Misra JC, Chakravarty S (1984) A study on rotational brain injury. J Biomech 17: 459–466.
Margulies S (1987) Biomechanics of traumatic coma in the primate. University of Pennsylvania, PhD Dissertation.
Goldman DE, Wells JB (1983) Longitudinal stretch of squid giant axon. Biophys J 41: 52a.
Galbraith JA (1988) The effects of mechanical loading on the electrophysiology of the squid giant axon. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Tipperman R, et al. Axonal injury in the optic nerve: a model of diffuse axonal injury in the brain. J Neurosurg 71: 244–253.
Graham DI, Adams JH, Legan S, Gennarelli TA, Thibault CE (1985) The distribution, nature and time course of diffuse axonal injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 11: 319.
Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA, Tipton HW, Carpenter DO (1974) The physiologic response of isolated nerve tissue to dynamic mechanical loads. ACEMB 16: 176.
Gray JAB, Ritchie JM (1954) Effects of stretch on single myelinated nerve fibres. J Physiol 124: 84–99.
Ochs S, Worth RM, Chan S-Y (1977) Calcium requirement for axoplasmic transport in mammalian nerve. Nature 270: 748–750.
Schliwa M, Euteneuer U, Bulinski JC, Izant JG (1981) Calcium lability of cytoplasmic micro-tubules and its modulation by microtubuleassociated proteins. Cell Biol 78: 1037–1041.
Morgan BP, Luzio JP, Campbell AK (1986) Intracellular Ca2+ and cell injury: a paradoxical role of Ca2+ in complement membrane Attack. 7: 399–411.
Schanne FAX, Kane AB, Young EE, Farber JL (1979) Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: a final common pathway. Science 206: 700–702.
Balentine JD (1988) Spinal cord trauma: in search of the meaning of granular axoplasm and vesicular myelin. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47: 77–92.
Kamakura K, Ishiura S, Suzuki K, Sugita H, 47. Toyokura Y (1985) Calcium-activated neutral protease in the peripheral nerve, which requires µM order Cat+, and its effect on the neuro- 48. filament triplet. J Neurosci Res 13: 391–403.
Jones HB, Cavanagh JB (1983) Distortions of the nodes of Ranvier from axonal distension by filamentous masses in hexacarbon intoxication. J Neurocytol 12: 439–458. 49.
Winston FK (1989) The modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration by biaxial extensional strains of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. PhD dissertation, University 50. of Pennsylvania.
Barbee KA (1991) Cellular response of vascular smooth muscle to mechanical stimuli. PhD 51. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA, Margulies SS, 52. Marcus J, Eppinger R (1990) The strain dependent pathophysiological consequences of inertial loading on central nervous system 53. tissue. In Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conf, Lyon, France.
Chonko AM, Irish III JM, Welling DJ (1978) Microperfusion of isolated tubules. In Methods 54. in Pharmacology. Martinez-Maldonado, ed. Plenum, New York.
Grynkiewicz G, Poenie M, Tsien RY (1985) A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J Biol Chem 260:3440–3450.
Tsien RY, Poenie M (1986) Fluorescence ratio imaging: a new window into intracellular ionic signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 11: 450–455.
Ganot G, Wong BS, Binstock L, Ehrenstein G (1981) Reversal potentials corresponding to mechanical stimulation and leakage current in myxicola giant axons. Biochim Biophys Acta 649: 487–491.
Terakawa S, Watanabe A (1982) Electrical responses to mechanical stimulation of the membrane of squid giant axons. Pflügers Arch 395: 59–64.
Hunter CM (1988) Effects of mechanical loading on ion transport through lipid bilayer membranes.
Hashin Z (1969) The inelastic inclusion problem. Int J Engng Sci 7: 11–36.
Renkin EM (1955) Filtration, diffusion, and molecular sieving through porous cellulose membranes. J Gen Physiol 38: 225–243.
Pappenheimer JR, Renkin EM, Borrero LM (1951) Filtration, diffusion and molecular sieving through peripheral capillary membranes. Am J Physiol 167: 13–46.
Evans E, Waugh R, Melnik L (1976) Elastic area compressibility modulus of red cell membrane. Biophys J 16: 585–595.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thibault, L.E. (1993). Isolated Tissue and Cellular Biomechanics. In: Nahum, A.M., Melvin, J.W. (eds) Accidental Injury. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2264-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2264-2_20
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2266-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2264-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive