Abstract
To determine the most appropriate data for calibrating and validating carbon cycle models, it is first necessary to determine the aims of the modeling study. Among the main uses of such studies, we can identify in particular:
-
1.
Prediction of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (to assess climatic and biological impacts)
-
2.
Reconstruction of past atmospheric CO2 concentrations (to determine the driving force when attempting to analyze past climatic records in the search for a response to changes in CO2)
-
3.
Interpretation of current measurements involving the carbon cycle (to determine the major carbon fluxes)
-
4.
Cross-comparisons of models with different degrees of resolution, including different dimensionality (to determine which models are most appropriate for particular studies).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bacastow, R. B. and C. D. Keeling. 1973. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon in the natural carbon cycle. II. Changes from AD 1700 to 2100 as deduced from a geochemical model. In G. M. Woodwell and E. V. Pecan (eds.), Carbon and the Biosphere, CONF-729519, pp. 86–135. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
Barnola, J. M., D. Raynaud, A. Neftel, and H. Oeschger. 1983. Comparison of CO, measurements by two laboratories on air bubbles in polar ice. Nature 303: 410–413.
Bodhaine, B. A. and J. M. Harris (eds.). 1982. Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, No. 10, Summary Report 1981. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA/ ERL/GMCC, Boulder, Colorado.
Bolin, B., and W. Bischof. 1970. Variations of the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere in the northern hemisphere. Tellus 22: 431–442.
Bolin, B., A. Björkström, K. Holmen, and B. Moore. 1983. The simultaneous use of tracers for ocean circulation studies. Tellus 35B: 206–236.
Bolin, B., A. Björkström, C. D. Keeling, R. B. Bacastow, and U. Siegenthaler. 1981. In B. Bolin (ed.), Carbon Cycle Modelling, Scope 16, pp. 1–28. John Wiley & Sons, New York and Chichester, England.
Bolin, B. and C. D. Keeling. 1963. Large-scale atmospheric mixing as deduced from the seasonal and meridional variations of carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 68: 3899–3920.
Broecker, W. S., T.-H. Peng, and R. Engh. 1980. Modeling the carbon system. Radiocarbon 22: 565–598.
Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi, H. J. Simpson, and T.-H. Peng. 1979. Fate of
fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science 206:409–418. Callender, G. S. 1958. On the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Tellus 10: 243–248.
Deacon, E. L. 1977. Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface. Tellus 29: 363–374.
Deacon, E. L. 1981. Sea-air gas transfer: The wind-speed dependence. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 21: 31–37.
Deluisi, J. J. (ed.). 1981. Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change, No. 9, Summary Report 1980. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA/ERL/GMCC, Boulder, Colorado.
Enting, I. G. 1983. Error analysis for parameter estimates from constrained inversion. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper No. 2. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia.
Enting, I. G. 1984. Preliminary studies with a two-dimensional model using transport fields derived from a GCM. Paper presented at the CSIRO-ABM Meeting on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition, November 7–9, 1984, Aspendale, Australia.
Enting, I. G. 1985a. Principles of constrained inversion in the calibration of carbon cycle models. Tellus (37B: 7–27 ).
Enting, I. G. 1985b. A lattice statistics model for the age distribution of air bubbles in polar ice. Nature 315: 654–655.
Enting, I. G. and G. I. Pearman. 1982. Description of a one-dimensional global carbon cycle model. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Physics Technical Paper No. 42. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia.
Enting, I. G. and G. I. Pearman. 1983. Refinements to a one-dimensional carbon cycle model. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research Technical Paper No. 3. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia.
Francey, R. J. and G. D. Farquhar. 1982. An explanation of 13C/12C variations in tree rings. Nature 297: 28–31.
Fraser, P. J., P. Hyson, I. G. Enting, and G. I. Pearman. 1983a. Global distribution and southern hemisphere trends of atmospheric CC1,F. Nature 302: 692–695.
Fraser, P. J., G. I. Pearman, and P. Hyson. 1983b. The global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide 2. A review of provisional background observations, 1978–1980. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 3591–3598.
Frenkiel, F. N., and D. W. Goodall (eds.). 1978. Simulation Modelling of Environmental Problems, Scope 9. John Wiley & Sons, New York and Chichester, England.
Fung, I., K. Prentice, E. Matthews, J. Lerner, and G. Russell. 1983. Three-dimensional tracer model study of atmospheric CO,: response to seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 1281–1294.
Houghton, R. A., J. E. Hobbie, J. M. Melillo, B. Moore, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, and G. M. Woodwell. 1983. Changes in the carbon content of terrestrial biota and soils between 1860 and 1980: a net release of CO, to the atmosphere. Ecol. Monogr. 53: 235–262.
Hyson, P., P. J. Fraser, and G. I. Pearman. 1980. A two-dimensional transport simulation model for trace atmospheric constituents. J. Geophys. Res. 85C: 4443–4455.
Jackson, D. D. 1972. Interpretation of inaccurate, insufficient, and inconsistent data. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 28: 97–109.
Junge, C. E. and G. Czeplak. 1968. Some aspects of the seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and ozone. Tellus 20: 422–434.
Keeling, C. D., R. B. Bacastow, and T. P. Whorf. 1982. Measurements of the concentration of carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii. In W. C. Clark (ed.), Carbon Dioxide Review 1982, pp. 377–385. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
Keeling, C. D., W. G. Mook, and P. P. Tans. 1979. Recent trends in the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature 277: 121–123.
Laurmann, J. A. and R. M. Rotty. 1983. Exponential growth and atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 1295–1299.
Laurmann, J. A. and J. R. Spreiter. 1983. The effects of carbon cycle model error in calculating future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Climatic Change 5: 145–181.
Liss, P. 1983. Gas transfer: experiments and geochemical implications. In P. Liss and W. G. N. Slinn (eds.), Air-Sea Exchange of Gases and Particles. 241–298 D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Moore, B., R. D. Boone, J. E. Hobbie, R. A. Houghton, J. M. Melillo, B. J. Peterson, G. R. Shaver, C. J. Vörösmarty, and G. M. Woodwell. 1981. A simple model for analysis of the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon budget. In B. Bolin (ed.), Carbon Cycle Modelling, Scope 16, pp. 365–385. John Wiley & Sons, New York and Chichester, England.
Mosteller, F. and J. W. Tukey. 1977. Data Analysis and Regression: A Second Course in Statistics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
Muntz, A. and E. Aubin. 1886. Recherches sur l’acide carbonique de l’air. Du Cap horn et de l’ocean Atlantique. Recherches sur la constitution chimique de l’atmosphere. Tome 3. Gaunthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire, Paris.
Neftel, A., E. Moor, H. Oeschger and B. Stauffer. 1985. Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315: 45–47.
O’Brien, K. 1979. Secular variations in the production of cosmogenic isotopes in the earth’s atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 84: 423–431.
Oeschger, H. and M. Heimann. 1983. Uncertainties of predictions of future atmospheric CO, concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 1258–1262.
Oeschger, H., U. Siegenthaler, U. Schotterer, and A. Gugelmann. 1975. A box-diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus 27: 168–192.
Olson, J. S. 1982. Earth’s vegetation and atmospheric carbon dioxide. In W. C. Clark (ed.), Carbon Dioxide Review 1982, pp. 388–398. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
Pearman, G. I. 1980. Preliminary studies with a new global carbon cycle model. In Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Australian Research, pp. 79–91. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
Pearman, G. I. and P. Hyson. 1980. Activities of the global biosphere as reflected in atmospheric CO2 records. J. Geophys. Res. 85C: 4468–4474.
Pearman, G. I., P. Hyson, and P. J. Fraser. 1983. The global distribution of atmospheric carbon dioxide: 1. Aspects of observations and modelling. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 3581–3590.
Peng, T. -H. and W. S. Broecker. 1984. Ocean life cycles and the atmospheric CO, content. J. Geophys. Res. 89C: 8170–8180.
Peng, T.-H., W. S. Broecker, H. D. Freyer, and S. Trumbore. 1983. A deconvolution of the tree-ring-based S”C record. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 3609–3620.
Peng, T.-H., W. S. Broecker, G. G. Mathieu, and Y.-H. Li. 1979. Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as determined during the GEOSECS programs. J. Geophys. Res. 84C: 2471–2486.
Pittock, A. B. 1983. The atmospheric effects of nuclear war. In M. Denborough (ed.), Australia and Nuclear War, pp. 136–160. Croom Helm, Fyshwick, ACT.
Prather, M. 1984. Simulations of chlorofluorocarbons with a three-dimensional model. Paper presented at the CSIRO-ABM Meeting on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition, November 7–9, 1984, Aspendale, Australia.
Rodgers, C. D. 1977. Statistical principles of inversion theory. In A. Deepak (ed.), Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding, pp. 117–134. Academic Press, New York.
Rust, B. W., R. M. Rotty and G. Marland. 1979 Inferences drawn from atmospheric CO, data. J. Geophys Res. 84C: 3115–3122.
Schwander, J. and Stauffer, B. 1984. Age difference between polar ice and air trapped in its bubbles. Nature 311: 45–47.
Siegenthaler, U. 1983. Uptake of excess CO, by an outcrop-diffusion model of the ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 88C: 3599–3608.
Stanhill, G. 1982. The Montsouris series of carbon dioxide abundance: An archival study of spectroscopic data. In W. C. Clark (ed.), Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, pp. 385–388. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
Stokes, C. M. 1982. Atmospheric carbon dioxide abundance: An archival study of spectroscopic data. In W. C. Clark (ed.), Carbon Dioxide Review 1982, pp. 385–388. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
Twomey, S. 1977. Introduction to the Mathematics of Inversion in Remote Sensing and Indirect Measurements. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Viecelli, J. A., H. W. Ellsaesser, and J. E. Burt. 1981. A carbon cycle model with latitude dependence. Climatic Change 3: 281–302.
World Meterological Organization. 1983. Report of the WMO (CAS) meeting of experts on the CO2 concentrations from pre-industrial times to IGY. Boulder, Colorado, June 22–25, 1983. WMO, Geneva.
Wunsch, C. 1978. The North Atlantic general circulation west of 50°W determined by inverse methods. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 16: 583–620.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Enting, I.G., Pearman, G.I. (1986). The Use of Observations in Calibrating and Validating Carbon Cycle Models. In: Trabalka, J.R., Reichle, D.E. (eds) The Changing Carbon Cycle. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1915-4_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1915-4_21
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1917-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1915-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive