Skip to main content

Preclinical Pharmacodynamics of Central Nervous System Active Agents

  • Chapter

Abstract

In preclinical drug development power spectral analysis of drug induced changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) is often used to characterize the pharmacological properties of new psychotropic drugs. In this chapter a new approach is proposed for this type of investigations, which allows additional quantitative pharmacodynamic information (i.e. potency, intrinsic efficacy, rate of biophase equilibration) to be derived.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bowery, N. G. (1982). Baclofen: 10 years on. Trends Pharmacol.Sci.Oct 400–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebling, W. F., M. Danhof, and D. R. Stanski (1991). Pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalographic effects of thiopental in rats. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm., 19 123–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faigle, J. W., H. Keberle, and P. H. Degen (1980). Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of baclophen. In R. G. Feldman, R. R. Young, and W. P. Koella (Eds.), Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 461–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, T.K. and D. C. Pettus (1986). An electroencephalographic processing algorithm specifically intended for analysis of cerebral activity. J. Clin. Monit. 2 190–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haefely, W., (1989). Pharmacology of the benzodiazepine receptor. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci.238 294–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haefely, W., E. Kyburz, M. Gerecke, and H. Mohler (1985). Recent advances in the molecular pharmacology of benzodiazepine receptors and in the structure activity relationships of their agonists and antagonists. Adv. Drug Res.14 165–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haefely, W., L. Pieri, P. Polc, and R. Schaffner (1981). General pharmacology and neuropharmacology of benzodiazepine derivatives. In F. Hoffmeister and G. Stille (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 55/II Springer, Berlin, pp 13–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann, W. M. (1982). Development and critical evaluation of an objective procedure for the electroencephalographic classification of psychotropic drugs. In W. M. Heinnann (Ed.), Electroencephalography in Drug Research Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 249–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M. (1974a). Digital computer analyzed EEG in psychiatry and psychopharmacology. In G. Dolce and H. Kunkel (Eds.), CEAN Computerized EEG Analysis Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 289–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M. (1974b). Quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography. Use of computerized cerebral biopotentials in psychotropic drugs. In T. M. Itil, (Ed.), Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry. Vol. 8: Psychotropic Drugs and the Human EEG Karger, Basel, pp. 43–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M. (1981). The discovery of psychotropic drugs by computer-analyzed cerebral bioelecric potentials (CEEG). Drug Development Research 1, 373–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itil, T. M., G. N. Menoh and K. Z. Itil (1982). Computer EEG drug data base in psychopharmacology and in drug development. Psychopharmacol. Bull.,18, 165–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., and M. Danhof (1990). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the CNS effects of heptabarbital using aperiodic EEG analysis. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm.,18, 459–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., Tukker, E., and M. Danhof (1991a). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the EEG effects ofmidazolam in individual rats: influence of rate and route of administration. Br. J. Pharmacol., 102 663–668.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., L. N. Sansom, M. M. C. Dios-Vietez, M. Hollander-Jansen, and M. Danhof (1991b). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the electroencephalographic effects of benzodiazepines. Correlation with receptor binding and anticonvulsant activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257 472–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., M. T. Kuck, and M. Danhof (1992a). Differences in intrinsic efficacy of benzodiazepines are reflected in their concentration-EEG effect relationships. Br. J. Pharmacol,105, 164–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., E. Tukker, and M. Danhof (1992b). In vivo characterization of the pharmacodynamic interaction of a benzodiazepine agonist and antagonist: midazolam and flumazenil. J. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther., 261 56–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., C. D. Heijligers-Feijen, E. Tukker, A. G. de Boer, and M. Danhof (1992c). Modeling of the effect site equilibration kinetics and pharmacodynamies of racemic baclofen and its enantiomers using quantitative EEG measures. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther., 261 88–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandema, J. W., B. Tuk, A. L. van Steveninck, D. D. Breimer, A. F. Cohen, and M. Danhof (1992d). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the CNS effects of midazolam and its main metabolite alpha-hydroxymidazolam in healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol Ther., 51 715–728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt, D. J., S. C. Taylor, and H. J. Little (1986). Optimizing the pentetrazol infusion test for seizure threshold measurement. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 38 697–698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheiner, L. B. (1989). Clinical pharmacology and the choice between theory and empiricism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 46 605–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bree, J. B. M. M., A. V. Baljet, A. Van Geyt, A. G. de Boer, M. Danhof, and D. D. Breimer (1989). The unit impulse response theory for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug entry into the central nervous system. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 17 441–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bree, J. B. M. M., C. Heijligers-Feijen, A. G. de Boer, M. Danhof, and D. D. Breimer (1991). Stereoselective transport of baclofen across the blood-brain barrier in rats as determined by the unit impulse response methodology. Pharm. Res. 8 259–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veng-Pedersen, P., J. W. Mandema, and M. Danhof (1991). A system approach to pharmacodynamics III: an algorithm and computer program “COLAPS” for pharmacodynamic modelling. J. Pharm. Sci., 80 488–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villar, H. O., E. T. Uyeno, L. Toll, W. Polgar, M. F. Davies, and G. H. Loew (1989). Molecular determinants of benzodiazepine receptor affinities and anticonvulsant activities. Mol. Pharmacol., 36 589–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Danhof, M., Mandema, J.W., Hoogerkamp, A. (1993). Preclinical Pharmacodynamics of Central Nervous System Active Agents. In: Yacobi, A., Skelly, J.P., Shah, V.P., Benet, L.Z. (eds) Integration of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicokinetics in Rational Drug Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1520-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1520-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1522-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1520-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics