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The Myxobacteria

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Abstract

The myxobacteria are Gram-negative, unicellular, gliding bacteria with rod-shaped vegetative cells (Fig. 1). Because of their gliding movement, colonies develop as thin, film-like, spreading swarms, particularly on media low in organic constituents (lean media) (Fig. 2). Under starvation conditions, the myxobacteria undergo an impressive process of cooperative morphogenesis: the vegetative cells aggregate and pile up, and the resulting cell mass differentiates into a fruiting body (Fig. 3). Myxobacterial fruiting bodies show various degrees of complexity, both morphologically and structurally. They typically measure between 50 and 500 μm, and they can thus be easily seen with the naked eye. Within the maturing fruiting body, a cellular differentiation takes place during which the vegetative cells convert into short, fat, optically refractile myxospores (Figs. 1 and 3). The myxospores are desiccation resistant and allow the organism to survive unfavorable environmental conditions.

Various types of myxobacterial cells. (a to d) Vegetative cells. (a and b) The Cystobacterineae type: (a) Cystobacter ferrugineus, cells from a liquid culture. (b) Stigmatella aurantiaca, cells in situ on agar surface in a chamber culture. (c and d) The Sorangineae type. (c) Chondromyces crocatus in a chamber culture. (d) Sorangium compositum in a chamber culture. (e to h) Myxospores of members of the Cystobacterineae. (e) Myxospores of Cystobacter ferrugineus, from a crushed, degenerated, Archangium-like, fruiting body; under oil immersion, the high optical refractility of the myxospores is not apparent. (f) Myxospores of Cystobacter velatus from a crushed fruiting body sporangiole; oil immersion. (g) Experimentally induced myxospores of Stigmatella aurantiaca on the agar surface in a chamber culture; under the 40 × dry objective, the high optical refractility of the myxospores becomes very conspicuous. (h) Myxospores from a Myxococcus xanthus fruiting body; the optical refractility of these spherical myxospores is so high that it is recognizable even under oil immersion. All photographs are in phase contrast. Bars = 10 μm.

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Authors
  1. Hans Reichenbach
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  2. Martin Dworkin
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Emory University, 105 Bay Colt Road, 30201, Alpharetta, GA, USA

    Albert Balows

  2. Institute for Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-5300, Bonn 1, Germany

    Hans G. Trüper

  3. Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, 55455, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Martin Dworkin

  4. TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2600 AE, Delft, The Netherlands

    Wim Harder

  5. Department of Microbiology, Technical University, D-8000, Munich 2, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Schleifer

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Reichenbach, H., Dworkin, M. (1992). The Myxobacteria. In: Balows, A., Trüper, H.G., Dworkin, M., Harder, W., Schleifer, KH. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2191-1_26

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