Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heterogeneous Reactions of Char and Carbon

  • Chapter
Pulverized-Coal Combustion and Gasification

Abstract

The combustion or gasification of coal may be thought of as occurring in several steps. First, the coal is heated at high rates, and rapid devolatilization occurs. The volatiles then react in the gas phase. (These processes are discussed in detail in Chapters 8 and 10.) The char remaining after devolatilization consists primarily of carbon, together with the major part of the ash components and some volatile matter. The heterogeneous reactions of the char with oxidizing gases (oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide, etc.) account for the majority of time required for particle burnout. In addition, in the case of gasification, the reaction of char with hydrogen may also become important, especially for high hydrogen partial pressures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. D. Anson, F. D. Moles, and P. J. Street, Structure and surface area of pulverized coal during combustion, Combust. Flame 16, 265–274 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. L. D. Smoot, M. D. Horton, and G. Williams, Propagation of laminar pulverized coal-air flames, in Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., pp. 375–387 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  3. M. A. Field, Predicting the burning time of the coke residue of pulverized fuel, Brit. Coal Utiliz. Res. Assoc. Mon. Bull. 28 (2), 61–75 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. P. L. Walker, Jr., F. Rusinko, Jr., and L. G. Austin, Gas reactions of carbon, Advan. Catal. 11, 135–221 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. Gray, J. G. Cogoli, and R. H. Essenhigh, Problems in pulverized coal and char combustion, Advan. Chem. Ser. 131, 72–91 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. A. Field. D. W. Gill, B. B. Morgan, and P. G. W. Hawksley, Combustion of pulverized fuel. Part 6. Reaction rate of carbon particles, Brit. Coal Utiliz. Res. Assoc. Mon. Bull. 31 (6), 285–345 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  7. H. W. Batchelder, R. M. Busche, and W. P. Armstrong, Kinetics of coal gasification, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45 (9), 1856–1878 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. C. G. von Fredersdorff and M. A. Elliot, in Chemistry of Coal Utilization, Supplementary Volume ( H. H. Lowry, ed.) pp. 892–1022, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. B. Anthony and J. B. Howard, Coal devolatilization and hydrogasification, AIChE J. 22, 625–656 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. P. L. Walker, Jr., R. J. Foresti, Jr., and C. C. Wright, Surface area studies of carbon-carbon dioxide reaction, Incl. Eng. Chem. 45 (8), 1703–1710 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. W. J. Thomas, Effect of oxidation on the pore structure of some graphitized carbon blacks, Carbon 3, 435–443 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. C. Y. Wen, Optimization of Coal Gasification Processes, R & D Report No. 66, Interim Report No. 1, Office of Coal Research Contract No. 14–01–0001–497 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. Tornita, O. P. Mahajan, and P. L. Walker, Jr., Catalysis of char gasification by minerals. ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 4–6 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  14. G. D. Sergeant and I. W. Smith. Combustion rates of bituminous coal char in the temperature range 800 to 1700 K, Fuel 52, 52–57 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. J. Hamor, I. W. Smith, and R. J. Tyler, Kinetics of combustion of a pulverized brown coal char between 630 and 2200 K, Combust. Flame 21, 153 162 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  16. M. A. Field, Rate of combustion of size-graded fractions of char from a low-rank coal between 1200 K and 2000 K, Combust. Flame 13, 237–252 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. F. R. Mulcahy and I. W. Smith, Kinetics of combustion of pulverized fuel: A review of theory and experiment, Rev. Pure and Appl. Chem. 19, 81–108 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. A. Arthur, Reactions between carbon and oxygen, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47, 164–178 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Rossberg, Experimental results concerning the primary reactions in the combustion of carbon, Z. Elecktrochem. 60, 952–956 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R. J. Day, Kinetics of the Carbon-Oxygen Reaction at High Temperatures, Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  21. I. W. Smith and R. J. Tyler, The reactivity of a porous brown coal char to oxygen between 630 and 1812 K. Combust. Sci. Technol. 9, 87–94 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R. H. Essenhigh, R. Froberg, and J. B. Howard, Predicted burning rates of single carbon particles, Ind. Eng. Chem. 57 (9), 33–43 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. J. B. Howard and R. H. Essenhigh, Mechanism of solid particle combustion with simultaneous gas-phase volatiles combustion, in Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp. 399–408, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  24. M. A. Nettleton, Burning rates of devolatilized coal particles, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 6 (1). 20–25 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. I. W. Smith, Kinetics of combustion of pulverized semi-anthracite in the temperature range 1400–2200 K, Combust. Flame 17, 421–428 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. I. W. Smith and R. J. Tyler, Internal burning of pulverized semi-anthracite: The relation between particle structure and reactivity, Fuel 51, 312–321 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. J. Tyler, H. J. Wouterhood, and M. F. R. Mulchahy, Kinetics of the graphite-oxygen reaction near 1000 K, Carbon 14, 271–278 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. N. M. Laurendeau, Heterogeneous kinetics of coal char gasification and combustion. in Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Pergamon Press, London, England (1978), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  29. S. Ergun and M. Mentser, in The Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (P. L. Walker, ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 203–263, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  30. W. K. Lewis, E. R. Gilliland, and G. T. McBride, Jr., Gasification of carbon by carbon dioxide in fluidized powder bed, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 (6), 1213–1226 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. J. P. Blakely and L. G. Overholser, Oxidation of ARJ graphite by low concentrations of water vapor and carbon dioxide in helium, Carbon 3, 269–275 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. E. T. Turkdogan and J. V. Vinters, Effect of carbon monoxide on the rate of oxidation of charcoal, graphite and coke in carbon dioxide, Carbon 8, 39–53 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. E. Reif, The Mechanism of the carbon dioxide-carbon reaction, J. Phys. Chem. 56, 785–788 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. H. J. Grabke, Oxygen transfer and carbon gasification in the reaction of different carbons with CO2, Carbon 10, 587–599 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. R. T. Yang and M. Steinberg, The reactivity of coal chars with CO2 at 1100–1600°C, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 12–16 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  36. A. M. Mayers, The rate of reduction of carbon dioxide by graphite, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 70–76 (1934).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. A. Pursley, R. A. Matula, and O. W. Witzell, The kinetics of carbon dioxide and carbon formation from carbon monoxide, J. Phys. Chem. 70, 3768–3770 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Y. Chen, Mechanism of the Steam-Carbon Reaction in a Flow System, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  39. E. S. Golovina and G. P. Khaustovich, Interaction of carbon with carbon dioxide at high temperatures, Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 2, 267–273 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. K. Mehta, Mathematical Modeling of Chemical Processes for Low Btu Gasification of Coal for Electric Power Generation, ERDA Report No. FE-1545–26 (August 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  41. R. W. Taylor and D. W. Bowman, Rate of Reaction of Steam and Carbon Dioxide with Chars Produced from Subbituminous Coals, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Report No. UCRL52002 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  42. R. L. Coates, Kinetic data from a high temperature entrained flow gasifier, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 84–92 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  43. T. H. Blakeley, Gasification of carbon in carbon dioxide and other gases at temperatures above 900 K, in Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Carbon, Buf alo, New York, 1959, 95–105 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  44. E. A. Gulbransen, K. F. Andrew, and F. A. Brassart, Reaction of graphite with carbon dioxide at 1000–1600-C under flow conditions, Carbon 2, 421–429 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. E. E. Peterson and C. C. Wright, Reaction of artificial graphite with carbon dioxide, Ind. Eng. Chem. 47 (8), 1624–1634 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. J. Gadsby, C. N. Hinshelwood, and K. W. Sykes, The kinetics of the reactions of the steam-carbon system, Roy. Soc. London Proc. 187A, 129–151 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Linares, O. P. Mahajan, and P. L. Walker, Jr., Reactivities of heat-treated coals in steam, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 1–3 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  48. A. M. Mayers, The rate of oxidation of graphite by steam, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 1879–1881 (1934).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. H. E. Klei, J. Sahagian, and D. W. Sundstrom, Kinetics of the activated carbon-steam reaction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 14, 470–473 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. B. E. Reide and D. Hanesian, Kinetic study of carbon-steam reaction, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 14, 70–74 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. J. A. Dotson, W. A. Koehler, and J. H. Holden, Rate of the steam-carbon reaction by a falling-particle method, Ind. Eng. Chem. 49 (1), 148–154 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. H. L. Feldkirchner and J. Huebner, Reaction of coal with steam-hydrogen mixtures at high temperatures and pressures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Der. 4, 134–142 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Piccirelli, Survey of Surface Rates of Carbon-Gas Reactions and Carbon Vaporization: A Final Report, submitted to KMS Industries, Contract No. F12593, Feb. 28, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  54. P. P. Feistel, K. H. von Heek, H. Juntgen, and A. H. Pulsifer, Gasification of a German bituminous coal with H2O, H2, and H2O-H2 mixtures, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 53–76 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  55. C. W. Zielke and E. Gorin, Kinetics of carbon gasification, Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 820–825 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. D. Blackwood and F. McGrory, The carbon-steam reaction at high pressure, Austral. J. Chem. 11, 16–33 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J. L. Johnson, Kinetics of initial coal hydrogasification stages, ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (1), 17–37 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    F. Douglas Skinner (Ph. D. Candidate)

  2. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    L. Douglas Smoot (Professor of Chemical Engineering)

Authors
  1. F. Douglas Skinner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Douglas Smoot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    L. Douglas Smoot

  2. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    David T. Pratt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Skinner, F.D., Smoot, L.D. (1979). Heterogeneous Reactions of Char and Carbon. In: Smoot, L.D., Pratt, D.T. (eds) Pulverized-Coal Combustion and Gasification. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1696-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1696-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1698-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1696-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation