Abstract
The solid state of matter differs from the gaseous and liquid states by a more compact and symmetrical distribution of atoms. The distance between the atoms in a solid is of the order of the atomic diameters and considerable forces act within a solid. At the very short interatomic distances found in solids, we must take into account not only the interaction of the nucleus and electrons within each atom but also the interaction between the nuclei and electrons of different atoms. A solid is a very complex quantum-mechanical system and, therefore, no systematic and consistent theoretical calculations can be carried out without some approximations. It is usual to consider models which differ from the real system by certain restrictions that are imposed on them. These restrictions can differ from problem to problem but they should apply, whenever possible, to the secondary processes which do not alter basically the main properties of the solid in question.
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Zharkov, V.N., Kalinin, V.A. (1971). Equation of State at T = 0. Method of Potentials. In: Equations of State for Solids at High Pressures and Temperatures. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1517-0_1
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