Abstract
Stroke is a problem of major importance in the geriatric age group. In 1984, one-half million Americans had a stroke, more than 150,000 died of stroke, and there was a prevalence of 2 million stroke survivors. A great majority of strokes occur in individuals older than 65 years of age. During 1980, death rates from stroke for men and women aged 65 to 69 years were more than five times higher than for individuals aged 50 to 54 years. And for individuals older than 85 years of age, the stroke death rate was over 50 times higher than for individuals in their 50s1. In nearly all age groups, men have more strokes and more stroke deaths than women.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Wolf PA, Kannel WB, McGee D. Epidemiology of strokes in north America. In: Barrett HJ, Mohr JP, Stein BM, et al, eds. Stroke, Pat hophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1986: 19–29.
Anderson GL, Whisnant JP. A comparison of trends in mortality from stroke in the United States and Rochester, Minnesota. Stroke 1982; 13: 804–809.
Caplan LR, Stein RW. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Stroke: A Clinical Approach. Stoneham, Mass: Butterworths; 1986: 231–260.
Caplan LR, Stein RW. Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Stroke: A Clinical Approach. Stoneham, Mass: Butterworths; 1986: 261–292.
Phillips LH, Whisnant JP, O’Fallon M, et al. The unchanging pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a community. Neurology 1980; 30: 1034–1040.
Sacco RL, Wolf PA, Bharucha N, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: natural history, prognosis and precursive factors in the Framingham study. Neurology 1984; 34: 847–854.
Parkarinen S. Incidence, etiology, and prognosis of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage: a study based on 589 cases diagnosed in a defined urban population during a defined period. Acta Neurol Scan 1967; 43 (suppl 29): 1128.
Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computed tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980; 6: 1–9.
Caplan LR. Computed tomography and stroke. In: McDowell F, Caplan LR, eds. Cerebrovascular Survey Report for the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke. 1985: 61–74.
Caplan LR, Flamm ES, Mohr JP, et al. Lumbar puncture and stroke. Stroke 1987; 18: 540A - 544A.
Heros RC, Zervas NT, Varsos V. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an update. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 599–608.
Caplan LR. Intracerebral hemorrhage revisited. Neurology 1988; 38: 624–627.
Fisher CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhages. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1971; 30: 536–550.
Caplan LR, Mohr JP. Intracerebral hemorrhage: an update. Geriatrics 1978; 33: 42–52.
Kase C, Robinson K, Stein R, et al. Anticoagulant-related intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1985; 35: 943–948.
Gilbert J, Vinters H. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: incidence and complications. Stroke 1983; 14: 915–923, 923928.
Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Melski J, et al. The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Neurology] 1978; 29: 754–762.
Caplan LR, D’Cruz I, Hier DB, et al. Atrial size, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 158–161.
Fairfax AJ, Lambert CD, Leatham A. Systemic embolism in chronic sinoatrial disorder. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 190–193.
Fisher CM, Perlman A The nonsudden onset of cerebral embolism. Neurology 1967; 17: 1025–1032.
Caplan LR, Hier DB, D’Cruz I. Cerebral embolism in the Michael Reese Stroke Registry. Stroke 1983; 14: 530536.
DeWitt LD, Pessin MS, Pandian NG, et al. Benign disappearance of ventricular thrombus after embolic stroke. Stroke 1988; 19: 393–396.
Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, et al. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1148–1152.
Mohr JP. Lacunes. Stroke 1982; 13: 3–11.
Caplan LR, Gorelick PB, Hier DB. Race, sex, and occlusive vascular disease: a review. Stroke 1986; 17: 648–655.
Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 860865.
Caplan LR, Pessin MS. Symptomatic carotid artery disease and carotid endarterectomy. Annu Rev Med 1988; 39: 273–299.
Caplan LR. TIAs: we need to return to the question “What’s wrong with Mr. Jones?” Neurology 1988; 38: 799–793.
Caplan LR. Cerebrovascular disease: large artery occlusive disease. In: Appel S. Current Neurology. Chicago, Ill: Chicago, 1988; 3: 179–226.
Fisher CM. Observations of the fundus oculi in transient monocular blindness. Neurology 1959; 9: 333–347.
Pessin MS, Duncan G, Mohr J, et al. Clinical and angiographic features of carotid transient ischemic attacks. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 358–362.
Marzewski D, Furlan A, St Louis P, et al. Intracranial internal carotid artery stenosis: long term prognosis. Stroke 1982; 13: 821–824.
Caplan LR, Babikian V, Helgason C, et al. Occlusive disease of the middle cerebral artery. Neurology 1985; 35: 975–982.
Bladin P, Berkovic S. Striatocapsular infarction: large infarcts in the lenticulostriate arterial territory. Neurology 1984; 34: 1423–1430.
Gacs G, Fox A, Barnett HJM, et al. Occurrence and mechanisms of occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery. Stroke 1983; 14: 952–959.
Helgason C, Caplan LR, Goodwin J, et al. Anterior choroidal territory infarction: case reports and review. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 681–686.
Hennerici M, Kleman C, Rautenberg W. The subclavian steal phenomenon: a common vascular disorder with rare neurologic deficits. Neurology 1988; 38: 669–673.
Caplan LR. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. In: Barnett HJ, Mohr J, Stein B, eds. Stroke: Pathophys- iology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1985: 549–620.
Caplan LR. Bilateral distal vertebral artery occlusion. Neurology 1983; 33: 552–558.
Moufarrij N, Little J, Furlan A, et al. Vertebral artery stenosis: long term follow-up. Stroke 1984; 15: 260–263.
Pessin MS, Caplan LR. Basilar artery stenosis-middle and distal segments. Neurology 1987; 37: 1742–1746.
Caplan LR. Occlusion of the vertebral or basilar artery. Stroke 1979; 10: 277–282.
Castaigne P, L’hermitte F, Gautier J, et al. Arterial occlusions in the vertebral-basilar system. Brain 1973; 96: 133–154.
Pessin MS, Lathi E, Cohen MB, et al. Clinical features and mechanisms of occipital infarction in the posterior cerebral artery territory. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 290–299.
Pessin MS, Kwan E, DeWitt LD, et al. Posterior cerebral artery stenosis. Ann Neurol 1987; 21: 85–89.
DeWitt LD, Wechsler L. Transcranial Doppler. Stroke 1987; 22: 31–36.
Caplan LR, Wolpert SM. Conventional cerebral angiography: occlusive cerebrovascular disease. In: Wood JH, ed. Cerebral Blood Flow: Physiologic and Clinical Aspects. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1987; 23: 356–384.
Caplan LR, Stein RW. Treatment in Stroke: A Clinical Approach. Stoneham, Mass: Butterworths; 1986: 85104.
Caplan LR. Neurology of the acute cardiac. In: Donoso E, Cohen S, eds. Critical Cardiac Care. New York, NY: Stratton International Medical Books; 1979: 183–197.
Wolf P, Dyken M, Barnett HJM, et al. Risk factors in stroke. Stroke 1984; 15: 1105–1111.
Caplan LR. Chronic vascular dementia. In: Jones HR, ed. Primary Care: Cerebrovascular Disorders. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1979: 843–848.
Caplan LR, Schoeme W. Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswager’s disease): clinical features. Neurology 1978; 28: 1206–1217.
Caplan LR. Binswager disease: current opinion in neurology and neurosurgery. Gowers Academic J 1988; 1: 57–62.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Caplan, L. (1990). Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke. In: Cassel, C.K., Riesenberg, D.E., Sorensen, L.B., Walsh, J.R. (eds) Geriatric Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2093-8_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2093-8_34
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2095-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2093-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive