Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sociological and Ecological Factors

  • Chapter
Children at Risk

Abstract

Understanding how child maltreatment evolves—whether it is characterized by violent confrontations between parent and child, inattention to a child’s needs for adequate nutrition or supervision, chronic emotional belittlement and/or withdrawal of affection, or some combination of these—is inherently a task of integration. Knowledge from developmental psychology about what children need for healthy psychological development, knowledge from clinical psychology about the origins and manifestations of child and/or adult psychopathology, knowledge from family disciplines about the dynamics that underlie day-to-day family functioning and crisis situations, and knowledge from sociology about social and economic forces that foster or undermine the well-being of the family, each make a vital contribution to our understanding of both normal and dysfunctional parenting. Thus, the study of parental care and its effects on child development is, or should be, by its very nature interdisciplinary in its perspective. Without integrating these complementary sources of information, we are left with an incomplete portrait of parenting—its origins, its expression, and its impact on subsequent generations of children and parents. Indeed, nowhere is this more apparent than in the case of child maltreatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altemeier, W. A., Vietze, P. M., Sherrod, K. A., Sandler, H. M., Falsey, S., & O’Connor, S. M. (1979). Prediction of child maltreatment during pregnancy. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 205–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altemeier, W. A., O’Connor, S., Vietze, P. M., Sandler, H. M., & Sherrod, K. B. (1982). Antecedents of child abuse. Journal of Pediatrics, 100, 823–829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aragona, J. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (1981). Neglected children: Mothers’ report of child behavior problems and observed verbal behavior. Child Development, 52, 596–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barahal, R. M., Waterman, J., & Martin, H. P. (1981). The social cognitive development of abused children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 508–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Nezworski, T. (Eds.). (1988). Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Vondra, J. (1989). Lessons from child abuse: The determinants of parenting. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Research and theory on the consequences of abuse and neglect(pp. 153–202). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1983). Comparison of children of depressed and non-depressed parents: A social-environmental perspective. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 463–486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology(Vol. 13). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R. H., & Caldwell, B. M. (1984). 174 children: A study of the relationship between home environment and cognitive development during the first five years. In A. W. Gottfried (Ed.), Home environment and early cognitive development. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromet, E. J., & Comely, P. J. (1984). Correlates of depression in mothers of young children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 335–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1958). Socialization and social class through time and space. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York: Henry Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Crouter, A. C. (1982). Work and family through time and space. In S. B. Kammerman & C. D. Hayes (Eds.), Families that work: Children in a changing world. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunnquell, D., Crichton, L., & Egeland, B. (1981). Maternal personality and attitude in disturbances of child rearing. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 680–691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R. L., & Conger, R. D. (1978). Family interaction in abusive, neglectful, and normal families. Child Development, 49, 1163–1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R. L., Anderson, E. S., Schellenbach, C. J., & Conger, R. D. (1981). A social interactional approach to the study of abusive families. In J. P. Vincent (Ed.), Advances in family intervention, assessment, and theory: An annual compilation of research(Vol. 2). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. C. (1977). The intergenerational transmission of family violence: The long-term effects of aggressive behavior. In Aggressive Behavior(Vol. 3, pp. 289–299). Alan R. Liss, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Olsen, K. (1990). The developmental psychopathology of child maltreatment. In M. Lewis & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Rizley, R. (1981). Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment. In R. Rizley & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), Developmental perspectives on child maltreatment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, M., & Brassard, J. (1979). Child development and personal social networks. Child Development, 50, 601–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colletta, N. D. (1983). At risk for depression: A study of young mothers. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 142, 301–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotterell, J. L. (1986). Work and community influences on the quality of childrearing. Child Development, 57, 362–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, P. M. (1981). Abusing, neglecting, problematic, and adequate dyads: Differentiating by patterns of interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 201–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Social networks, quality of childrearing, and child development. Child Development, 56, 1299–1313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crittenden, P. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachment and child abuse. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Research and theory on the consequences of abuse and neglect(pp. 432–463). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Ragozin, A. S., Robinson, N. M., & Basham, R. B. (1983). Effects of stress and social support on mothers and premature and full-term infants. Child Development, 54, 209–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Robinson, N. M., & Ragozin, A. S. (1984). Maternal stress and social support: Effects on the mother-infant relationship from birth to eighteen months. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 224–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crockenberg, S. (1987). Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 964–975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., Zahn-Waxler, C, & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1981). Young children’s responses to expressions of anger and affection by others in the family. Child Development, 52, 1274–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, K. N., Starr, R. H., & Kaplan, M. G. (1980). Maternal stimulation and care of abused infants. In T. M. Field, S. Goldberg, D. Stern, & A. M. Sostek (Eds.), High-risk infants and children: Adult and peer interactions. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiLalla, D. L., & Crittenden, P. M. (1987). A factor analytic study of maltreated children’s home behavior. Research presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1987). Childhood correlates of adult ego development. Child Development, 58, 859–869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., & Brunnquell, D. (1979). An at-risk approach to the study of child abuse: Some preliminary findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 219–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Breitenbucher, M., & Rosenberg, D. (1980). Prospective study of the significance of life stress in the etiology of child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 195–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Erickson, M. (1983). The developmental consequence of different patterns of maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7, 459–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Jr., Liker, J. K., & Cross, C. E. (1984). Parent-child behavior in hard times and the life course: A multi-generational perspective. In P. Baltes & B. Brim (Eds.), Lifespan development and behavior(Vol. 6). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Jr., Nguyen, T. V., & Caspi, A. (1985). Linking family hardship to children’s lives. Child Development, 56, 361–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Jr., Caspi, A., & Downey, G. (1986). Problem behavior and family relationships: A multigenerational analysis. In A. Sorensen, F. Weinert, & L. Sherrod (Eds.), Human development and the life course. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engfer, A., & Gavranidou, M. (1985, January). Antecedents and consequences of observed maternal sensitivity: A longitudinal study. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Psychobiology and Early Development, Free University, Berlin, West Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engfer, A., & Gavranidou, M. (1988, June). Prospective identification of violent mother-child relationships. Paper presented at the Third European Conference on Developmental Research, Budapest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engfer, A., & Schneewind, K. A. (1982). Causes and consequences of harsh parental punishment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 129–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(Serial No. 209).

    Google Scholar 

  • Estroff, T. W., Herrera, C, Gaines, R., Shaffer, D., Gould, M., & Green, A. H. (1984). Maternal psychopathology and perception of child behavior in psychiatrically referred and child maltreatment families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 649–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. M. (1984). Follow-up developmental status of infants hospitalized for nonorganic failure to thrive. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 9, 241–256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraiberg, S. (1980). Clinical studies in infant mental health: The first year. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E., & Shapiro, V. (1975). Ghosts in the nursery: A psychoanalytic approach to the problems of impaired infant-mother relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 14, 387–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frodi, A. M., & Lamb, M. E. (1980). Child abusers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Child Development, 51, 238–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaensbauer, T. J., & Sands, S. K. (1979). Distorted affective communications in abused/ neglected infants and their potential impact on caretakers. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 236–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. (1977a). The human ecology of child maltreatment: A conceptual model for research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39, 721–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. (1977b). The price of privacy in the social dynamics of child abuse. Child Welfare, 56, 565–575.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., & Asp, E. (1981). Successful schools and competent students. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., & Gilliam, G. (1980). Understanding abusive families. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., & Sherman, D. (1980). High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51, 188–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., Stocking, S. H., & Associates (1980). Protecting children from abuse and neglect: Developing and maintaining effective support systems for families. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., & Vondra, J. (1987). Psychological maltreatment of children and youth. In M. A. Brassard, R. Germain, & S. N. Hart (Eds.), The psychological maltreatment of children and youth(pp. 25–44). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gecas, V. (1979). The influence of social class on socialization. In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, F. I. Nye, & I. L. Reiss (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family(Vol. 1). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, C, & Main, M. (1979). Social interactions of young abused children: Approach, avoidance, and aggression. Child Development, 50, 306–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, C, & Main, M. (1980). Abused children: Their rejection of peers and caregivers. In T. M. Field (Ed.), High-risk infants and children: Adult and peer interactions. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gil, D. (1970). Violence against children: Physical child abuse in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbreath, B., & Cicchetti, D. (1990). Psychopathology in maltreating mothers. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, W. A., & Easterbrooks, M. A. (1984). Role of marital quality in toddler development. Developmental Psychology, 20, 504–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, A. W., & Gottfried, A. E. (1984). Home environment and mental development in young children. In A. W. Gottfried (Ed.), Home environment and early mental development: Longitudinal research. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. (1978). Psychopathology of abused children, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 92–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenspan, S. I., Wieder, S., Nover, R., Lieberman, A., Lourie, R., & Robinson, M. G. (Eds.) (1987). Infants in multirisk families. Madison, WI: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gwartney-Gibbs, P. A., Stockard, J., & Bohmer, S. (1987). Learning courtship aggression: The influence of parents, peers, and personal experiences. Family Relations, 36, 276–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S. N., & Brassard, M. R. (1987). A major threat to children’s mental health: Psychological maltreatment. American Psychologist, 42, 160–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman-Plotkin, D., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984). A multimodal assessment of behavioral and cognitive deficits in abused and neglected preschoolers. Child Development, 55, 794–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hops, H., Sherman, L., & Biglan, A. (1990). Maternal depression, marital discord, and children’s behavior: A developmental perspective. In G. R. Patterson (Ed.), Depression and aggression: Two facets of family interactions. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howes, C., & Espinosa, M. P. (1985). The consequences of child abuse for the formation of relationships with peers. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 397–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, S. J., Pelcovitz, D., Salzinger, S., & Ganeles, D. (1983). Psychopathology of parents of abused and neglected children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 238–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). The effects of maltreatment on school-aged children’s socioemotional development: Assessments in a day camp setting. Developmental Psychology, 25, 516–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1990). The intergenerational transmission of child abuse and the prospect of predicting future abusers. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Research and theory on the consequences of child abuse and neglect(pp. 129–150). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, atfect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59, 135–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, M. L. (1975). Social class and parent-child relationships: An interpretation. In U. Bronfenbrenner & M. Mahoney (Eds.), Influences on human development. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohn, M. L. (1977). Class and conformity: A study in values. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotelchuck, M. (1982). Child abuse and neglect: Prediction and misclassification. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., & Clark, M. C. (1986). Social network relationships as sources of maternal support and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 22, 310–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., Feiring, C, McGuffog, C, & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 123–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons-Ruth, KL, Connell, D. B., Zoll, D., & Stahl, J. (1987). Infants at social risk: Relations among infant maltreatment, maternal behavior, and infant attachment behavior. Developmental Psychology, 23, 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1984). Predicting rejection of her infant from mother’s representation of her own experience: Implications for the abused-abusing intergenerational cycle. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 203–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1985). Adult attachment classification system. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mash, E. J., Johnston, C, & Kovitz, K. (1983). A comparison of the mother-child interactions of physically abused and non-abused children during play and task situations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 337–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnick, B., & Hurley, J. (1969). Distinctive personality attributes of child-abusing mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 746–749.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moen, P., Kain, E. L., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (1981). Economic conditions and family life: Contemporary and historical perspectives. Paper presented for the National Academy of Sciences Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, J. T. (1974). Patterns of intergenerational occupational movements: A smallest space analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 1278–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, J. T. (1976). Social class, work, and the family: Some implications of the father’s career for familial relationships and sons’ career decisions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 241–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, J. T., & Kumka, D. (1982). A further examination of the “occupational linkage hypothesis.” The Sociological Quarterly, 23, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newberger, E. H., Reed, R. B., Daniels, J. H., Hyde, J. N., & Kotelchuck, M. (1977). Pediatric social illness: Toward an etiological classification. Pediatrics, 60, 175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pianta, R. C, Egeland, B., & Hyatt, A. (1986). Maternal relationship history as an indicator of developmental risk. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 385–398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piotrkowski, C. S., & Katz, M. H. (1982). Indirect socialization of children: The effects of mothers’ jobs on academic behaviors. Child Development, 53, 1520–1529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Provence, S., & Lipton, R. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricks, M. H. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: Attachment across generations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2, Serial No. 209).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohner, R. P., & Rohner, E. C. (1980). Antecedents and consequences of parental rejection: A theory of emotional abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 4, 189–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosario, M., Salzinger, S., Feldman, R., & Hammer, M. (1987, April). Home environments of physically abused and control school-age children. Research presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, A., & O’Leary, D. (1981). Marital violence: Characteristics of abusive couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 63–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Quinton, D., & Liddle, C. (1983). Parenting in two generations: Looking backwards and looking forwards. In N. Madge (Ed.), Families at risk(pp. 60–98). London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J. (1975). Early influences on development: Fact or fancy? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 21, 267–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J. & Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. Horowitz, E. Hetherington, & G. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child development research(Vol. 4). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandgrund, A., Gaines, R. W., & Green, A. H. (1974). Child abuse and mental retardation: A problem of cause and effect. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 79, 327–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrod, K. B., O’Connor, S., Vietze, P. M., & Altemeier, W. A. (1984). Child health and maltreatment. Child Development, 55, 1174–1183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal, M. (1982). Economic deprivation and the quality of parent-child relations. In Fairness in children. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinetta, J. J. (1978). Parental personality factors in child abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1409–1414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota Symposia in Child Psychology(Vol. 16). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (in press). Attachment and the construction of relationships. In W. Hartup & K. Rubin (Eds.), The nature and development of relationships. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr, R. H., Jr. (1982). A research-based approach to the prediction of child abuse. In R. H. Starr, Jr. (Ed.), Child abuse prediction. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starr, R. H., Jr., Dietrich, K. N., Fischhoff, J., Ceresnie, S., & Zweier, D. (1984). The contribution of handicapping conditions to child abuse. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 4, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1981). Economic antecedents of child abuse and neglect. Child Development, 52, 975–985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. H. (1988). Social support, locus of control, and parenting in three low-income groups of mothers: Black teenagers, black adults, and white adults. Child Development, 59, 635–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1980). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. New York: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, N. E. (Ed.). (1976). Raising children in modern America: What parents and society should be doing for their children. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P. K., & Kuczynski, L. (1986). Children’s misbehaviors and parental discipline strategies in abusive and nonabusive families. Developmental Psychology, 22, 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trickett, P. K., & Susman, E. J. (1988). Parental perceptions of childrearing practices in physically abusive and nonabusive families. Developmental Psychology, 24, 270–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tronick, E. Z., & Field, T. M. (Eds.) (1986). Maternal depression and infant disturbance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vondra, J. I. (1986). Socioeconomic considerations: The family economy. In J. Garbarino & Associates, Troubled youth, troubled families. New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinraub, M., & Wolf, B. M. (1983). Effects of stress and social supports on mother-child interaction in single- and two-parent families. Child Development, 54, 1297–1311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, J. K. & Garbarino, J. (1983). Social support networks: Informal helping in the human services. New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E. (1981). Controlling child abuse: Do we have the knowledge or the will? In G. Gerbner, K. Ross, & E. Zigler (Eds.), Child abuse: An agenda for action. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology in Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA

    Joan I. Vondra

Authors
  1. Joan I. Vondra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Robert T. Ammerman

  2. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Michel Hersen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vondra, J.I. (1990). Sociological and Ecological Factors. In: Ammerman, R.T., Hersen, M. (eds) Children at Risk. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2088-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2088-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3214-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2088-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation