Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Benign Diseases of the Cervix

  • Chapter
Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract

Abstract

Cervicitis can be divided into noninfectious and infectious etiologies. Whatever the etiology, the tissue response of the cervix to injury is limited and reflects the basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair. Two types of morphologic changes, however, that are often encountered in association with a variety of inflammatory diseases deserve specific attention. These are atypia of repair and hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aaro LA, Jacobson LJ, Soule EH (1963) Endocervical polyps. Obstet Gynecol 21: 659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abell MR (1971) Papillary adenofibroma of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110: 990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Abell MR, Gosling JRG (1962) Gland cell carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 83: 729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Adam E, Kaufman RH, Mirkovic RR, Melnick JL (1979) Persistence of virus shedding in asymptomatic women after recovery from herpes genitalis. Obst Gynecol 54: 171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Adam E, Kaufman RH, Melnick JL, (1973) Seroepidemiologic studies of herpesvirus type 2 and carcinoma of the cervix. III. Am J Epidemiol 96: 427

    Google Scholar 

  6. Adam E, Kaufman RH, Melnick JL, (1973) Seroepidemiologic studies of herpesvirus type 2 and carcinoma of the cervix. IV. Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Am J Epidemiol 98: 77

    Google Scholar 

  7. Adams JQ, Packer H (1955) Granuloma inguinale of the cervix. South Med J 48: 27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ayroud Y, Gelfand MM, Ferenczy A (1985) Florid mesonephric hyperplasia of the cervix: A report of a case with review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 245

    Google Scholar 

  9. Berry A (1966) A cytopathological and histopathological study of bilharziasis of the female genital tract. J Pathol Bacteriol 9: 325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Burd LI, Esterly JR (1971) Vesicular lesions of the uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110: 887

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Burkman RT, Damewood MT (1985) Actinomyces and the intrauterine contraceptive device. In: Zatuchni, GI, Goldsmith A, Sciarra J. (eds). Intrauterine contraception. Advances and future prospects. New York, Harper Row, pp 427 - 437

    Google Scholar 

  12. Burnham RC, Paavonen J, Stevens CE, (1984) Mucopurulent cervicitis: The ignored counterpart of urethritis in the male. N Engl J Med 311: 1

    Google Scholar 

  13. Busby JG (1952) Neurofibromatosis of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 63: 674

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Candy J, Abell MR (1968) Progestogen-induced adenoma-tous hyperplasia of the uterine cervix. JAMA 203: 323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Centers for Disease Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (1982) Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 31: 355

    Google Scholar 

  16. Centers for Disease Control (1983) Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 32: 306

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chang SH, Maddox WA (1971) Adenocarcinoma arising within cervical endometriosis and invading the adjacent vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110: 1015

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Clement PB (1985) Multinucleated stromal giant cells of the uterine cervix. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109: 200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Clement PB, Scully RE (1974) Müllerian adenocarcoma of the uterus. Cancer 34: 1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen C (1973) Three cases of amoebiasis of the cervix uteri. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 80: 476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Corey L (1984) Genital herpes. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp 449474

    Google Scholar 

  22. Corey L, Holmes KK (1983) Genital herpes simplex virus infection: Current concepts in diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Ann Intern Med 98: 973

    Google Scholar 

  23. Grossen RJ (1930) A case of gumma of cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 19: 708

    Google Scholar 

  24. Crow J, McWhinney N (1979) Isolated arteritis of the cervix uteri. Br J Obstet Gynecol 86: 393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Crum CP, Mitao M, Winkler B, (1984) Localizing chlamydial injection in cervical biopsies with the immunoperoxidase technique. Int J Gynecol Pathol 3: 191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. De Molnar AMD, Guralnick M, Ferenczy A (1978) Blue nevus of the endocervix: Report of two cases and ultrastructure. Gynecol Oncol 6: 373

    Google Scholar 

  27. Dougherty CM, Moore WR, Cotten N (1962) Histologic diagnosis and clinical significance of benign lesions of the nonpregnant cervix. Ann NY Acad Sci 97: 683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Elliott GB, Elliott JDA (1973) Superficial stromal reactions of lower genital tract. Arch Pathol 95: 100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Elliott GB, Reynolds HA, Fidler HK (1967) Pseudosarcoma botryoides of cervix and vagina in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 74: 728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. El-Mahgoub S (1972) Antispermatozoal antibodies in infertile women with cervicovaginal schistosomiasis. Am J Ob-stet Gynecol 112: 781

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Evans CS, Goldman RL, Klein HZ, Kohout ND (1984) Necrobiotic granulomas of the uterine cervix. A probable postoperative reaction. Am J Surg Pathol 8: 841

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fenoglio CM, Galloway DA, Crum CO, (1981) Herpes simplex virus and cervical neoplasia. In: Fenoglio CM, Wolff M (eds). Progress in surgical pathology. New York, Masson, Vol 4, pp 45 - 82

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fingerland A, Sikl H (1938) Ganglioneuroma of cervix uteri. J Pathol Bacterol 47: 631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fluhman CF (1961) The cervix uteri and its diseases, 1st ed. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gardner HL (1966) Cervical and vaginal endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 9: 358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gardner HL, Fernet P (1964) Etiology of vaginitis emphysematosa. Am J Obstet Gynecol 88: 680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Giampaolo C, Murphy J, Benes S, McCormack WM (1983) How sensitive is the Papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of infections with Chlamydia trachomatis? Am J Clin Pathol 80: 844

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gjonnaess H, Dalaker K, Anestad G, (1982) Pelvic inflammatory disease: Etiologic studies with emphasis on chlamydial infection. Obstet Gynecol 59: 550

    Google Scholar 

  39. Grimalt M, Argueles M, Ferenczy A (1975) Papillary cystadenofibroma of endometrium. A histochemical and ultra-structural study. Cancer 36: 137

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gurman ME, MacCalman J, Kern ER, (1981) The course of untreated recurrent genital herpes simplex infection in 27 women. N Engl J Med 304: 759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gusdon JT (1965) Hemangioma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 91: 204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hare MJ, Toone E, Taylor-Robinson D, (1981) Follicular cervicitis-Colposcopic appearances and association with Chlamydia trachomatis. Br J Obstet Gynecol 88: 174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Harrison HR, Alexander ER (1984) Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the infant. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., pp 270 - 80

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hobson D, Karayiannis P, Byng RE, (1980) Quantitative aspects of chlamydial injection of the cervix. Br J Vener Dis 56: 56

    Google Scholar 

  45. Holmes KK (1984) Lower genital tract infections in women: Cystitis/urethritis, vulvovaginitis and cervicitis. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, pp 557 - 589

    Google Scholar 

  46. Janovski MS, Kasdon EJ (1963) Benign mesonephric papillary and polypoid tumors of the cervix in childhood. J Pediatr 63: 211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jones RB, Rabinovitch RA, Katz BP, (1985) Chlamydia trachomatis in the pharynx and rectum of heterosexual patients at risk for genital infection. Ann Intern Med 102: 757

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kaufman RH, Watts JM, Gardner HL (1969) Pemphigus vulgaris genital involvement. Obstet Gynecol 33: 264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kaufman RH, Gardner HL, Rawls WE, (1973) Clinical features of herpes genitalis. Cancer Res 33: 1446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kistner RW, Hertig AT (1955) Papillomas of the uterine cervix-Their malignant potentiality. Obstet Gynecol 6: 147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kiviat NB, Paavonen JA, Brockway J, (1985) Cytologic manifestations of cervical and vaginal infections. I. Epithelial and inflammatory cellular changes. JAMA 253: 989

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kiviat NB, Peterson M, Kinney-Thomas E, (1985) Cytologic manifestations of cervical and vaginal infections. II. Confirmation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies. JAMA 253: 997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Koss LG, Wolinska WH (1959) Trichomonas vaginalis cervicitis and its relationship to cervical cancer: A histocytological study. Cancer 12: 1171

    Google Scholar 

  54. Langley GF (1943) Primary echinococcal cyst of the uterus. Br J Surg 30: 278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lippert LJ, Richart RM, Ferenczy A (1974) Giant benign endocervical polyp: Report of a case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118: 1140

    Google Scholar 

  56. Nahmias AJ, Roizman B (1973) Infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. N Engl J Med 289: 667, 719, 781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Newton WL, Reardon LV, DeLeva AM (1960) A comparative study of the subcutaneous inoculation of germ-free and conventional guinea pigs with two strains Trichomonas vaginalis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 9: 56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Nicolas TM, Fidler HK (1971) Microglandular hyperplasia in cervical cone biopsies taken for suspicious and positive cytology. Am J Clin Pathol 56: 424

    Google Scholar 

  59. Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1966) Polyps of the vagina: A benign lesion resembling sarcoma botryoides. Cancer 19: 226

    Google Scholar 

  60. Paavonen JA, Vesterinen E, Meyer B, Saksela E (1982) Colposcopic and histological findings in cervical chlamydial infection. Obstetrics 59: 712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Paavonen JA, Brunham R, Kiviatt N, (1982) Cervicitis-Etiologic, clinical and histopathologic findings. In: Mardh PA, Holmes KK, Oriel JD, (eds). Chlamydial infections. New York, Elsevier, pp 141 - 146

    Google Scholar 

  62. Paavonen JA, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, (1985) Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 152: 280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Patel DS, Bhagavan BS (1985) Blue nevus of the uterine cervix. Hum Pathol 16: 79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Purola E, Paavonen JA (1982) Routine cytology as a diagnostic aid in chlamydial cervicitis. Scand J Infect Dis B345: 55

    Google Scholar 

  65. Richart RM (1973) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. In: Sommers SC (ed). Pathology annual. New York, AppletonCentury-Crofts, pp 301 - 328

    Google Scholar 

  66. Richter GA, Pratt JH, Nicolas DR, Coulam CV (1972) Actinomycosis of the female genital organs. Minn Med 55: 1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ridley JH (1968) The histogenesis of endometriosis. A review of facts and fancies. Obstet Gynecol Sury 23: 1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Rilke F, Cantaboni A (1964) Lipomas of the uterus. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the recent literature. Ann Obstet Gynecol 86: 645

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Robboy SJ, Welch WR (1977) Microglandular hyperplasia in vaginal adenosis associated with oral contraceptives and prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure. Obstet Gynecol 49: 430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Roth E, Taylor HB (1966) Heterotopic cartilage in the uterus. Obstet Gynecol 27: 838

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Schacter J (1978) Chlamydial infections. N Engl J Med 298: 428, 490, 540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Schacter J (1984) Biology of Chlamydia trachomatis. In: Holmes KK, Mandh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., pp 243 - 257

    Google Scholar 

  73. Schacter J, Stoner E, Moncada J (1983) Screening for chlamydial infections in women attending family planning clinics. West J Med 138: 375

    Google Scholar 

  74. Schaefer C (1970) Tuberculosis of female genital tract. Clin Obstet Gynecol 13: 965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Scherrick JC, Vega JG (1962) Congenital intramural cysts of the uterus. Obstet Gynecol 19: 486

    Google Scholar 

  76. Schwartz DA (1984) Carcinoma of the uterine cervix and schistosomiasis in West Africa (Review of the literature). Gynecol Oncol 19: 365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Selzer F, Nelson HM (1962) Benign papilloma (polypoid tumor of the cervix uteri in children: Report of two cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 84: 165

    Google Scholar 

  78. Shafer MA, Chen KL, Kromhout LK, (1985) Chlamydial endocervical infections and cytologic findings in sexually active female adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 767

    Google Scholar 

  79. Slavutin L (1979) Uterine gliosis and ossification. Am J Diagn Gynecol Obstet 1: 351

    Google Scholar 

  80. Stamm WE, Holmes KK (1984) Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the adult. In: Holmes KK, Mandh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., pp 258 - 269

    Google Scholar 

  81. Stein BJ, Siciliano A (1966) Necrotizing herpes simplex viral infection of the cervix during pregnancy: Mimic of squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94: 249

    Google Scholar 

  82. Stout AP (1943) Hemangioendothelioma: A tumor of blood vessels featuring vascular endothelial cells. Ann Surg 118: 445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Taylor HB, Irey NS, Norris HJ (1967) Atypical endocervical hyperplasia in women taking oral contraceptives. JAMA 202: 637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Tchertkoff V, Ober WB (1966) Primary chancre of the cervix uteri. NY State J Med 66: 1921

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Tsukada Y, Piver MS, Barlow JT (1977) Microglandular hyperplasia of the endocervix following long-term estrogen treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 127: 888

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Vellios F, Ng ABP, Reagan JW (1973) Papillary adenofibroma of the uterus. A benign mesodermal mixed tumor of müllerian origin. Am J Clin Pathol 60: 543

    Google Scholar 

  87. Wagner ED (1974) The replication of herpesvirus. Am Sci 62: 584

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Westrom L, Mardh PA (1972) Genital chlamydial infections in the female. In: Mardh PA, Holmes KK, Oriel JD, (eds). Chlamydial infections. New York, Elsevier, pp 121 - 141

    Google Scholar 

  89. Westrom L, Mardh PA (1984) Salpingitis. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF, Weisner PJ (eds). Sexually transmitted diseases. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., pp 615 - 632

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wilbanks GD, Carter B (1963) Vaginitis emphysematosa. Obst Gynecol 22: 301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Wilkinson E, Dufour DR (1976) Pathogenesis of microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix uteri. Obstet Gynecol 47: 189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Willis RA (1962) The borderland of embryology and pathology, 2nd ed. Washington D.C., Butterworth

    Google Scholar 

  93. Winkler B, Crum CP (1986) Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract: Pathogenetic and clinicopathologic considerations. In: Sommers SC, Fechner RE, Rosen PP (eds). Pathology annual. E. Norwalk, CT, Appleton-Century-Crofts

    Google Scholar 

  94. Winkler B, Richart RN (1985) CervicaUuterine pathologic considerations in pelvic infection. In: Zatuchni GI, Goldsmith A, Sciarra JJ (eds). Intrauterine contraception: Advances and future prospects. New York, Harper Row, pp 438 - 449

    Google Scholar 

  95. Young RH, Harris NL, Scully RE (1985) Lymphoma-like lesions of the lower female genital tract: A report of 16 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4: 289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Alex Ferenczy M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barbara Winkler M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 20007, Washington, DC, USA

    Robert J. Kurman M.D. (Professor of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director) (Professor of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director)

  2. Gynecologic Pathology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA

    Robert J. Kurman M.D. (Professor of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director) (Professor of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ferenczy, A., Winkler, B. (1987). Benign Diseases of the Cervix. In: Kurman, R.J. (eds) Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1942-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1942-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1944-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1942-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation