Summary
A multidisciplinary approach to critical groups of species in Penicillium has been initiated which considers a larger number of characters than has previously been employed in an integrated study. Some 300 selected isolates of fasciculate Penicillia are being examined and scored for 195 characters including ones derived from morphological, ultra-structural and biochemical attributes; many of these have not previously been employed in the taxonomy of the filamentous fungi. This contribution describes the techniques and standard procedures being adopted and outlines the numerical techniques utilised in the assessment of the results. Procedures for testing the validity of the groupings that will be produced are also described. The work is still in the data collection phase, but some preliminary results based on full data sets for 52 isolates are presented. These show that this integrated approach can be expected to make a major contribution to the clarification of species concepts in Penicillium.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ABE, S. 1956. Studies on the classification of the Penicillia. J. gen.appl. Microbiol. 2: 1–344.
ANNE, J. and PEBERDY, J.F. 1981. Characterisation of inter-species hybrids of Penicillium chrysogenum & P. roque-forti by isoenzyme analysis. Trans. Br.mycol. Soc. 77: 401–408.
AZAD, H.R. and KADO, C.I. 1980. Numerical and DNA: DNA reassociation analyses of Erwinia rubrivaciens and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae? J. gen. Microbiol. 120: 117–129.
BERRY, D.R. 1975. The environmental control of the physiology of filamentous fungi. In: “The Filamentous Fungi”. Vol.l. Industrial Mycology, J.E. Smith and D.R. Berry, eds. London: Edward Arnold., pp 16–32.
BRIDGE, P.D. 1985. An evaluation of some physiological and biochemical methods as an aid to the characterisation of species of Penicillium subsection Fasciculata? - J. gen. Microbiol.: in press.
BRIDGE, P.D. and HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1984. The API ZYM enzyme testing system as an aid to the rapid identification of Penicillium isolates.–Microbiol. Sci. 1: 232–234.
BRIDGE, P.D. and HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1985. Biochemical tests as an aid to the identification of Monascus species. - Letters Appl. Microbiol. 1: in press.
BRIDGE, P.D. and MAY, J.W. 1984. A numerical classification of fission yeasts of the genus Schizosaccharomvices Lindner. J. gen. Microbiol. 130: 1921–1932.
BRIDGE, P.D. and SNEATH, P.H.A. 1983. Numerical taxonomy of Streptocossus? J. Gen. micobiol. 129: 565–597.
CAMPBELL, I. 1973. Numerical analysis of Hansenula, Pichia and related yeast genera. J. gen. Microbiol. 77: 427–441.
CANNON, P.F. and HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1982. A re-evaluation of Melanospora Corda and similar pyrenomycetes, with a revi sion of the British species. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 84: 115–160.
CANNON, P.F. and HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1984. A revision of the genus Neocosmospora (Hypocreales). Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 82: 673–68.
CIEGLER, A., FENNELL, D.I., SANSING, G.A., DETROY, R.W. and BENNETT, G.A. 1973. Mycotoxin producing strains of Penicillium viridicatum: classification into subgroups. Appl. Microbio1. 26: 271–278.
CIEGLER, A., LEE, L.S. and DUNN, J.J. 1981. Production of napthoquinone mycotoxins and taxonomy of Penicillium viridicatum. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 42: 466–449.
COUTTS, A.D. and SMITH, R.E. 1976. Factors influencing the production of cellulases by Sporotrichum thermophile. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 31: 819–825.
COWAN, S.T., 1974 - Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
CULBERSON, C.F. and KRISTINSSON, H. 1970. A standardized method for the identification of lichen products. J. Chromatography 46: 85–93.
DOMSCH, K.H., GAMS, W. and ANDERSON; T.H. 1980. Compendium of Soil Fungi Vol.l. London: Academic Press.
FASSATIOVA, O. 1977. A taxonomic study of Penicillium series Expansa Thom emend. Fassatiova. Acta univ. Carol., Biol. 12: 283–335.
FILTENBORG, O., FRISVAD; J.C. and SVENDSEN; J.A. 1983. Simple screening method for moulds producing intracellular mycotoxins in pure culture. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 45: 581–585.
FOX, G.E., MAGRUM, L.J., BALCH, W.E., WOLFE, R.S. and WOESE, C.R. 1977. Classification of methanogenic bacteria by 165 ribosomal RNA characterisation. Proc.natn. Acad. Sci. 74: 4537–4541.
FRISVAD, J.C. 1981. Physiological criteria and mycotoxin production as aids in identification of common asymmetric penicillia. Appl. Envir.Micriobio1. 41: 568–579.
FRISVAD, J.C. and FILTENBORG, O. 1983. Classification of terverticillate penicillia based on profiles of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 46: 1301–1310.
GALIMOVA, A.L., SIZOVA, T.P. and ZLOCHEVSKAYA, I.V. 1982. Use of biochemical criterion in the taxonomy of the genus Penicillium. Vest.mosk. gos. Univ., Biol., 16: 47–52.
GOCHENAUR, S.E. 1984. Fungi of a Long Island oak - birch forest.II. Population dynamics and hydrolase patterns for the soil Penicillia. Mycologia 76: 218–231.
GOODFELLOW, M. and PIROUZ, T. 1982. Numerical classification of sporoactinomycetes containing meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. J.gen.Microbiol. 128: 503–527.
HARBORNE, J.B. 1984. Chemical data in practical taxonomy. In: “Current concepts in plant taxonomy” (V.H. Heywood and D.M.Moore eds.): 237–262.- London: Academic Press.
HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1974. Mycologist’s Handbook. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1976. Lichen chemotaxonomy. In:“ Lichenology: progress & problems (D.H. Brown, D.L. Hawksworth & R.H. Bailey, eds.):139–184.
HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1979. Ascospore sculpturing and generic concepts in the Testudinaceae (syn. Zopfiaceae). Can. J. Bot. 57: 91–99.
HILL, L.R. 1968. The determination of deoxyribonucleic acid base compositions and its application to bacterial taxonomy. In: “Identification methods for microbiologists, part B ( B.M. Gibbs and D.A. Shapton, eds.): 177–186. London: Academic Press.
HUBALEK, Z. 1982. A review: Numerical comparitive serology - the methods. J. appl. Bact. 52: 307–318.
JONES, D. and SACKIN, M.J. 1980. Numerical methods in the classification and identification of bacteria with especial reference to the Enterobacteriaceae. In: “Micriobiological classification and identification (M. Goodfellow and R.G.Board, eds.): 73–106 - London: Academic Press.
JONES, M.G. and NOBLE, W.C. 1982. An electrophoretic study of enzymes as a tool in the taxonomy of the dermatophytes. J. gen. Microbiol. 128: 1101–1107.
KORNERUP, A. and WANSCHER, J.H. 1978. “Methuen Handbook of Colour”. 3rd edn. London: Eyre Methuen.
KOZAKIEWICZ, Z. 1978. Phialide and conidium development in the Aspergilli. Trans. Br. myol. Soc. 70: 175–186.
KOZAKIEWICZ, Z. 1986. Identification of Aspergillus species of stored food products, using the scanning electron microscope, in press
KOZLOWSKI, M., BARTNIK, E. and STEPHEN, P.P. 1982. Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA of members of the genus Aspergillus as an aid in taxonomy. J.gen. Microbiol. 128: 471–476.
KREGER-VAN RIJ, N.J.W., ed. 1984. “The yeasts. A taxonomic study. 3rd edn.” Amsterdam: Elsevier.
KUBITZKI, K. 1984. Phytochemistry in plant systematics and evolution. In: “Current Concepts On Plant Taxonomy” (V.H. Heywood and D.M. Moore, eds.):263–280. London: Academic Press.
LENNETTE, E.H., BALOW, A. and HAUSLER, W.J. 1980. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 3rd edn. American,Society for Micriobiology, Washington.
MENDONCA-HAGLER, L.C. and PHAFF, H.J. 1975. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition and deoxyribonucleic acid/ deoxyribonucleic acid hybrid formation in psychrophobic and related yeasts. Internat. J. Syst.Bact. 25: 222–229.
ODDS, F.C., HALL, C.A. and ABBOTT, A.B. 1978. Peptones and mycological reproducibility. Sabouraudia 16: 237–246.
ONIONS, A.H.S., BRIDGE, P.D. and PATERSON, R.R. 1984. Problems and prospects for the taxonomy of Penicillium. Microbiol. Sci. 1: 185–189.
PATERSON, R.R.M. and HAWKSWORTH, D.L. 1985. The detection of secondary metabolites in dried cultures of Penicillium preserved in herbaria. Trans.Br.mycol. Soc.84: in press.
PAYNE, R.W., YARROW, D and BARNETT, J.A. 1982. The construc- tion by computer of a diagnostic key to the genera
of yeasts and other such groups of taxa. J. gen. Microbiol. 128: 1265–1277.
PITT, J.I. 1979. The Genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. London: Academic Press.
RAMIREZ, C. 1982. Manual and Atlas of the Penicillia. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.
RAPER, K.B. and THOM, C. 1949. A manual of the Penicillia. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
RAYNER, R.W. 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
RIDGWAY, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington: Ridgway
SACKIN, M.J. 1981. Vigour and pattern as applied to multistate quantitative characters in taxonomy. J. gen. Microbiol. 122: 247–254.
SAMSON, R.A. and GAMS, W. 1984. The taxonomic situation in the hyphomycete genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 50: 815–824.
SAMSON, R.A., STOLK, A.C. and HADLOK, R. 1976. Revision of the subsection Fasciculata of Penicillium and some allied species. Stud.Mycol., Baarn 11: 1–47.
SCOTT, P. 1981. Liquid chromatography in analysis of mycotoxins. In: “Trace Analysis” ( J.F. Lawrence, ed.) 1: 194–266. London: Academic Press.
SCOTT, P.M., LAWRENCE, J.W. and VAN WALBECK, W. 1979. Detection of mycotoxins by thin layer chromatography: applications to screening of fungal extracts. Appl.Microbiol. 20: 839–842.
SHIPTON, W.A. and LUNN, J.A. 1980. Sporangiole morphology and species separation in Cunninghamella. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 74: 483–491.
SMITH, G. 1949. The effect of adding trace elements to Czapek-Dox medium. Trans.Br.mycol. Soc. 32: 280–283.
SNEATH, P.H.A. 1977. A method for testing the distinctness of clusters: a test of the disjunction of two clusters in Euclidean space as measured by their overlap. J. Internat. Ass.Math.Geol. 9: 123–143.
SNEATH, P.H.A. 1978. Classification of micro-organisms. In: “Essays in Microbiology” (J.R. Norris and M.H. Richmond, eds.): 9/1–9/31. Chichester: John Wiley.
SNEATH, P.H.A. 1979. BASIC program for identification of an unknown with presence-absence data against an identification matrix of percent positive characters. Computers & Geosciences 5: 195–213.
SNEATH, P.H.A. and SOKAL, R.R. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy. 2nd edn. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
STOUT, D.L. and SHAW, C.R. 1973. Comparative enzyme patterns in Thamnidium elegans and T. anomalum. Mycologia 65: 803–808.
THOM, C. 1910. Cultural studies of species of Penicillium. Bull.Anim.Ind., U.S.D.A. 118: 1–109.
VAN VUUREN, H.J.J., KERSTERS, K., DELEY, J. and TOERIEN, D.F. 1981. The identification of Enterobacteriaceae from breweries: combined use of and comparison of API ZOE system, gel electrophoresis of proteins and gas chromatography of volatile metabolites. J.appl. Bact. 51: 51–66.
WALKER, F.J. and JAMES, P.W. 1980. A revised guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen products. Bull.Br. Lichen Soc. 46: 13–29.
WILLIAMS, S.T., GOODFELLOW, M., ALDERSON, G., WELLINGTON, E.M.H., SNEATH, P.H.A., and SACKIN, M.J. 1983a. Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. J.gen.Microbiol. 129: 1743–1813.
WILLIAMS, S.T., GOODFELLOW, M., WELLINGTON, E.M.H., VICKERS, J.C., ALDERSON, G., SNEATH, P.H.A., SACKIN, M.J. and MORTIMER, A.M. 1983 b. A probability matrix for identification of some Streptomycetes. J. gen.Micriobiol. 129: 1815–1830.
WONG, A.L. and WILLETTS, H.J. 1973. Electropheretic studies of soluble proteins and enzymes of Sclerotinia species. Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 61: 167–178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bridge, P.D., Hawksworth, D.L., Kozakiewicz, Z., Onions, A.H.S., Paterson, R.R.M., Sackin, M.J. (1986). An Integrated Approach to Penicillium Systematics. In: Samson, R.A., Pitt, J.I. (eds) Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics. NATO ASI Series, vol 102. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1856-0_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1856-0_24
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3204-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1856-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive